Co（Ⅱ）-空穴和Pt-电子助催化剂协同作用增强P掺杂g-C3N4光催化产氢性能（英文）

石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)是一种新型的有机半导体材料,具有独特的层状结构、合适的能带位置、简单的制备方法以及出色的稳定性等特点,因而被广泛应用于光催化产氢领域.但是,较高的光生载流子的复合率和受限的迁移率大大地限制了g-C3N4的光催化产氢性能.目前,大量的研究证实块状g-C3N4的液相剥离、表面改性、元素掺杂、与其他半导体复合构筑异质结以及负载助催化剂等方法可以在一定程度上提高g-C3N4的光催化产氢性能.但是单一的g-C3N4改性方法往往并不能获得最理想的光催化产氢性能,因此,本文采用低温磷化法制备了二价钴(Co(II))修饰的磷(P)掺杂的g-C3N4纳米片(Co(II)/PCN),同时实现了掺杂P原子和负载空穴助催化剂Co(II),该催化剂表现出出色的光催化产氢性能.在光催化制氢过程中,铂(Pt)纳米颗粒作为电子助催化剂成功的负载在Co(II)/PCN上.光催化实验结果表明,最佳的Pt/Co(II)/PCN复合材料光催化产氢速率达到774μmol·g^?1·h^?1,比纯相的g-C3N4纳米片(89.2μmol·g^?1·h^?1)提升8.6倍.同时优化的光催化剂具有良好的光催化稳定性,并在402 nm处具有2.76%的量子产率.XRD,TEM,STEM-EDX和AFM结果证明,成功制备了纳米片状形貌的g-C3N4及其复合材料,催化剂中均匀的分布着Co和P元素.通过XPS证明了P-N的存在以及Co(II)的存在,并且Co(II)是以一种无定型的CoOOH的形式吸附在g-C3N4表面.光照后的TEM证明Pt颗粒成功的负载在Co(II)/PCN表面.UV-vis DRS表明,由于P的掺杂以及Co(II)的修饰,Co(II)/PCN相比于g-C3N4纳米片在可见光区域光吸收有了明显的增强.通过稳态和瞬态光致发光光谱分析,同时结合电化学分析表征(i-t、EIS)以及电子顺磁共振技术分析,证实了Co(II)/PCN高效光催化性能的原因可能是由于更高效的光生载流子分离效率.本文对Pt/Co(II)/PCN可能的光催化增强机理提出了设想.P的掺杂可以优化g-C3N4的电子结构,提高其光生载流子分离效率.而以Pt作为电子助催化剂,可以有效地捕获P掺杂的g-C3N4导带中的光生电子,进而发生水还原产氢反应;以Co(II)作为空穴助催化剂,可以捕获价带中的光生空穴,进而发生三乙醇胺氧化反应.通过采用不同功能的助催化剂,实现P掺杂g-C3N4光生电子空穴的定向分流,促进了P掺杂g-C3N4的光生载流子的分离,从而提高催化剂的光催化产氢性能.本文可以为设计具有空穴-电子双助催化剂的光催化产氢系统提供一个新的思路.     

Ni5P4/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的制备及光催化性能

使用尿素、 红磷和氯化镍为原料, 通过一种简单的焙烧方法合成了Ni₅P₄/g-C₃N₄光催化剂. 该催化剂形成的异质结可以降低界面电阻, 有效抑制光生电子-空穴对复合率. 以罗丹明B模拟污染物进行降解测试, 发现3NPC的反应速率常数最高, 几乎是g-C₃N₄的7倍, 并具有最高的光催化产氢能力, 制氢速率高达1013.88 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, 明显高于g-C₃N₄(664.38 μmol·g^-1·h^-1).     

