引入熵分析热力学循环的效率

本文从熵的定义和基本性质入手,首先引入T—S图计算卡诺循环的效率,其次利用dS/dV分析经历p=aVb m过程的理想气体的吸热或放热情况,最后运用上述结果求解了一个特殊热力学循环的效率.     

热力学制冷循环实验仪的研制

论述了制冷循环实验仪的结构、工作原理和实验内容，阐述了测量制冷量、制冷系数、压缩机功率的方法，给出了一般情况下的参考数据。     

新一代核能布雷顿闭式循环热力学分析研究

核能利用是２０世纪最激动人心的科学成就之一。核能和平利用的重点在核能发电,至今核电站反应堆多为低温水冷堆,采用水或重水作为冷却剂和慢化剂,堆出口载热工质温度较低（２８０“Ｃ～３４０“ｑ,因而多应用常规的Ｒａｎｋｉｎｅ蒸汽热力循环,热转功的效率较低（２８％～３３％）。９０年代以来,随着工业和航空燃气轮机技术长足进步和高温核反应堆的进展,核能布雷顿闭式循环（ＮＥＢＣＣ）展现出提高性能的潜力和发展前景,受到普遍关注。近期提出的模块化高温气冷堆氦气轮机（ＭＨＲ－－ＧＴ）［‘－‘］就是应用ＮＥＢＣＣ的典型…     

"热力学第二定律"教学中的两个问题

“热力学第二定律”是热学教学中的难点，学生在听过这节课后经常有一些含糊不清的疑难问题．笔者在此列举较为典型的两个，谈谈自己的看法．     

"顺口溜"在物理学习中的应用

人们在学习的时候,经常是记住了这个又忘记了那个。如果把一些知识把它们串起来,就可加深记忆。把知识点串起来的方法很多,现在以热力学的内容为例,介绍一下如何采用顺口溜的方式将知识点串在一起。     

热力学·统计物理教学中的量纲问题

本文就热力学·统计物理的一道习题的解法展开讨论,说明在物理问题推导过程有量纲物理量的规范运算方法,以及物理结果的规范表达方式。此外,论文简单说明了Π定理并举例利用Π定理对物理系统进行量纲分析。量纲分析在物理学中如此重要,因此在物理基础课教学中应予足够的重视。论文附录给出了汪志诚《热力学·统计物理》(第六版)教材中部分公式规范表达形式。     

混合工质有机闪蒸循环热力学分析

有机朗肯循环(ORC)是将中低品位能源转化为有用功的有效途径。传热过程不可逆损失大是导致ORC系统效率低的重要原因,基于混合工质的有机闪蒸循环(OFC)可以同时优化蒸发器和冷凝器换热过程的温度匹配,有望进一步提升ORC系统效率。本文选取R245ca/cyclopentane、pentane/isohexane等4种混合工质,通过热力学分析对比了200℃的饱和水为热源驱动下的混合工质ORC和OFC性能,获得了混合工质质量分数和热源出口温度对系统效率的影响。发现降低热源温度能显著提高OFC系统效率,而ORC系统存在最优热源出口温度。优化热源出口温度后,混合工质OFC系统效率能与ORC系统相当甚至在一定质量分数范围内超越ORC系统,其中,混合工质neopentane/cyclopentane质量分数为0.6时,OFC最高效率达到46.87%。     

从熵开始的热力学教学

本将证明，“以熵开始”是热力学教学的需要。在第二节，我们将介绍一个编写新的物理教程的规划，这一教程在卡尔斯鲁厄和汉堡作了试用。在第三节，我们论述了这一教程的物理基础。这一教程有三种不同的层次：一种是供10-12岁儿童用的，一种是供初级中学学生用的，另一种是供大学生用的。附录给出了初级中学教程中第五章的内容。     

The Non—local Thermodynamical Equilibrium Effects on Opacity

Based on the detailed configuration accounting(DCA) model,a method is developed to include the resonant photoionization and the excitation-autoionization in the non-local thermodynamical equilibrium (NLTE) average atom (AA) model.Using this new model,the mean charge states and the opacity are calculated for NLTE high-Z plasmas and compared with other results.The agreement with AA model is poor at low electron density.The present results agree well with those of DCA model within 10%.The calculations show that the NLTE effects on opacity are strong.     

