双麦克斯韦分布等离子体对航天器表面的充电效应

空间等离子体在有些情形下,并非单麦克斯韦分布,而是双麦克斯韦分布。为了研究双麦克斯韦分布等离子体对航天器表面的充电效应,基于等离子体动理学理论,建立表面充电平衡方程,综合考虑双麦克斯韦分布等离子体的粒子参数、航天器的单位电容、二次电子发射及光照等因素,得出了双麦克斯韦分布等离子体对航天器表面充电电位的计算表达式,给出了表面充电电位随时间的变化规律。研究结果表明:当等离子体为双麦克斯韦分布时,航天器表面充电电位低于单麦克斯韦分布等离子体环境下的表面充电电位,单麦克斯韦分布的等离子体假设会过高估计航天器表面的充电效应;双麦克斯韦分布的第二分布函数中,对最终的表面充电平衡电位影响较大的主要是离子成分;双麦克斯韦分布等离子体的粒子数密度或温度越高,则表面充电达到平衡所需的时间越长;单位电容仅影响表面充电电位达到稳定所需的时间,对最终的充电平衡电位值影响不大。     

聚变等离子体中杂质离子对尘埃颗粒电势的影响

用粒子轨道理论研究了多电荷正离子对聚变等离子体中尘埃颗粒充电过程以及充电平衡时表面电势的影响。模拟结果表明,在氢等离子体中,多电荷正离子的浓度越大、电荷数越多以及离子质量数越大,都将使得尘埃颗粒在充电过程中迅速携带较多的负电荷,且充电平衡时具有更大的负电性。此外,充电平衡时,尘埃颗粒表面电势与氢等离子体中另一种多电荷正离子的浓度呈负线性相关,多电荷正离子对随氢离子温度变化的尘埃颗粒表面势的极值也产生影响。     

极区夏季中层顶区域尘埃粒子参数的研究

采用轨道受限运动方法研究了极区夏季中层顶区域的尘埃粒子电荷数与尘埃粒子半径。利用尘埃等离子体充电理论,建立了尘埃粒子充电方程模型,得到尘埃粒子充电时尘埃电荷数和半径的比值。然后结合ECT02实验数据,分析了发生极区中层夏季回波现象时极区中层顶区域尘埃粒子电荷数和半径的比值,并得到尘埃粒子的半径以及尘埃粒子所带电荷量。结果表明,极区中层顶区域的尘埃粒子平均所带电荷不到一个,它的半径约为20nm。     

量子尘埃等离子体中尘埃充电对尘埃声波的影响

采用流体动力学方程组和尘埃充电方程组成的自洽模型系统,对量子尘埃等离子体中的尘埃声波波动性质进行了研究。通过线性理论分析方法得到系统的尘埃声波波动方程及其色散关系,并对色散关系进行了数值分析。研究表明:充电效应定性地修正了尘埃声波的色散特性,引起尘埃声波的耗散,其耗散强度主要与尘埃等离子体的参数有关。最后,分析了引起尘埃声波耗散的物理原因。     

尘埃粒子电势对等离子体电导率的影响

本文通过提出电势影响因子的概念描述了尘埃粒子与背景等离子体之间的电势差对等离子体电导率的影响. 电势影响因子与尘埃粒子的电荷数、数密度、半径以及背景等离子体电子数密度成正比, 而与背景等离子体电子温度成反比. 在考虑尘埃粒子电势影响下, 推导和完善了尘埃等离子体的复电导率模型. 选取火箭喷焰为典型实例, 分析比较了微波和近红外波段范围内, 考虑和不考虑电势差影响两种情况下的复电导率. 结果表明, 在给定的尘埃等离子体参数条件下, 随着入射电磁波频率的增大, 电势差对复电导率的影响在减小, 当入射频率增加至给定的近红外区域时, 电势差对复电导率虚部的影响可以忽略.     

对含有非热力学平衡离子的尘埃等离子体中孤波特性的理论研究

得到了描述由尘埃颗粒电荷变化、非热力学平衡分布的离子和Boltzmann分布的电子组成的未磁化的热尘埃等离子体中的尘埃声波的修正的KdV (mKdV) 方程. 并对诸多的尘埃等离子体参数对尘埃声孤波结构的影响进行了理论研究，结果表明，尘埃等离子体参数决定着尘埃声孤波结构，且只在这些参数特别选定的一些区域，才会出现稳定的孤波. 关键词： 非热力学平衡离子 尘埃颗粒电荷变化 尘埃声孤波     

弱电离尘埃等离子体的介电张量研究

忽略磁场作用,通过求解含BGK碰撞项的Boltzmann方程和尘埃粒子充电方程导出了弱电离尘埃等离子体介电张量的表达式.证明了“冷”尘埃等离子体的纵向介电张量系数与横向介电张量系数相等.完善了弱电离尘埃等离子体电磁特性的理论模型. 关键词： 弱电离尘埃等离子体 Boltzmann方程 充电方程 介电张量     

