甚长波量子阱红外探测器光栅耦合的研究

采用平面波展开的散射矩阵方法研究n型甚长波量子阱红外探测器的二维衍射光栅，并同时从实验方面研究了其红外透射光谱.研究表明，n型量子阱器件的光栅耦合是传输场和倏逝场共同作用的结果.对于n型量子阱红外探测器的光栅耦合，光栅周期、光栅深度和占空比三者之间相互影响；要达到好的光学耦合效果，需要根据量子阱器件的峰值探测波长选择合适的光栅参数. 关键词： n型量子阱红外探测器 二维光栅 光耦合     

THzQWP二维光栅耦合效率的理论分析研究

将二维金属光栅结构引入到探测器结构中,以提高太赫兹(THz)量子阱光电探测器的探测率。采用三维时域有限差分算法,建立了THz量子阱光电探测器的二维金属光栅仿真模型,详细分析了二维金属光栅参数对太赫兹量子阱光电探测器的电场强度的影响。仿真分析结果表明:当入射光频率为6.27 THz(相对应波长为47.847 m)、光栅周期P=10.5 m、占空比=0.55（金属块宽度w= 5.755 m）、光栅层厚度h=0.4 m时,器件中的Z方向上的电场值最大,光栅的耦合效率最高。     

用金属小球进行长波量子阱红外探测器的光耦合

针对实验中9.5μm峰值响应波长的n型长波量子阱红外探测器设计运用二维金属小球(铜)阵列作光耦合结构.金属小球阵列均匀填充在绝缘的胶黏剂中，基于惠更斯原理研究二维金属小球阵列体系的光耦合和光吸收，结果表明对9.5μm响应波长的长波量子阱红外探测器，采用周期为3μm，半径为0.9μm左右的金属小球阵列可以获得最佳的光耦合.优化设计后的量子效率(66%)远高于45°磨角耦合的量子效率(38%)，为实验运用金属小球阵列进行长波量子阱红外探测器的光耦合提供了基本的理论依据和详细的优化设计方案.     

双色量子阱红外探测器顶部光子晶体耦合层的设计优化

采用三维时域有限差分算法(3D-FDTD)对GaAs/AlGaAs量子阱红外探测器(QWIP)的顶部光子晶体光输入耦合层结构的电磁场分布进行了仿真分析,得到了多种不同周期、占空比、深度的二维光子晶体结构耦合效率及电磁场分布.探索了一种双色探测器的光子晶体光输入耦合层结构的设计思路,使之可对中波/长波或长波双色8/12 μm同时提供较高的耦合效率. 关键词： 红外探测器 量子阱 光子晶体     

人工微纳结构增强长波及甚长波红外探测器

红外探测器具有把物体辐射的光子信息转换为电信号的能力,拓宽了人们观察自然环境与人类活动的边界.当前,长波及甚长波红外探测器已在大气监测、夜间侦查、深空探测等领域有诸多应用.随着各国对高端红外探测器要求的快速提升,传统红外探测器难以兼顾高响应率、高响应速度以及多维探测等性能指标的瓶颈日益凸显.基于微纳光学理论设计的人工微纳结构,可实现其与红外光子的高效耦合,综合调控红外光场的振幅、偏振、相位及波长等自由度.为拓展红外探测器额外的调控自由度,进而在实现高量子效率的同时,兼顾较高的响应速率与优异的偏振或波长选择性,集成红外探测器与人工微纳结构的研究思路近年来被广泛应用.本文讨论了人工微纳结构在长波及甚长波红外探测领域的应用进展,详述了表面等离激元、局域等离激元、谐振腔结构、陷光结构、超透镜、赝表面等离激元、间隙等离激元和声子极化激元等机制的应用现状及各机制固有的优劣势,进而指出了人工微纳结构在长波及甚长波红外探测应用的发展前景与方向.     

量子阱红外探测器的光耦合

本文从有效质量近似理论出发,在量子阱导带内子带间光吸收分析的基础上,评述了ｎ型量子阱红外探测器的光耦合。着重研究适宜于量子阱红外探测器的不同种类的光栅,并从理论上优化出高耦合效率的各种光栅参数     

量子阱红外探测器的光耦合

本文从有效质量近似理论出发，在量子阱导带内子带间光吸收分析的基础上，评述了ｎ型量子阱红外探测器的光耦合。着重研究适宜于量子阱红外探测器的不同种类的光栅，并从理论上优化出高耦合效率的各种光栅参数     

