TG/MS of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate), The Effect of Heating Rate on the Rate of Production of Evolved Gases

Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry was performed to study the effects of heating rate on the rate of gasification of gases evolving from 0.5 mm particles size industrial-grade PMMA. The controlled mass loss measurements and the evolved gases were conducted in pure nitrogen and various oxidative environments under heating rates of 2 to 5°C min^-1. The results indicated major differences, in pure nitrogen, the rate of production of gases is steeper compared to those associated with oxidative environment. Furthermore as the heating rate is lowered, it appears that the gases emanating from the surface are more volatile in the sense that they burst more abruptly from the surface. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Pyrolysis and TG Analysis of Shivee Ovoo Coal from Mongolia

The coal sample of the Shivee Ovoo deposits has been non-isothermally pyrolysed in a thermogravimetric analyser to determine the influence of temperature, heating rate and purge gas employed on the thermal degradation of the sample. The heating rates investigated in the TG were 10–50 K min^–1 to final temperature of 1000°C. N₂or CO₂ were employed as well as type of purge gas on the process of thermal degradation of the coal sample. The coal was also investigated in a fixed bed reactor to determine the influence of temperature and heating rate of the pyrolysis on the yield of products and composition of the gases evolved. The main gases produced were H₂, CH₄, C₂H₂, C₂H₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₆ and C₃H₈ and also minor concentrations of other gases. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Application of Constant Reaction Rate TG to the Determination of Kinetic Parameters by Hi-Res TG

A simple operation mode to determine the apparent activation energy E _a is introduced. E _a can be determined with a double-curve method by using a constant reaction rate (CRR) approach of Hi-Res TG. The most appropriate mechanism function f(α) and frequency factor A are determined by a single-curve method when the activation energies provided by the two methods are in good agreement with each other. The deacetylation of EVA copolymer has been used for illustration. Advantages of the CRR are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) correlated to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for ageing study of some metallic glasses

To characterize the ageing of some metallic glasses, a correlated study of the differential scanning calorimetry method (DSC) and of the thermomechanical analysis (TMA) emphasizes the specificity of the latter. We analyzed metallic glasses which have been produced either by chemical methods or by melt spinning techniques. Using TMA and DSC, we have established that the relaxation of metallic glasses is strongly dependent on treatment applied: either thermal or mechanical history. Conversely, we do not observe large differences between DSC and TMA analysis for the crystallisation. From experimental data, we try to modelize the behaviour of this type of materials under operating conditions.The authors wish to thank Dr. H. Warlimont, Dr. Hilzinger and Dr. G. Herzer of Vaccumschmelze GmbH (Hanau F.R.G), Dr. E. Illekova and Dr. P. Duhaj of Institute of Physics (Bratislava, Tchecoslovaquie) for the scientific collaboration during which the melt spinned metallic glasses were supplied.     

具有二维纳米孔径结构Ni3(H2O)6(TMA)3-(TMA)23-·2H2O(TMA=均苯三甲酸)的合成、晶体结构和磁性研究

A novel coordination polymer nickel 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (TMA) Ni₃(H₂O)₆(TMA)^3-(TMA)₂^3-·2H₂O with two-dimensional porous structure was synthesized and characterized. It crystallizes in the hexagonal system, space group P6₅22, with a=1.665 2(10) nm, c=2.045 4(11) nm, V=4.912(5) nm³, Z=6, D_c=1.916 g·cm^-3, μ(Mo Kα)=0.181 8 mm^-1, F(000)=2 892. The final R₁=0.066 4, wR₂=0.175 6 for 2 710 observed reflections [I>2σ(I)] out of 2 904 unique reflections . This coordination polymer reveals not only two-dimensional porous structure but also particular magnetic properties. CCDC: 274177.     

