Smith–Purcell radiation-like photoacoustic phased array

Relativistic electrons moving over a periodic metal grating can lead to an intriguing emission of light, known as Smith–Purcell radiation [SPR), the precursor of the free-electron laser.The speed of light plays a critical role in the far-field emission spectrum. Inspired by this photonic SPR, here we experimentally demonstrate a photoacoustic phased array using laser-induced shock waves. We observe acoustic radiation spectrum in the far field, perfectly predicted by a universal theory for the SP...     

Smith–Purcell free electron laser based on a semi-conical resonator

We investigate a Smith–Purcell free electron laser composed of an electron gun, a semi-conical resonator, a metallic grating and collector. The semi-conical resonator could reflect all Smith–Purcell radiation with emission angle θ, and with random azimuthal angles, back onto the electron beam and causes the electrons to be modulated. Tunable coherent far-infrared Smith–Purcell radiation with a high output peak power at millimeter wavelengths can be generated.     

Does the Aharonov–Bohm Effect Exist?

We draw a distinction between the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift and the Aharonov–Bohm effect. Although the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift occurring when an electron beam passes around a magnetic solenoid is well-verified experimentally, it is not clear whether this phase shift occurs because of classical forces or because of a topological effect occurring in the absence of classical forces as claimed by Aharonov and Bohm. The mathematics of the Schroedinger equation itself does not reveal the physical basis for the effect. However, the experimentally observed Aharonov–Bohm phase shift is of the same form as the shift observed due to electrostatic forces for which the consensus view accepts the role of the classical forces. The Aharonov–Bohm phase shift may well arise from classical electromagnetic forces which are simply more subtle in the magnetic case since they involve relativistic effects of the order v ² /c ² . Here we first review the experimentally observable differences between phenomena arising from classical forces and phenomena arising from the quantum topological effect suggested by Aharonov and Bohm. Second we point out that most discussions of the classical electromagnetic forces involved when a charged particle passes a solenoid are inaccurate because they omit the Faraday induction terms. The subtleties of the relativisitic v ² /c ² classical electromagnetic forces between a point charge and a solenoid have been explored by Coleman and Van Vleck in their analysis of the Shockley–James paradox; indeed, we point out that an analysis exactly parallel to that of Coleman and Van Vleck suggests that the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift is actually due to classical electromagnetic forces. Finally we note that electromagnetic velocity fields penetrate even excellent conductors in a form which is unfamiliar to many physicists. An ohmic conductor surrounding a solenoid does not screen out the magnetic field of the passing charge, but rather the time-integral of the magnetic field is an invariant; this time integral is precisely what is involved in the classical explanation of the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift. Thus the persistence of the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift when the solenoid is surrounded by a conductor does not exclude a classical force-based explanation for the phase shift. At present there is no experimental evidence for the Aharonov–Bohm effect.     

First experimental observation of the conical effect in Smith–Purcell radiation

The conical effect in Smith–Purcell radiation arising from electrons moving at non-zero angle to the direction of grating periodicity has been observed for the first time. It was found that the maximum of radiation intensity for ψ ≠ 0 shifts in both polar and azimuth angles. The experimental and theoretical results were compared, and the good agreement was shown. The experiment has been performed for 6 MeV electrons and at millimeter wavelengths.     

Pion–Photon Transition Form Factor

An analysis of all available data (CELLO, CLEO, B A B AR) in the range [1÷ 40] GeV² for the pion–photon transition form factor in terms of light-cone sum rules with next-to-leading-order accuracy is discussed, including twist-four contributions and next-to-next-to-leading order and twist-six corrections—the latter two via uncertainties. The antithetic trend between the B A B AR data for the γ*γπ ⁰ and those for the γ*γ η(η′) transition is pointed out, emphasizing the underlying antagonistic mechanisms: endpoint enhancement for the first and endpoint-suppression for the second—each associated with pseudoscalar meson distribution amplitudes with distinct endpoint characteristics.     

Transition Electromagnetic Form Factor in the Minkowski Space Bethe–Salpeter Approach

Using the solutions of the Bethe–Salpeter equation in Minkowski space for bound and scattering states found in previous works, we calculate the transition electromagnetic form factor describing the electro-disintegration of a bound system.     

Turbulence: Does Energy Cascade Exist?

To answer the question whether a cascade of energy exists or not in turbulence, we propose a set of correlation functions able to test if there is an irreversible transfert of energy, step by step, from large to small structures. These tests are applied to real Eulerian data of a turbulent velocity flow, taken in the wind grid tunnel of Modane, and also to a prototype model equation for wave turbulence. First we demonstrate the irreversible character of the flow by using multi-time correlation function at a given point of space. Moreover the unexpected behavior of the test function leads us to connect irreversibility and finite time singularities (intermittency). Secondly we show that turbulent cascade exists, and is a dynamical process, by using a test function depending on time and frequency. The cascade shows up only in the inertial domain where the kinetic energy is transferred more rapidly (on average) from the wavenumber \(k_{1}\) to \(k_{2}\) than from \(k_{1}\) to \(k'_{2}\) larger than \(k_{2}\).     

Charge Splitting in πNΔ Form Factor

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - Experimental data on πN scattering in the elastic energy region w ≤ 1.45 GeV are analyzed within the K-matrix approach with effective lagrangians. The charge...     

