海面甚薄油膜光谱响应研究与分析

海面甚薄油膜存在着特定的光谱响应,文章通过模拟海面甚薄油膜随其厚度的变化过程,研究其高光谱响应特征与产生机理.甚薄油膜随着厚度从大到小的逐渐变化,表现为六种目视特征:彩虹亮油膜、品色亮油膜、黄绿亮油膜、浅绿亮油膜、银色亮油膜与几乎不可见油膜.分析六种状态下海面甚薄油膜的光谱反射率表明:350～540 nm甚薄油膜的反射差异明显,甚至可以影响到440 nm处叶绿素的吸收峰;350～900 nm范围内,甚薄油膜的反射光谱普遍高于海水的反射光谱,但540～900 nm范围内缺乏明显的吸收反射特征;在近红外920～2 500 nm范围内没有明显的光谱响应.结合海面甚薄油膜光谱响应特征分析,指出海面甚薄油膜存在平行多光束干涉现象,入射到薄膜内的光由于多次反射和折射导致了海面可见光/近红外光谱反射率的增加,为海面甚薄油膜遥感探测提供了理论依据.     

一种基于荧光信号的海面厚油膜评估方法

油膜厚度是海面溢油污染评估分析的一个重要指标,激光诱导荧光(LIF)技术是目前最有效的海面溢油探测技术之一,基于LIF探测技术的油膜厚度反演算法当下仅有适用于薄油膜(≤10~20 μm)的评估方法,而对于较厚油膜(>20 μm)的评估目前尚无有效的反演算法。鉴于此,提出一种基于LIF技术适用于较厚油膜的反演算法,该算法采用油膜荧光信号反演油膜厚度,推导了油膜厚度反演公式,并给出了基于该反演算法的油膜厚度评估方法。首先采用最大类间方差算法(Otsu)选取合适的荧光光谱波段,然后根据选取波段内每个波长的光谱数据反演油膜厚度,最后采用反演油膜厚度的平均值作为油膜厚度评估结果。研究了该算法的适用范围,给出了该算法有效评估范围最大值与测量相对误差的关系,并结合消光系数给出了在多种测量误差条件下不同消光系数油品有效评估范围的最大值。通过实验对本文方法进行了验证,选用原油和白油的混合油(1∶50)作为实验油品,以波长为405 nm的激光作为激发光源,采集波长范围为420～750 nm,采集了海水背景荧光和拉曼散射光光谱、实验油品的荧光特征光谱和多种不同厚度的较厚油膜的荧光光谱。采用Otsu算法选取420～476 nm波段评估油膜厚度,在实验油品油膜厚度≤800 μm时,该算法对油膜厚度的评估具有较高的精度,平均误差为10.5%;在油膜厚度>800 μm时,平均误差为28.8%,评估误差较大且随油膜厚度的增加快速变大,该实验结果与利用测量相对误差和消光系数的分析结果一致。实验结果表明,该方法可以实现对海面较厚油膜厚度的有效评估,并可以根据测量相对误差和消光系数判断评估结果的有效性。     

中红外波段地表发射率特性分析

陆表温度(LST)在地-气相互作用过程中扮演着重要的角色,是全球变化研究的关键参数。陆表发射率是陆表温度反演的关键输入参数之一。中红外谱区(3~5 μm)介于可见光-近红外谱区(0.38~2.5 μm)与热红外谱区(8~14 μm)之间,地物的发射率在该谱区表现出独特的光谱特性,可用于霜冻监测、矿物成分分析等研究。由于传感器在中红外谱区探测到的能量既有来自于地物自身发射的热辐射能量,又有反射的太阳辐射能量,这两部分的能量分离机理比较复杂,因此中红外谱区发射率特性分析的相关文献较少。本文针对单一均匀地表和具有混合像元的复杂地表计算了MODIS红外通道的有效发射率,发现通道有效发射率在单一均匀地表下与温度的耦合效应不强烈;但在复杂地表下,通道有效发射率与混合像元内的成分比例以及成分的地表温度具有耦合效应。在误差允许的范围内,混合像元的有效发射率可以忽略成分地表温度的影响。发射率误差对陆表温度反演精度的敏感性随着波长的变化而变化。在热红外波段,敏感性是其在中红外波段的2倍左右,说明利用中红外波段进行陆表温度反演具有一定的优势。     