Evolved gas analysis of dichlorobis(thiourea)zinc(II) by coupled TG-FTIR and TG/DTA-MS techniques

Identification and monitoring of gaseous species released during thermal decomposition of the title compound 1, Zn(tu)₂Cl₂, (tu=thiourea, (NH₂)₂C=S) have been carried out in flowing air atmosphere up to 800°C by both online coupled TG-EGA-FTIR and simultaneous TG/DTA-EGA-MS. The first gaseous products of 1, between 200 and 240°C, are carbon disulfide (CS2) and ammonia (NH₃). At 240°C, an exothermic oxidation of CS₂ vapors occurs resulting in a sudden release of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and carbonyl sulphide (COS). An intense evolution of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and beginning of the evolution of cyanamide (H₂NCN) and isothiocyanic acid (HNCS) are also observed just above 240°C. Probably because of condensation and/or polymerization of cyanamide vapors on the windows and mirrors of the FTIR gas cell optics, some strange baseline shape changes are also occurring above 330°C. Above 500°C the oxidation process of organic residues appears to accelerate which is indicated by the increasing concentration of CO₂, while above 600°C zinc sulfide starts to oxidize resulting in the evolution of SO₂. All species identified by FTIR gas cell were also confirmed by mass spectrometry, except for HNCS. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Three model-free methods for calculation of activation energy in TG

Two well-known isoconversion methods, the first one developed by Ozawa-Flynn-Wall and the second one developed by Friedman, are confronted with calculations made using modulated thermogravimetry (MTG). The latter variant is free from a number of assumptions and restrictions made in the isoconversion computations. In particular, it allows the use of a single decomposition curve and it remains in force even in the case of multistage decomposition with conjugated processes.To obtain the model-fitting methods from the model-free methods one should replace some functions averaged over isoconversion levels by the functions calculated on the basis of kinetic models. In the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method it is the averaged reduced time (integral of Arrhenius exponential over time). In the method of Friedman it is the averaged differential conversion function.In MTG, the perturbations caused by the sinusoidal temperature modulation are connected with derivatives of mass loss by simple scaling, where activation energy plays a role of a scaling parameter. The ratio of the experimentally measured perturbations to the experimental derivative is used for the model-free computation of activation energy. If a theoretical derivative replaces the experimental one, this procedure leads to the model-fitting method. Even a rough approximation of the experimental derivative should not lead to an excessive error in activation energy. If in a vicinity of peaks maxima in derivatives of mass loss the decomposition is controlled by single rate-limiting processes, modulated thermogravimetry should give realistic activation energies for these processes. Inasmuch as the results of MTG are weakly sensitive to selection of kinetic models, this method should have a high predictive force.     

TG(M) and DTG(M) Techniques and Some of Their Applications on Material Study

Adding a magnetic field gradient to the conventional TG system constructs the magnetic thermogravimetry analysis (TG(M) i.e. Faraday methods) and the magnetic derivative thermogravimetry (DTG(M)) techniques. We used the techniques to study the nanocrystalline processes of the FeCuNbSiB and FeCuNbCoSiB amorphous alloys. Some problems of their applications such as the characteristic temperature T_min and T_C are also discussed in detail.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Studies of Nanocrystalline Phase and Residual Amorphous Phase of FeCuNbSib Alloy Using TG(M) Technique

The —T and d/dT—T curves of the FeCuNbSiB amorphous alloy, which are the relationship between the total saturated magnetic moment per unit mass and temperature, are investigated by magnetic thermogravimetry analysis (TG(M)) technique. It is found that the crystallization process of the samples can be divided into five stages. The studies of samples annealed in temperature range of 480–610°C for 1h show that when the annealing temperature (T_a) is less than 540°C, the quantity of nanocrystalline -Fe(Si) phase increases evidently with T_a, and the Curie temperature (T_C) of residual amorphous phase also increases linearly with T_a, i.e. T_C=0.52T_a+91.7°C, with correlation coefficient =0.98. The variation of volume fraction of -Fe(Si) nanocrystalline phase or residual amorphous phase with T_a is measured by TG(M) technique.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determining moisture absorption/desorption properties of commercial membranes by thermogravimetry (TG)

A series of different commercial membranes were characterized by their moisture absorption and desorption properties under controlled humidity and temperature conditions. This work was made possible by combining the features of a constant humidity conditioning chamber with those of a thermogravimetric (TG) apparatus. These two modules were interconnected by tubing, rotameters, an atmosphere-recycling microbellows pump and switching valves. Under programmed heating and isothermal conditions reproducible data were obtained in terms of weight-gain or weight-lossvs. time and pore size. Evaluation of the resulting TG curves allowed us to report reasonable differences in the materials, some of which had been previously surface-modified by the manufacturer.     

