NaI探测器对23.8 MeVγ射线的效率刻度方法

低能D(d,γ)4He辐射俘获反应截面的研究在聚变领域和天体物理等领域中起到非常重要的作用。由于受到标准γ源能量的制约,在研究D(d,γ)4He反应高能γ射线产额实验过程中不能用标准源进行效率刻度。采用实验测量与计算相结合的方法实现NaI探测器对23.8 MeV γ射线的效率刻度,先对6.13MeVγ射线效率进行实验刻度,然后用蒙卡程序MCNP－4C模拟计算出NaI探测器的效率曲线,再用实验数据与模拟结果进行对比校正,计算出NaI探测器在23.8MeV能量点对γ射线的探测效率。该方法对高能γ射线效率刻度给出了一种参考依据。In the study of D(d,γ)4He radiative capture reactions research, which is very important for fusion and astrophysics, the efficiency calibration of the detector is necessary. Due to the restriction on energy of the standard gamma source, the efficiency calibration of high-energy gamma-rays can not be calibrated by a standard source. In this paper, the method combining the experimental measurements and calculations for the efficiency calibrations of high energy gamma rays is given in the experiment of 6.13MeV gamma rays efficiency calibration using NaI detector, the efficiency curve of which is calculated by MCNP-4C and corrected experimentally. In this case, the detection efficiency of 23.8MeV gamma ray is known. The method provides a reference to high energy gamma ray efficiency calibration.     

基于蒙特卡罗的HPGe伽马谱仪无源效率刻度方法

采用MCNP5模拟与数学计算相结合,并利用探测器晶体几何的轴对称性,建立一种HPGe探测器的无源效率刻度方法。基于此方法的计算程序在使用过程中完全脱离MCNP5,运算时间为1~60 s,可实现点源和同轴圆柱体源的效率刻度,能量范围为50 keV~3 MeV。程序计算结果与实验数据以及MCNP5直接模拟结果比较,误差分别不超过12%和7%,证明方法可行。     

基于蒙特卡罗的HPGe伽马谱仪无源效率刻度方法

采用MCNP5模拟与数学计算相结合,并利用探测器晶体几何的轴对称性,建立一种HPGe探测器的无源效率刻度方法。基于此方法的计算程序在使用过程中完全脱离MCNP5,运算时间为1~60 s,可实现点源和同轴圆柱体源的效率刻度,能量范围为50 keV~3 MeV。程序计算结果与实验数据以及MCNP5直接模拟结果比较,误差分别不超过12%和7%,证明方法可行。     

NaI闪烁探测器测量感生放射性及其蒙特卡罗模拟

描述了如何使用蒙特卡罗方法评估产生在加速器屏蔽混凝土中的感生放射性. 使用EGS4程序模拟了NaI闪烁探测器测量屏蔽混凝土块表面剂量率时, 对于半径和厚度的响应. 结果发现,在屏蔽混凝土块半径和厚度分别达到40cm和30cm时, 表面剂量率达到饱和. 研究了东京大学SF回旋加速器北墙位置8和位置9的表面剂量率, 并和使用NaI闪烁探测器的测量结果进行了对比, 发现模拟和实验结果符合很好. 并且, 获得了表面剂量和表面感生放射性之间的转换系数, 对于⁶⁰Co转换系数为0.90(Bq·g^－1)·(μSv·h^－1)^－1, 对于¹⁵²Eu转换系数为1.26(Bq·g^－1)·(μSv·h^－1)^－1. 这样, 就可以通过NaI闪烁探测器表面剂量的测量结果简单评估加速器设备屏蔽混凝土中的感生放射性.     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的α放射源能谱测量模拟

运用蒙特卡罗方法建立PIPS-谱仪的腔室模型,模拟谱仪对面源（238Pu）的能谱测量,通过改变放射源与探头之间的距离,模拟不同条件下粒子的射线能谱,同时,对不同探源距条件对射线能谱的影响进行分析;另一方面,使用谱仪在不同探源距的情况下进行能谱实验测量,获得不同条件下射线能谱;最后,将模拟与实验的结果进行对比,分析实验测量结果与模拟结果的相对误差,并对模拟过程及模型参数进行校正,对校正后的模型进行实验验证,使其能够应用到其他放射源的能谱测量中,并且使其可用于单能粒子的能谱研究,研究结果也可为能谱测量技术提供依据,为能谱解谱技术提供数据支持。     