Thermodynamical limit of the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model

A method based on the analysis of the Majorana polynomial roots is introduced to compute the spectrum of the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model in the thermodynamical limit. A rich structure made of four qualitatively different regions is revealed in the parameter space, whereas the ground state study distinguishes between only two phases.     

吸附制冷过程的热力学分析及评价

运用热力学原理对吸附制冷过程进行了全面分析 ,推导出了各过程的热力计算公式 ,并在此基础上得出了性能系数 COP的表达式。同时也探讨了系统的各个工作温度对循环性能的影响。结果表明 ,在吸附制冷过程中 ,适当地降低冷凝温度、蒸发温度和吸附温度 ,同时适当地提高脱附温度 ,可以提高系统的循环性能。     

Thermodynamical analysis of the EMC effect

Assuming that the sea quark distribution vanishes for x > 0.3, we analyse the F₂^Fe(x, Q²) and F₂^D(x, Q²) structure functions measured by the European Muon Collaboration in the framework of a thermodynamical model of the valence quarks. The experimental ratio $\text{F}{}_2{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>Fe</mtext>}}\text{(x)}\text{F}{}_2{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>D</mtext>}}\text{(x)}$ is well reproduced over the whole x range by the ratio of two valence quark distributions at different temperatures T and confinement volumes V. We obtain T_D?T_Fe≈3 MeV and $\text{V}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>Fe</mtext>}}\text{V}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>D</mtext>}}\text{≈ 1.3}$.     

Thermodynamical properties of the transverse Ising model

A new effective field theory is proposed and used to derive the thermodynamical properties of the transverse Ising model. The formalism is based on an exact formal spin identity for the two-state transverse Ising model and utilizes an exponential operator technique. The method, which can explicitly and systematically include correlation effects, is illustrated in several lattice structures by employing its simplest approximation version (in which spin-spin correlations are neglected). The lines of critical points in the Ω-T plane as well as the thermal behaviour of both transverse and longitudinal magnetizations are analysed for square and simple cubic lattices. It is shown that the present formalism, in spite of its simplicity, yields results which represent a remarkable improvement on the standard mean field treatment (MFA).     

Thermodynamical considerations on the quantum efficiency of anti-stokes co-operative luminescence

It is shown that the second law of thermodynamics imposes an additional restriction on the quantum efficiency of the anti-Stokes co-operative luminescence besides the energy conservation law. This restriction is very severe for the excitation by ordinary light, while it can be neglected at very high intensities of the exciting radiation (e.g. laser excitation).     

Thermodynamical universality of the Lovelock black holes

The necessary and sufficient condition for the thermodynamical universality of the static spherically symmetric Lovelock black hole is that it is the Nth order pure Lovelock Λ-vacuum solution. By universality we mean the thermodynamical parameters: temperature and entropy always bear the same relation to the horizon radius for d = 2N + 1, 2N + 2 dimensions for all N which is the degree of the Lovelock polynomial. For instance, the entropy always goes in terms of the horizon radius as r _h and r _h ², respectively for the odd and even dimensions. Not only that the universality uniquely identifies the pure Lovelock black hole with Λ, it is the characterizing property of this class of black holes.     

Thermodynamical laws and spacetime geometry

We examine the conditions imposed on spacetime geometry by linear and extended thermodynamics. In this analysis we confine ourselves on shear-free spacetimes with divergence-free Weyl tensor. This results in a variety of well-known spacetimes which have to have simple kinematic properties as well as very restricted source structure. In all cases the thermodynamical considerations show the privileged role of the equation p = – which can be interpreted as cosmological constant. Moreover, it is interesting to observe that the restrictions imposed on the spacetime geometry in the case of extended thermodynamics (for vanishing anisotropic pressure) are much stronger than in the linear case.