DTA中升温速率及样品热导率对T_g测量值影响的模拟研究

就不同升温速率和实际样品的不同热导率对差热分析 (DTA)中高分子材料的玻璃化转变曲线的影响进行了MonteCarlo模拟研究 ,发现当所有样品刚完成玻璃化转变时 ,在Tg 曲线中该特征点要低于Tg 的转变中点。转变中点所对应的样品温度肯定要高于实际的玻璃化转变温度。如果以玻璃化转变曲线的转变中点所对应的样品温度作为该材料的玻璃化转变温度 ,那么 ,升温速率越快、样品的热导率越小 ,所测得的玻璃化转变温度就越大 ,反之亦然。DTA测得的玻璃化转变温度与升温速率间有很好的线性依赖关系 ,但与样品热导率间的关系是非线性的     

TG/DTA/MS of poly(methyl methacrylate), The Role of the Oxidative Environment

Degradation of relatively large particle size, 0.5 mm of Type-G PMMA (Rohm and Haas) were conducted with thermogravimetric analysis and evolved gas measurements using quadrupole mass spectrometer under conditions of mass transport limitation. In addition, differential thermal analysis was performed in order to furnish information with regards to exothermic or endothermic reactions associated with the degradation. The tests were conducted in an inert environment of pure N₂ and oxygenated environment. The results indicated one step degradation process in pure N₂ and the degradation process is endothermic. As the O₂ fraction increases the degradation process is transformed to exothermic. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of Heating Rate on Crystallization Kinetics of Amorphous Al91La5Ni4 Alloys by DSC

Crystallization kinetics of Al₉₁La₅Ni₄ amorphous ribbons produced by a melt-spinning method were studied by DSC analysis and X-ray diffraction. The effect of heating rate (from 4 to 200°C min^-1) was investigated in the temperature range from 298 to 700 K. Increases the heating rate from 4 to 200°C min^-1 resulted in increases of the temperature difference between the two stages of the transformation process: crystallization of Al and crystallization of the Al compounds from 148.9 to 167.4 K. The apparent activation energies for the first step, related to Al crystallization, and to the second step related to crystallization of Al₄La and Al₃Ni, were found to be 161±9 and 199±10 kJ mol^-1, respectively. The results indicate the possibility of tailoring the heating treatment to produce the required fraction of the amorphous phase. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of residual levels of unsaturation in partially hydrogenated poly(2,3-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene) using TG

The thermal degradation characteristics of head-to-head poly(styrene) [HHPS] should provide insight with respect to the impact of head-to-head placement on the thermal stability of traditional atactic head-to-tail polymer [HTPS]. The synthesis of head-to-head poly(styrene) must be accomplished indirectly. The head-to-head polymer is most satisfactorily obtained by dissolving metal reduction of poly(2,3-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene) [PDBD] generated by radical polymerization of the corresponding diene monomer. Full saturation of the polymer mainchain requires several iterations of the reduction procedure. Since the decomposition of poly(2,3-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene) is prominent at 374°C and that for head-to-head poly(styrene) is similarly facile at 406°C, it seemed feasible that TG of partially hydrogenated PDBD might be utilized as a convenient means of monitoring the extent of hydrogenation. This has been demonstrated for various levels of unsaturation remaining - from approximately 90 to less than 10%. Within this range the peak areas from the DTG plots of the partially hydrogenated polymer provide a good reflection of the ratio of unsaturated to saturated units in the polymer. Even low levels of unsaturation in the polymer may be detected by the asymmetry of the decomposition peak for the polymer. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Synthesis and Resolution of Dinucleotide(TpAZT) Phosphoramidates

Abstract

Dinucleotide (TpAZT) phosphoramidates were synthesized through Atherton-Todd reaction of dinucleoside H-phosphonates and amino acid methyl esters, and their diastereomers (R_p and S_p) were separated by crystallization. It was showed that the cheap methyl esters of natural alanine and phenylalanine could act as new chiral auxiliaries for large-scale synthesis of dinucleotide analogs.     