C-I共掺杂多孔g-C3N4光催化分解水制氢

氢气是一种可替代传统燃料的理想清洁能源,利用光催化技术分解水制氢是制取氢气的有效途径之一.无机半导体光催化材料具有较高的活性和稳定性,且原料丰富,易加工改性.目前针对光催化技术的应用,大量的研究工作都集中在开发可见光响应光催化剂,以提高对可见光的利用率.同时,非金属聚合物半导体因其特殊的光电性质,在光催化应用研究中越来越受到关注,如庚嗪基微孔聚合物(HMP)和共价三嗪基骨架(CTF).石墨相碳化氮(g-C3N4)是一种典型非金属二维聚合物半导体,被认为是一种非常有价值的光催化材料.然而,其较低的光生电子的传输效率限制了其实际应用,因此诸多研究对g-C3N4的物理化学结构进行优化,如半导体耦合、共聚合、纳米结构设计和掺杂.非金属掺杂是一种有效的方法,由于原子电负性差异引起的电荷分离可有效改善载流子传输效率,且保持半导体的非金属性质.通过O,B,P和S等掺杂可以扩大可见光响应范围,并调节能带位置以改善光催化活性.除了常见的单一非金属掺杂,金属和非金属元素或多非金属元素共掺杂的办法同样可提高g-C3N4的光催化性能.本工作通过两步法对双氰胺、尿素和碘化1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑的混合物直接热聚合,合成C-I共掺杂的多孔g-C3N4,其在可见光照射下表现出较高的产氢活性和稳定性.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、荧光光谱(PL)和电化学实验等方法对多孔掺杂g-C3N4结构进行详细表征和分析.在助催化剂Pt和电子牺牲剂(三乙醇胺)存在的条件下,采用可见光(>400 nm)照射分解水产氢的方法评价其光催化活性.结果表明,后热处理和碘离子液掺杂对g-C3N4材料的结构和性能具有较大影响.C-I共掺杂和后热处理使催化剂产物颗粒尺寸减小,形成多孔片层状紧密堆积,比表面积和孔隙率显著增加,吸收带边发生蓝移.后热处理使样品层间距减小,聚合度增加,有利于电荷传输,C-I共掺杂后出现更多的缺陷,但没有改变其层状堆积的特性.XPS结果表明,样品中碘元素以I-和I5+的形式存在,改性后催化剂C/N比明显增加,sp2芳环N含量增加,表面氨基含量降低,表明后热处理和C-I共掺杂没有改变多孔g-C3N4的基本骨架,共轭结构更加完善.PL和光电流结果表明,改性后样品的PL强度均显著降低,并且随着掺杂量的增加而逐渐降低,表明共掺杂可抑制光生电荷的复合.电化学测试结果表明,后热处理和C-I共掺杂的样品界面电荷转移电阻降低,导电率和电荷迁移率增加,从而有助于提高光催化性能.光解水产氢性能测试表明,后热处理和C-I共掺杂有利于催化剂产氢速率的提高,改性后CNIN0.2的产氢速率达168.2μmol/h,是纯氮化碳的9.8倍.经过多次循环测试,其产氢性能保持稳定而没有显著下降,表明其产氢稳定性较好.     