两种带电尘埃颗粒的等离子体鞘层玻姆判据

采用流体方程和尘埃充电自洽模型研究了鞘边含有两种尘埃颗粒的等离子体玻姆判据. 通过拟牛顿法数值模拟了鞘边两种尘埃颗粒的存在对尘埃自身充电以及离子马赫数的影响. 两种尘埃颗粒中含量较少的尘埃颗粒数密度的增加, 导致两种尘埃颗粒表面悬浮势一个降低, 一个升高. 含量较少的尘埃颗粒的数密度越多和半径越小, 都会导致离子马赫数增大. 另外鞘边无论何种尘埃颗粒的速度增加, 鞘边离子马赫数都将减小. 关键词： 等离子体鞘层 尘埃颗粒 玻姆判据     

尘埃等离子体鞘层的玻姆判据

采用流体方程和自洽电荷变化模型研究了尘埃等离子体鞘层的玻姆判据. 讨论了离子临界马赫数和尘埃粒子临界马赫数随尘埃密度变化的关系, 以及尘埃表面势随尘埃密度变化的趋势. 由于鞘边尘埃粒子的存在, 离子必需以大于声速的速度进入鞘层; 随尘埃密度的持续增加, 离子的临界马赫数增加到一个最大值后开始逐渐减小. 数值计算得到的结果满足Sagdeev势的定性分析. 关键词： 等离子体 鞘层 玻姆判据     

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采用轨道受限运动方法研究了极区夏季中层顶区域的尘埃粒子电荷数与尘埃粒子半径。利用尘埃等离子体充电理论,建立了尘埃粒子充电方程模型,得到尘埃粒子充电时尘埃电荷数和半径的比值。然后结合ECT02实验数据,分析了发生极区中层夏季回波现象时极区中层顶区域尘埃粒子电荷数和半径的比值,并得到尘埃粒子的半径以及尘埃粒子所带电荷量。结果表明,极区中层顶区域的尘埃粒子平均所带电荷不到一个,它的半径约为20nm。     

Dust particles in collisionless plasma sheath with arbitrary electron energy distribution function

Dust particles often appear in industrial plasmas as undesirable product of the plasma-wall interactions. Large particles of several micrometers in diameter are concentrated in a thin layer (the sheath) above the lower electrode of the rf driven parallel plate device, where the electric force is strong enough to compensate particle’s gravity. Experimental and theoretical uncertainties are significantly increased in the plasma sheath. Common models of dust charging in the plasma sheath suppose the Maxwellian electron energy distribution function (EEDF) in conjunction with a flux of cold ions satisfying classical Bohm criterion at the sheath edge. In this paper we generalize this model to arbitrary EEDF with adapted Bohm criterion. We limit our considerations to collisionless or slightly collisional plasma, where the EEDF inside the sheath is expressed through the EEDF in the plasma bulk. Derived theoretical formulas are incorporated into numerical model, describing collisionless radio frequency (rf) plasma sheath together with the electrical charge, various kinds of forces, balancing radius and oscillation frequency of particles.     

Large amplitude ion-acoustic double layers in a plasma havingvariable-charge dust grain particles

The dust grain charging effect on large amplitude ion-acoustic double layers in a dusty plasma are investigated by the numerical calculation. The nonlinear structures of ion-acoustic double layers are examined, showing that the characteristics of the double layer sensitively depend on the dust charging effect, the influence of the ion temperature, the electrostatic potential, and the Mach number. The flow of the plasma current to the surface of dust particles increases the dust charge numbers. The effect of the ion temperature decreases the propagation speed of the ion-acoustic double layers and decreases the dust charge numbers. It is found that rarefactive double layers can propagate in this system. New findings of large amplitude ion-acoustic double layers with the dust charging effect and finite ion temperature in a dusty plasma are predicted     

天器背面接地介质材料等离子体充电研究

处于等离子体环境中的航天器的介质材料受到带电粒子的作用,表面将产生电位。对背面接地的介质材料,上表面将与接地背面形成电势差。当电势差达到一定阈值时将产生放电,表面充电电位对充放电效应影响至关重要。综合考虑等离子体中粒子的质量、温度及密度,介质材料的二次电子效应,体电流泄漏以及介质材料的运行速度等因素,基于气体动理论,利用粒子的麦克斯韦速度分布函数理论推导得出等离子体环境中背面接地介质材料表面充电电位一般表达式。讨论了地球同步轨道环境下,表面电位与等离子体环境及材料表面电阻等各个参数的关系,总结出等离子环境背面接地介质材料表面充电规律,为航天器介质材料静电防护设计提供一定的理论基础。     