石墨烯/纳米铜复合材料的制备及红外性能研究

采用原位还原法制备了还原石墨烯/纳米铜复合材料,对其进行表征分析.测量该材料的中远红外波段的复折射率,计算其吸收系数和大气窗口内的法向光谱发射率并进行实验验证,进而分析其在中远红外波段的吸收和辐射性能.结果表明,纳米铜吸附在还原石墨烯表面,粒径集中在15~25nm;不同尺寸的纳米铜、还原石墨烯及其表面缺陷和官能团等的吸收特性,使该复合材料在8~9.2μm、6~6.5μm、2~3μm波段内的吸收较强,且在远红外波段吸收最强;其在3~5μm的法向发射率在0.65~0.68范围内,法向发射率在8~9.5μm内有最小值0.53,而后稳定在0.58左右,其总法向发射率分别为0.66和0.59,且与测量值相符.该复合材料可用于红外吸收、消光材料和隐身涂料等方面.     

基于高光谱热红外发射率光谱的地表岩石CaO含量定量估计

通过对西藏冈底斯山东段23种岩石固体样本的野外发射率光谱测量,分别分析了这些样本的CaO含量与热红外发射率原始光谱和一阶微分光谱的相关关系。在此基础上,建立了几种典型的回归模型,并对各种建模结果进行了比较。结果表明,利用高光谱热红外发射率光谱反演地表岩石CaO的含量是可行的;地表岩石CaO含量与热红外发射率光谱特征之间有较好的对应关系;在10.3～13μm波长范围内,岩石的发射率随CaO的含量增加而降低;相比原始发射率光谱,一阶微分光谱具有更好的预测效果。结果为遥感岩矿识别提供了一种新的思路。     

基于生物光学模型的水面薄油膜厚度的高光谱遥感反演实验研究

研究水表薄油膜厚度与其反射率光谱之间的变化规律,对于分析海洋油膜污染和油气勘探的遥感探测机理具有十分重要的意义。建立了水面薄油膜厚度的生物光学模型,并介绍了单波段和双波段比值简化算法反演薄油膜厚度信息的方法。通过对原油样品进行油膜厚度定量反演,研究了遥感反射率随水表油膜厚度的变化规律。研究发现,可见光到近红外波段(450～800nm)反射率对油膜厚度变化最为敏感,有很高的负相关关系,并且随着油膜厚度的增加呈负指数形态下降。对于浅水环境较混浊的水体,ETM1/ETM3双波段比值模型可以较好的消除线性天空散射光的影响,克服单波段反演模型在不同水质背景下反演效果不稳定的特点,其反演结果的复相关系数R2可以达到0.98,是水表薄油膜厚度遥感探测的较好波段选择。     

多波段微量TNT成像探测的数值分析和实验研究

建立了CO2激光器辐照微量爆炸物温升分布三维模型,对激光辐照过程和冷却过程中8~14μm和3~5μm波段内的目标表面辐射温度变化特性分别进行分析.利用设计的探测系统对目标进行初步探测,用8~14μm和3~5μm热像设备对目标进行观察分析.研究表明:在10.6μm激光照射过程中,8~14μm波段内沾有TNT目标的辐射温度分别由TNT、基底在8~14μm波段的发射率和对激光辐照的反射率共同决定;在3~5μm内目标辐射温度主要由TNT、基底在3~5μm波段的自身发射率决定.在探测过程中,8~14μm波段内沾染TNT区域的辐射温度明显高于周围区域,而在3~5μm波段内,目标表面辐射温度整体下降,并且沾染区域的辐射温度变得低于周围.     