基于虚拟点探测器的虚拟点源效率刻度技术

主要针对尺寸为ϕ75 mm×25 mm的²⁴¹Am标准体源HPGe探测器探测效率展开研究,通过LabSOCS软件模拟及蒙卡计算研究发现,使用同一种结构类型的探测器测量特定形状的体源,其虚拟点探测器位置与虚拟点源位置满足线性、二次函数、指数等关系。针对确定的探测器,通过点源在对称轴线上不同高度位置实验就可以标定出虚拟点探测器位置,再结合它们的线性函数进一步计算出虚拟点源位置,最后将点源放置于虚拟点位置刻度即可得到体源的探测效率。因此,该技术方法首次提出通过虚拟点探测器位置找到了虚拟点源的位置,是一种全新的刻度方法,已达到实际应用的程度,可以大面积推广应用该技术成果。     

井型高纯锗探测器体源样品无源效率刻度

采用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP建立物理模型,对井型高纯锗探测器的效率进行虚拟刻度。模拟计算在密度为0.4,1.2 gcm-3的6种不同成分环境样品中,探测器对射线的探测效率,当能量高于0.10 MeV时,体源样品的探测效率主要与样品密度、射线能量相关。以土壤、水和植物油样品为代表,结合所选取的函数模型,确定了密度范围0.1~1.6 gcm-3的固体源、密度1.0 gcm-3的水溶液和密度0.92 gcm-3的油溶液体源的效率函数及参数。实验采用标准源,对探测效率模拟结果进行了验证,探测效率的模拟值与实验值符合较好,二者误差均在3%以内。说明MCNP程序可以较为准确地模拟计算井型高纯锗探测器对射线的探测效率,验证了该无源效率刻度方法的准确性和可行性。     

基于蒙特卡罗的量子仿真实验

结合量子力学计算与蒙特卡罗随机方法,发展了一种仿真实验方法.该方法通过对实验仪器不确定度的引入,对Schulz等在2003年开展的100MeV/uC6+与氦原子的碰撞电离实验(Nature,2003,422(6927):48.)进行了仿真模拟.结果表明,反应显微成像谱仪位置分辨、靶温度以及引出电场电压的细微的波动都能够...     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的α放射源能谱测量模拟北大核心CSCD

运用蒙特卡罗方法建立PIPS-α谱仪的腔室模型,模拟谱仪对α面源(238Pu)的能谱测量,通过改变放射源与探头之间的距离,模拟不同条件下α粒子的射线能谱,同时,对不同探源距条件对α射线能谱的影响进行分析;另一方面,使用谱仪在不同探源距的情况下进行α能谱实验测量,获得不同条件下α射线能谱;最后,将模拟与实验的结果进行对比,分析实验测量结果与模拟结果的相对误差,并对模拟过程及模型参数进行校正,对校正后的模型进行实验验证,使其能够应用到其他α放射源的能谱测量中,并且使其可用于单能α粒子的能谱研究,研究结果也可为α能谱测量技术提供依据,为α能谱解谱技术提供数据支持。     

基于蒙卡模拟的分段γ扫描无源效率刻度方法

针对200 L核废物桶分段γ扫描（SGS）过程中的效率刻度问题,提出了一种效率刻度函数模型,采用MCNP程序计算不同基质密度和γ射线能量条件下的离散断层效率,经过多元非线性回归获取函数参数,从而建立效率刻度函数,实现核废物桶SGS断层效率刻度。对核废物桶样品进行实验分析,结果表明：对于桶内基质分别为密度0.310 g·cm⁻³的硅酸铝、密度0.595 g·cm⁻³的木质纤维,桶内核素分别为活度3.110×10⁵ Bq的点源¹³⁷Cs、活度1.371×10⁵ Bq的点源⁶⁰Co,在桶内仅有单个点源存在的核素分布极端不均匀情况下,桶内核素活度重建误差在−37.68%～31.52%范围内。本文的方法能够准确有效实现核废物桶SGS断层效率矩阵计算,并确定核废物桶内放射性核素活度,满足实际检测要求。     

探测器光谱响应对光谱仪器波长标定中谱峰位置的影响

一般光电探测器的光谱响应是随波长变化的,这在光谱仪器进行波长标定的过程中,可能会改变标定谱线峰值所在的位置,从而影响标定结果的准确度。为此,针对采用阵列探测器的光谱仪器,建立了以高斯线型为标定谱线轮廓的模型,分析了谱线在探测器上经光谱响应调制及积分抽样后峰值位置发生移动的情况,给出了保证在峰值位置不偏移的情况下探测器光谱响应需满足的条件,特别给出了当仪器分光元件为光栅时,在该条件下结合仪器参数的表达式。为保证光谱仪器波长标定的准确度,在仪器设计阶段,可应用此条件选择适宜的探测器;在仪器应用阶段,亦可根据实际探测器参数,应用此条件选择适宜用于标定过程的谱线。     

Monte Carlo simulation of GM probe and NaI detector efficiency for surface activity measurements

This paper deals with the direct measurement of total (fixed plus removable) surface activity in the presence of interfering radiation fields. Two methods based on Monte Carlo simulations are used: one for a Geiger–Muller (GM) ionisation probe and the other for sodium iodide (NaI) detector with lead collimators; equations for the most general case and the geometry models for Monte Carlo simulation of both (GM and NaI) detectors are employed. Finally, an example of application is discussed.     