Nonstationary macroparticle charging in an arc plasma jet

The charging of liquid metal macroparticles in the rarified part of a vacuum arc plasma jet is studied. The sheath in the vicinity of the macroparticle is collisionless and the problem with different Debye length to macroparticle radius ratios is analyzed. Maxwellian velocity distribution functions with different temperatures for the electrons and ions in an arbitrary ratio are allowed in the model. By solving the equation for the electric field together with the equation for ion and electron flux, the charging time and the near electric field of the macroparticles were calculated. The kinetics of the macroparticle charging are controlled by the ion and electron flux to the macroparticle, which depend on the potential distribution in the sheath. The potential falls off slower than 1/r² in the case of the large Debye length to macroparticle radius ratio, and falls off more rapidly than 1/r² in the other case. The charge which accumulates on a macroparticle at distances of about 10 cm from a 100-Å cathode is about 10^-16 C and the charging time is about 10^-5 s. The influence of the plasma drift velocity on the macroparticle charging is small. The model presented here agrees well with an experimental study of macroparticle repulsion from biased substrates     

聚变等离子体中尘埃杂质的带电和运动特性及温度变化研究

研究了在磁约束聚变环境中不同等离子体参数下尘埃粒子的带电、运动及温度特性.研究表明:电子温度与离子温度比对尘埃带电量有明显的影响;二次电子发射会显著减少尘埃带电量;尘埃充电的弛豫时间比在实验室加工等离子中要短得多.在考虑离子拖曳力作用下,尘埃粒子的速度可达102m·s-1的量级;针对碳材料计算得到粒子的寿命达毫秒量级.这些数值研究结果与实验观测结果相一致.     

Large Amplitude Dust Ion Acoustic Solitons and Double Layers in Dusty Plasmas with Ion Streaming and High-Energy Tail Electron Distribution

Large amplitude dust ion acoustic （DIA） solitons as well as double layers （DLs） are studied in a dusty plasma having a high-energy-tail electron distribution. The influence of electron deviation from the Maxwellian distribution and ion streaming on the existence domain of solitons is discussed in the （M, f） space using the pseudo-potential approach. It is found that in the presence of streaming ions and for a fixed f, solitons may appear for larger values of M. This means that in the presence of ion streaming, high values of the Mach number are needed to have soliton. The DIA solitary waves profile is highly sensitive to the ion streaming speed. Their amplitude is found to decrease with an increase of the ion streaming speed. In addition, we find that the ion streaming effect may lead to the appearance of double layers. The results of this axticle should be useful in understanding the basic nonlinear features of DIA waves propagating in space dusty plasmas, especially those including a relative motion between species, such as comet tails and solar wind streams, etc.     

Nonlinear propagation of dust-acoustic solitary waves in a dusty plasma with arbitrarily charged dust and trapped electrons

A theoretical investigation of dust-acoustic solitary waves in three-component unmagnetized dusty plasma consisting of trapped electrons, Maxwellian ions, and arbitrarily charged cold mobile dust was done. It has been found that, owing to the departure from the Maxwellian electron distribution to a vortex-like one, the dynamics of small but finite amplitude dust-acoustic (DA) waves is governed by a nonlinear equation of modified Korteweg–de Vries (mKdV) type (instead of KdV). The reductive perturbation method was employed to study the basic features (amplitude, width, speed, etc.) of DA solitary waves which are significantly modified by the presence of trapped electrons. The implications of our results in space and laboratory plasmas are briefly discussed.     

The dust-acoustic mode in two-temperature electron plasmas with charging effects

Dust charging in an unmagnetized collisionless dusty plasma with two-temperature electrons was investigated based on the orbital motion limited theory, where the two-temperature electrons and ions are modelled by the Maxwellian distributions. Then by taking into account the effects of two-temperature electron and the associated charging fluctuations, the dispersion peculiarities of dust-acoustic waves are studied based on dust fluid dynamics. The present results show that the effect will introduce a dissipation on the mode, and the dispersion and the dissipation depend on the temperature ratio and number density ratio of hot and cold electrons.     

Effects of non‐extensive electrons on the sheath of dusty plasmas with variable dust charge

In this study, a detailed investigation of the problem of sheath is presented using the fluid model in a magnetized three‐component dusty plasma system comprising positive ions, dust grains with variable charge and q‐non‐extensive electrons (i.e., the electrons evolve far away from their Maxwellian thermodynamic equilibrium [q = 1]). The effects of q‐non‐extensivity parameter on the plasma sheath parameters are studied numerically. A significant change is observed in the quantities characterizing the sheath with the presence of the super‐extensive electrons (q < 1) and sub‐extensive electrons (q > 1). In addition, based on the orbital motion limited theory, by taking various forces acting on the dust particle into consideration, the dynamics of the dust located within the sheath, that is, the dust grain charging inside the sheath, is examined under different values of q. It is found that the q‐non‐extensivity has affected significantly the dynamics and the charging process of the dust grains in the sheath.