Application of thermal analysis methods for characterization of polymer/montmorillonite nanocomposites

Thermal analysis is a useful tool for investigating the properties of polymer/clay nanocomposites and mechanisms of improvement of thermal properties. This review work presents examples of applications of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MT-DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA), thermal mechanical analysis (TMA), thermogravimeric analysis (TG) and thermoanalytical methods i.e. TG coupled with Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) and mass spectroscopy (TG-MS) in characterization of nanocomposite materials. Complex behavior of different polymeric matrices upon modification with montmorillonite is briefly discussed.     

Thermal change of Alq3, tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum(III) studied by TG and XRD-DSC

The thermal change of the tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq₃) is currently investigated by XRD-DSC and TG. The phase transition of Alq₃ from α-phase to γ-phase takes place at 643–669 K. A very sharp peak with the peak temperature at approx. 709 K is ascribed to the melting of the Alq₃. The decomposition of the Alq₃ was observed accompanied with the melting and evaporation at >703K. The effect of the atmospheres on the mass loss procedure was studied by TG. It was found that thermal process of Alq₃ was strongly influenced by the partial pressure of water vapor in the atmosphere instead of oxygen.     

Influence of the Heating Rate on the Microstructure and on Macroscopic Properties of Sol-Gel SnO2 : Sb Coatings

Sol-gel dip-coated films of transparent conducting antimony-doped tin oxide (SnO2 : Sb) have been heat treated with heating rates varying from 0.2 to 4300 K/s using either a furnace or cw CO2 laser irradiation. The final sintering temperature of 540°C was maintained for up to 15 min. The sheet resistance of the coatings decreases with increasing heating rate. A decrease of the sheet resistance with the sintering time at constant temperature can be observed for low heating rates but the final values are higher than those obtained with higher heating rates. It is assumed that the densification of the coatings is determined by a competition between the nucleation at low temperatures and the growth of the crystallites at high temperatures. The microstructure of the coatings has been investigated by high resolution TEM cross-sections, X-ray diffraction, and Rutherford back scattering (RBS) and has been correlated to the resulting electrical properties measured by 4 point technique. Different mechanisms of heating arise with the furnace and the cw CO2 laser.     

The Influence of Silica to Alumina Ratio on Y Zeolite Activity by Simultaneous TG and DSC Analysis

Simultaneous TG and DSC analyses of n-butylamine adsorption/desorption were carried out over several zeolites with different degrees of dealumination. The samples used consisted of high crystalline zeolites, preparedvia steam/leaching sequential treatments, and characterized by various techniques. Catalyticactivity measured as the initial rate of cracking of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene did not correlate with total acidity, however, the energy required to the complete desorption of the probe molecule, determined by integration of DSC curves, correlates with the catalytic activity of zeolites with any or little extra-framework alumina content. High amounts of extra-framework alumina give significant constraint effect to acessibility to acid sites as shown by applying the Crank's method to the TG curves. This method allowed to determine the intra-crystalline diffusivity of the probe molecule, which seems to be the controlling step to the cracking reaction. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Excess molar heat capacities of ((<Emphasis Type="Italic">R</Emphasis>)-(+)-α-pinene+(<Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>)-(-)- α-pinene) at temperatures between 293.15-308.15 K

Summary {\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1250\deff0\deflang1038\deflangfe1038\deftab708{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset238{\*\fname Times New Roman;}Times New Roman CE;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\f0\fs20 New explanations are given for two types of irregular thermogravimetric (TG) data. A TG relationship between mass and temperature is derived on the basis of migration behavior of bubbles generated in bulk of sample system, and superposed on that derived on the basis of kinetics of the 4\super th\nosupersub order event, which is superposed on the experimental TG data obtained from three reference papers. This suggests that these TG data are reflecting migration of bubbles. A dependence of TG behavior on heating rate, which is contrary to usual that, is shown and is explained in terms of event-rate determination by boiling. \par }