Design and simulations for the detector based on DSSSD

The present paper describes the design and simulation results of a position-sensitive charged particle detector based on the Double Sided Silicon Strip Detector （DSSSD）. Also, the characteristics of the DSSSD and its testing result were are discussed. With the application of the DSSSD, the position-sensitive charged particle detector can not only give particle flux and energy spectra information and identify different types of charged particles, but also measure the location and angle of incident particles. As the detector can make multi-parameter measurements of charged particles, it is widely used in space detection and exploration missions, such as charged particle detection related to earthquakes, space environment monitoring and solar activity inspection.     

Design and simulations for the detector based on DSSSD

The present paper describes the design and simulation results of a position-sensitive charged particle detector based on the Double Sided Silicon Strip Detector (DSSSD). Also, the characteristics of the DSSSD and its testing result were are discussed. With the application of the DSSSD, the position-sensitive charged particle detector can not only give particle flux and energy spectra information and identify different types of charged particles, but also measure the location and angle of incident particles. As the detector can make multi-parameter measurements of charged particles, it is widely used in space detection and exploration missions, such as charged particle detection related to earthquakes, space environment monitoring and solar activity inspection.     

分层γ扫描技术中HPGe探测器几何因子加权刻度方法

分层扫描(SGS)测量分析是一种无损检测技术,是桶装核废物定性、定量分析的重要手段。实际分析过程中,随着放射性核素所在的位置变化,对应每层不同的位置HPGe探测器的探测效率也随之变化,导致对样品不同位置需分别进行效率刻度。本工作用均匀聚乙烯样品填充废物桶,采用SGS装置的测量方法估计放射核素活度。将放射性点源置于桶内,按距离桶的中心距离依均匀分布规律选取7个点,分别对其进行效率刻度。并建立SGS 测量系统几何模型,通过两种方法将1~7号位置的几何因子对探测效率计算结果进行加权平均,后给出每层的探测效率标准值,此标准值可充分估计每层不同位置对核素的探测效率。结果表明：在测量和计算误差存在的条件下,可以快速准确估计出放射性废物桶内不同位置的核素放射性活度,提高检测精度。     

Dependence of NaI(Tl) detector intrinsic efficiency on source-detector distance,energy and off-axis distance: Their implications for radioactivity measurements

In this work the dependence of intrinsic efficiency of a NaI(Tl) detector of radius 3.82 cm and height 7.62 cm on source-detector distance (d), source-off-axis distance (d ₀) and γ-photon energy have been investigated using analytical and Monte Carlo methods. The results showed that, for a given off-axis distance, there exists a value of the ratio of source-detector distance (d) to detector radius (R) where intrinsic efficiency is minimum. This d/R value at which minimum efficiency occurs approaches zero as off-axis distance increases and it is almost constant with increase in energy. In the region where d/R < 0.01, a criteria given by Jehouani et al [1] for good photon detection, intrinsic efficiency decreases with increasing off-axis distance. The implications of the results for radioactivity measurement and radiation protection are discussed. Chacteristics of intrinsic efficiency in the regions d/R < 0.01 and d/R > 10 are also compared.      

Energy resolution of the CdTe‐XPAD detector: calibration and potential for Laue diffraction measurements on protein crystals

The XPAD3S‐CdTe, a CdTe photon‐counting pixel array detector, has been used to measure the energy and the intensity of the white‐beam diffraction from a lysozyme crystal. A method was developed to calibrate the detector in terms of energy, allowing incident photon energy measurement to high resolution (approximately 140 eV), opening up new possibilities in energy‐resolved X‐ray diffraction. In order to demonstrate this, Laue diffraction experiments were performed on the bending‐magnet beamline METROLOGIE at Synchrotron SOLEIL. The X‐ray energy spectra of diffracted spots were deduced from the indexed Laue patterns collected with an imaging‐plate detector and then measured with both the XPAD3S‐CdTe and the XPAD3S‐Si, a silicon photon‐counting pixel array detector. The predicted and measured energy of selected diffraction spots are in good agreement, demonstrating the reliability of the calibration method. These results open up the way to direct unit‐cell parameter determination and the measurement of high‐quality Laue data even at low resolution. Based on the success of these measurements, potential applications in X‐ray diffraction opened up by this type of technology are discussed.