融合拉曼散射光和荧光信号反演海面溢油厚度的算法研究

随着海洋溢油问题的日益严重,多种遥感技术被用于海面溢油监测,其中激光诱导荧光(LIF)技术是目前被认为最有效的海面溢油探测技术之一。Hoge等基于LIF技术提出了一种利用拉曼散射光评估薄油膜厚度的积分反演算法并广泛应用于海面溢油探测,针对该算法存在误差较大的问题,提出一种融合拉曼散射光和荧光信号评估海面溢油厚度的反演算法。首先利用拉曼散射光信号反演油膜厚度,然后利用该反演结果计算获取溢油油品的荧光特征光谱,最后利用荧光信号反演油膜厚度。文中推导了利用荧光信号反演油膜厚度的算法,给出了油品荧光特征光谱的逼近算法,并给出了利用荧光信号反演油膜厚度的误差分析。通过实验对该方法进行了验证,选用原油和柴油为实验油品,以波长405 nm的激光作为激发光源,采集波长范围为420～700 nm,采集了海水的背景荧光和拉曼散射光信号、实验油品2,5,10和20 μm等不同厚度油膜的光谱信号。将采集数据分为训练集和测试集,利用训练集数据采用梯度下降法获取油品的荧光特征光谱,利用测试集数据分别采用积分拉曼法和该方法反演油膜厚度。采用积分拉曼法,原油不同厚度油膜反演结果的平均误差分别为12.6%,4.6%,4.4%和2.3%,柴油不同厚度油膜反演结果的平均误差分别为14.0%,7.0%,4.2%和3.6%;采用本文方法,原油不同厚度油膜反演结果的平均误差分别为2.5%,2.2%,1.2%和1.1%,柴油不同厚度油膜反演结果的平均误差分别为3.0%,2.4%,2.7%和1.6%。实验结果表明,2 μm油膜反演结果的误差降低最多,原油和柴油2 μm油膜的反演结果误差分别由12.6%和14.0%降低为2.5%和3.0%,其他厚度油膜反演结果的误差也有较大程度的降低,油膜厚度反演结果的误差均小于3%,采用本文算法可以有效提高油膜厚度反演结果的精度。     

水下航行器热尾流目标海平面探测红外成像仿真

红外成像是探测水下航行器海平面热尾流目标的重要方法。采用建模仿真的方法，基于尾流区海平面温度分布特征，结合三维坐标变换和投影映射方法实现热尾流目标的红外成像仿真过程，得到在相同探测条件下热尾流的辐射能量随波段的分布，以及不同探测方位角与高度下热尾流在像平面内的形态及红外辐射亮度的变化规律。论证了噪声对典型工况条件的热尾流与背景海面的对比度和清晰度，以及热尾流目标的探测和识别难度的影响。仿真结果表明:相同探测条件下，热尾流在8 μm~12 μm波段的辐射能量远远大于3 μm~5 μm波段；随着探测高度的增加，热尾流区域的红外辐射观测亮度逐渐减小；探测路径长度一定时，探测天顶角增大，热尾流红外辐射观测亮度减小，并且热尾流在像平面内所占区域逐渐减小。     

辐射背景对岩石受力热红外光谱变化影响的实验研究

研究表明,岩石在加载过程中表面的红外辐射随应力发展而变化,而辐射信息的有效提取与辐射背景存在密切关系。通过理论分析不同实验环境对岩石受力热红外光谱变化影响,开展了花岗岩在室内外环境下的受力热红外光谱观测实验,分析了不同辐射背景下岩石红外辐射与应力的相关性以及由应力引发的辐射变化信息的强弱差异,并对两种环境下岩石应力热红外探测的优势波段进行了对比分析。结果表明,辐射背景对岩石受力热红外光谱探测结果有重要影响,室外环境因背景辐射较弱,相同应力作用下的红外辐射变化更加显著,与应力之间的相关程度更高,优势波段区间更宽,更加有利于岩石应力的热红外探测。8.0~11.8 μm波段是利用热红外遥感监测地表花岗岩应力变化的优势波段。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.