太赫兹量子阱光电探测器光栅耦合的模拟与优化

光栅耦合是量子阱光电探测器探测正入射电磁辐射的常用耦合方法,本文采用模式展开法研究了一维金属光栅太赫兹量子阱光电探测器中的电磁场分布,并给出了器件有源区中的平均光强.研究结果表明,若一维光栅的周期与太赫兹波在器件材料中的波长相当,并且根据器件结构选取合理的光栅占空比,可使器件中的平均光场最强,光栅的光耦合效率最高,从而提高器件的响应率. 关键词： 太赫兹 量子阱光电探测器 光栅     

二维电子气等离激元太赫兹波器件

固态等离激元太赫兹波器件正成为微波毫米波电子器件技术和半导体激光器技术向太赫兹波段发展和融合的重要方向之一。本综述介绍AlGaN/GaN异质结高浓度和高迁移率二维电子气中的等离激元调控、激发及其在太赫兹波探测器、调制器和光源中应用的近期研究进展。通过光栅和太赫兹天线实现自由空间太赫兹波与二维电子气等离激元的耦合,通过太赫兹法布里-珀罗谐振腔进一步调制太赫兹波模式,增强太赫兹波与等离激元的耦合强度。在光栅-谐振腔耦合的二维电子气中验证了场效应栅控的等离激元色散关系,实现了等离激元模式与太赫兹波腔模强耦合产生的等离极化激元模式,演示了太赫兹波的调制和发射。在太赫兹天线耦合二维电子气中实现了等离激元共振与非共振的太赫兹波探测,建立了太赫兹场效应混频探测的物理模型,指导了室温高灵敏度自混频探测器的设计与优化。研究表明,基于非共振等离激元激发可发展形成室温高速高灵敏度的太赫兹探测器及其焦平面阵列技术。然而,固态等离激元的高损耗特性仍是制约基于等离激元共振的高效太赫兹光源和调制器的主要瓶颈。未来的研究重点将围绕高品质因子等离激元谐振腔的构筑,包括固态等离激元物理、等离激元谐振腔边界的调控、新型室温高迁移率二维电子材料的运用和高品质太赫兹谐振腔与等离激元器件的集成等。     

甚长波量子阱红外探测器的暗电流特性研究

基于载流子在量子结构中的输运理论研究了甚长波量子阱红外探测器(峰值响应波长15μm，量子阱个数大于40)的载流子的输运性质.研究结果表明，在甚长波量子阱红外探测器中，电流密度一般很低，暗电流主要来源于能量高于势垒边的热激发电子.通过薛定谔方程和泊松方程以及电流的连续性方程的自洽求解，发现外加偏压下电子浓度在甚长波器件各量子阱的分布发生较大变化，电场在整个器件结构上呈非均匀分布，靠近发射极层的势垒承担的电压远远高于均匀分布的情形.平带模型假定电压在器件体系上均匀分布，导致小偏压下的理论计算值远远低于实验值. 关键词： 甚长波量子阱红外探测器 量子波输运 暗电流     

提高OLED光导出效率的异形金属光栅的设计与优化

提出一种用于有机电致发光器件(OLED)的双面对称矩形金属光栅电极,采用时域有限差分方法(FDTD)模拟研究了OLED中表面等离子体激元的激发和耦合传输的物理规律和物理机制,详细计算和分析了该光栅结构的周期、槽宽、光栅高度、槽底厚度、入射光的入射角与电极透射效率的关系,并由此优化了结构的几何参数,使金属电极的光导出效率相对于通常的金属银层电极增强了1.77倍,为基于表面等离子体激元的高效光导出器件的优化设计提供了理论依据。     

金属光栅对表面等离子体波的辐射抑制研究

对金属光栅进行严格耦合波理论计算, 得到了780和1500 nm波长入射光条件下不同光栅调制深度(20-80 nm)对应的反射谱. 根据Fano理论推导了描述反射谱线的经验公式, 最后应用有限元法计算光栅表面近场电场分布, 验证了公式的正确性. 反射谱线公式反映出光栅耦合表面等离子体的各个物理效应, 其中最重要的是反映出光栅在某一调制深度下对表面等离子体反耦合的抑制作用, 这一发现为设计光栅能量约束器件提供了物理依据.     

Quantum well infrared photodetector simultaneously working in two atmospheric windows

We have demonstrated a two-contact quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) exhibiting simultaneous photoresponse in both the mid- and the long-wavelength atmospheric windows of 3–5 μm and of 8–12 μm. The structure of the device was achieved by sequentially growing a mid-wavelength QWIP part followed by a long-wavelength QWIP part separated by an n-doped layer. Compared with the conventional dual-band QWIP device utilizing three ohmic contacts, our QWIP is promising to greatly facilitate two-color focal plane array (FPA) fabrication by reducing the number of the indium bumps per pixel from three to one just like a monochromatic FPA fabrication and to increase the FPA fill factor by reducing one contact per pixel; another advantage may be that this QWIP FPA boasts broadband detection capability in the two atmospheric windows while using only a monochromatic readout integrated circuit. We attributed this simultaneous broadband detection to the different distributions of the total bias voltage between the mid- and long-wavelength QWIP parts.     