Does Σ–Σ–α Form Quasi-Bound States?

For the Σ–Σ–α system we theoretically look into the possible existence of a quasi-bound state in the framework of Faddeev calculations. We are particularly interested in the state of total iso-spin T=2, because there is no strong conversion between Ξ–N–α and ${\Lambda-\Lambda-\alpha}$ . An analytic continuation using the point method is applied to search the eigenvalue in the complex energy plane. In our results the Σ–Σ–α three-body system has two quasi-bound states (J ^π  = 0⁺) where, depending on the potential parameters in the Nijmegen NSC97 model potential, the energy ranges between ?1.4 and ?2.4 MeV and the level width is about 0.4 MeV for the ground state. In addition, we obtained the excited state at ?0.15 MeV (width 4 MeV).     

Radiation of the Plasma of a Transverse Discharge in a Helium–Krypton–Elegas Mixture

We carried out a spectroscopic investigation of the degradation of the active medium of a pulsed-periodic KrF emitter based on a He/Kr/SF₆ mixture (P = 10–150 kPa) with pumping by a transverse volumetric discharge. The plasma radiation spectra in the range 200–620 nm at different stages of degradation of the working mixture and the dynamics of the radiation of inert gases as well as of the products of decomposition of SF₆ molecules in the plasma are studied. It is shown that since the number of discharge pulses is 10⁴, rather effective formation of excited sulfur molecules is observed which decompose with emission in the spectral range 260–550 nm. This can be employed for developing a wideband lamp based on the system of KrF(B–X; D–X), S₂(B–X), and S₂(f–a) bands.     

The Swendsen–Wang Process Does Not Always Mix Rapidly

The Swendsen–Wang process provides one possible dynamics for the q-state Potts model. Computer simulations of this process are widely used to estimate the expectations of various observables (random variables) of a Potts system in the equilibrium (or Gibbs) distribution. The legitimacy of such simulations depends on the rate of convergence of the process to equilibrium, as measured by the mixing time. Empirical observations suggest that the mixing time of the Swendsen–Wang process is short in many instances of practical interest, although proofs of this desirable behavior are known only for some very special cases. Nevertheless, we show that there are occasions when the mixing time of the Swendsen–Wang process is exponential in the size of the system. This undesirable behavior is related to the phenomenon of first-order phase transitions in Potts systems with q > 2 states.     

Letter: Cerenkov Radiation from a Charged Particle in a Weyl–Dirac Theory

A thin shell can separate an interior region of Riemannian geometry from an exterior spherically symmetric Weyl space. We explore the possibility that a charged particle propagating in the gravitational field outside this thin shell could emit Cerenkov radiation. Some astrophysical scenarios in which such effect could arise are discussed.     

Hawking Radiation of Photons in a Vaidya–de Sitter Black Hole

Hawking evaporation of photons in a Vaidya–de Sitter black hole is investigated by using the method of generalized tortoise coordinate transformation. Both the location and the temperature of the event horizon depend on the time. It is shown that Hawking radiation of photons exists only for the complex Maxwell scalar ₀ in the advanced Eddington–Finkelstein coordinate system. This asymmetry of Hawking radiation for different components of Maxwell fields probably arises from the asymmetry of spacetime in the advanced Eddington–Finkelstein coordinate system. It is shown that the black body radiant spectrum of photons resembles that of Klein–Gordon particles.     

Theoretical Description and Measurement of the Pion–Photon Transition Form Factor

Detailed predictions for the scaled pion–photon transition form factor are given, derived with the method of light-cone sum rules and using pion distribution amplitudes with two and three Gegenbauer coefficients obtained from QCD sum rules with nonlocal condensates. These predictions agree well with all experimental data that are compatible with QCD scaling (and collinear factorization), but disagree with the high-Q ² data of the BaBar Collaboration that grow with the momentum. A good agreement of our predictions with results obtained from AdS/QCD models and Dyson–Schwinger computations is found.     

Intense Infrared Laser-Induced Radiation–Collision Involvement of Molecules That Do Not Absorb Laser Radiation in Resonance with a Laser Field in a Two-Component Molecular Medium

JETP Letters - Effective radiation–collision involvement of molecules that do not absorb laser radiation in resonance with a laser field in a two-component molecular medium that includes...     

Ballistic Diffusion of a Charged Particle in a Blackbody Radiation Field

The generalized Langevin equation is used to describe the motion of a charged particle interacting with a blackbody radiation field via dipole coupling. The exact expressions for the mean-square displacement and velocity of such a particle are obtained, which show a ballistic diffusion and a modified Kubo fluctuation-dissipation relation. In particular, a velocity-dependent coupling or force can induce this novel phenomenon.     

Radiation Rate of a Two-Level Atom in a Spacetime with a Reflecting Boundary

We study a two-level atom in interaction with a real massless scalar quantum field in a spacetime with a reflecting boundary. We calculate the rate of change of the atomic energy for the atom. The presence of the boundary modifies the quantum fluctuations of the scalar field, which in turn modifies the rate of change of the atomic energy. It is found that the modifications induced by the presence of a boundary make the spontaneous radiation rate of an excited atom to oscillate near the boundary and this oscillatory behaviour may offer a possible opportunity for experimental tests for geometrical （boundary） effects in flat spacetime.