Four-band quantum well infrared photodetector array

A four-band quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array (FPA) has been demonstrated by stacking different multi-quantum well structures, which are sensitive in 4–5.5, 8.5–10, 10–12, and 13–15.5 μm infrared bands. This 640 × 514 format FPA consists of four 640 × 128 pixel areas which are capable of acquiring images in these infrared bands. In this application, instead of quarter wevelength groove depth grating reflectors, three-quarter wavelength groove depth reflectors were used to couple radiation to each QWIP layer. This technique allows us to optimize the light coupling to each QWIP stack at corresponding pixels while keeping the pixel (or mesa) height at the same level, which will be essential for indium bump-bonding with the multiplexer. In addition to light coupling, these gratings serve as a contact to the active stack while shorting the unwanted stacks. Flexible QWIP design parameters, such as well width, barrier thickness, doping density, and the number of periods, were cleverly exploited to optimize the performance of each detector while accommodating requirements set by the deep groove light coupling gratings. For imaging, detector array is operated at temperature T=45 K, and each detector shows a very high D^*>1×10¹¹ cm  /W for 300 K background with f/2 optics. This initial array gave excellent images with 99.9% of the pixels working, demonstrating the high yield of GaAs technology.     

Resonant Effects of FPL and SPP for Light Transmitting through Subwavelength Metallic Gratings

A new model is proposed to explain the physical mechanism of the extraordinary transmission enhancement in subwavelength metallic grating. The extraordinary transmission enhancement is described by the co-operation of Fabry-Perot-like (FPL) resonance and the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) resonance. The rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) and the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method are employed to illustrate the model by calculating the transmission and the field distributions in the subwavelength metallic grating, respectively. And the numerical calculations show that transmission enhancement is achieved when the coupling resonance of the incident light, the surface plasmon polariton mode and the Fabry-Perot-Like mode is happened, which are in good agreement with the proposed model.     

Exact calculations of scattering and enhanced fields of electromagnetic waves on grating surfaces

We present scattered intensities and values of the electromagnetic field for p-polarized light on Ag grating surfaces using the theory of Toigo, Marvin, Celli and Hill. The theory is based on the application of the extinction theorem to Green's theorem. The program for calculations is set for any shape of the grating profile. Calculations are performed when the incident light is in resonance with the surface plasmon polariton. The shape of the scattered intensities are calculated for different grating amplitudes and it is shown that,for example, the reflectivity can present a minimum or a maximum depending on the amplitude and shape of the grating. It is shown that the enhanced field (the ratio between the modulus squared of the scattered field to the modulus squared of the incident field)(e) has a maximum when the reflectivity is a minimum as a function of the incident angle. The maximum of e is larger when the minimum in the reflectivity is smaller as a function of the grating amplitude. The value of e is calculated in a fine grid near to the grating and the values of the maxima are of the order of 250, then if the Raman cross-section is proportional to the fourth power of the field this could produce 10⁴ to 10⁵ in the cross-section and explain SERS. The width of the resonances as well as the plasmon dispersion relation will be also presented.     

Polarization-independent on-axis light coupler for surface plasmon resonance using a concentric chirped grating

A novel on-axis one-element polarization-independent light in- and out-coupling mechanism for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is proposed. The system utilizes an integrated high-NA concentric chirped grating to both focus the incident light on the metallic film and collimate the reflected beam onto a CCD array to extract the SPR signal. With NA up to 1.47, a broad sensing dynamic range from n=1 to 1.35 can be achieved. An analytical model is implemented to demonstrate the dependency of the radial location of the resonances on the detecting substance and its sensitivity to the change of the refractive index. The model shows a trend similar to rigorous ray-tracing calculations.     

Anomalous transmission of terahertz wave through one-dimensional lamellar metallic grating

The anomalous transmission through one-dimensional lamellar metallic gratings was investigated in terahertz (THz) regime. The extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) is identified to originate from two possible ways: coupling of incident light with waveguide resonances and coupling of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at the upper and lower interfaces of metal grating. The dual effects of SPPs have been clarified in this study: (i) the excitation of SPP modes at each individual interface results in the weakness of the THz wave transmission; and (ii) the coupling of SPP modes at two interfaces of metal grating is attributed to enhancement of THz wave transmission. The enhanced transmission is dominated by the coupling of incident light with transverse waveguide resonances. Numerical simulation based on finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) agrees well with experimental results.