非贵金属助催化剂Ni3N修饰g-C3N4用于可见光催化产氢的研究

近年来,利用太阳光光解水制氢被认为是解决当前能源短缺和环境污染问题的重要途径之一.众所周知,助催化剂可以有效的降低光催化产氢反应的活化能,提供产氢反应的活性位点,有效的促进催化剂中光生载流子的传输与分离,从而提高光催化剂产氢体系的反应活性和稳定性.然而,鉴于贵金属助催化剂(Pt, Au和Pd等)储量低、成本高,极大地制约了其应用.因而,开发出适用于光催化水分解制氢的非贵金属助催化剂尤为重要.石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)因其具有热稳定性、化学稳定性高以及制备成本低廉等优点,成为光催化领域研究的热点.然而,由于g-C_3N_4的禁带宽度(Eg=2.7 eV)较宽,致使其对可见光的响应能力较弱,并且在光催化反应过程中其光生电子-空穴对易复合,从而导致其光催化产氢活性较低.因此,如何开发出含非贵金属助催化剂的g-C_3N_4高效、稳定的太阳光催化分解水制氢体系引起了人们极大的关注.本文通过水热法-高温氨化法首次将非贵金属Ni_3N作为助催化剂来修饰g-C_3N_4,增强其可见光光催化性能(l420 nm).采用XRD、SEM、EDS、Mapping、UV-Vis、XPS和TEM等手段对Ni_3N/g-C_3N_4光催化体系进行了表征.结果表明, Ni_3N纳米颗粒成功的负载到g-C_3N_4表面且没有改变g-C_3N_4的层状结构.此外,采用荧光光谱分析(PL)、阻抗测试(EIS)和光电流谱进行表征,结果显示, Ni_3N纳米颗粒可有效促进催化剂中光生载流子的传输与分离,抑制电子-空穴对的复合.同时,将功率为300 W且装有紫外滤光片(λ420 nm)的氙灯作为可见光光源进行光催化产氢实验结果表明,引入了一定量的Ni_3N可以极大提高g-C_3N_4的光催化活性,其中, Ni_3N/g-C_3N_4#3的产氢量为～305.4μmol·h-1·g-1,大约是单体g-C_3N_4的3倍.此外,在450nm单色光照射下, Ni_3N/g-C_3N_4光催化产氢体系的量子效率能达到～0.45%,表明Ni_3N/g-C_3N_4具有将入射电子转化为氢气的能力.循环产氢实验表明, Ni_3N/g-C_3N_4在光催化产氢过程中有着较好的产氢活性和稳定性.最后,阐述了Ni_3N/g-C_3N_4体系的光催化产氢反应机理.本文采用的原料价格低廉,性能优异,制备简单,所制材料在光催化制氢领域展现出重要前景.     

氧掺杂对VN-g-C3N4催化剂光催化固氮性能的影响

采用介质阻挡放电等离子体法合成了氧原子掺杂的具有氮空穴的石墨相氮化碳催化剂(g-C₃N₄), 并对催化剂的结构和形貌进行了表征分析. 结果表明, 等离子体处理没有改变催化剂的形貌, 并同时将氮空穴和氧原子引入了g-C₃N₄的晶格. 在可见光条件下, 制备的共掺杂g-C₃N₄催化剂的铵离子产率高达5.9 mg·L ^-1·h ^-1· {\mathrm{g}}_{\mathrm{cat}}^{-1} , 分别是具有氮空穴的g-C₃N₄和纯g-C₃N₄的2.2倍和20倍, 同时还表现出优异的催化稳定性. 密度泛函理论计算结果显示, 与具有氮空穴的g-C₃N₄相比, 氧原子的引入能提高氮空穴对反应物氮气分子的活化能力, 提高光催化固氮性能.     

可见光还原制备Fe/g-C3N4复合催化剂的产氢研究

利用荧光素作为光敏剂,三乙醇胺(TEOA)作为牺牲剂,在大于420 nm的LED灯照射下,3价铁离子光催化还原生成零价铁纳米粒子分散在二维g-C3N4片上,并伴随着光催化分解水产氢,催化产氢效率达到5.97 μmol·h-1.光催化反应48 h后,催化活性没有明显降低.     

一步法合成g-C3N4纳米片用作苯酚可见光降解高效催化剂

石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)是一种在室温条件下最稳定的氮化碳.同时g-C3N4的带隙为2.7 eV,可以利用可见光催化很多反应,例如光解水、CO2还原、有机污染物降解和有机物合成.但普通体相g-C3N4的光催化性能不尽如人意,主要是由于普通体相材料的载流子复合效率高,可见光(<450 nm)利用率低且比表面积小.众所周知,半导体的光催化性能与材料表面状态密切相关,因此可以控制合成条件来制备有利于光催化形貌的g-C3N4材料.普通体相g-C3N4材料的比表面积较小,约为10 m2/g,导致传质作用较差,光生电子-空穴复合严重,因此制备高比表面积的g-C3N4材料是目前研究的热点.我们发现在550℃下将三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸一起煅烧可以一步热合成g-C3N4纳米片,合成温度较低,对材料带隙影响小,同时可以提高材料比表面积,从而极大地提高了材料的光降解苯酚性能.XRD测试发现,随着前驱体中三聚氰酸比例增加,材料的主峰从27.38°显著偏移到27.72°.这表明三嗪环面内相连构成CN平面,同时CN层也会有堆叠最终形成g-C3N4材料.通过BET测试,g-C3N4纳米片的比表面积为103.24 m2/g.采用AFM分析得到g-C3N4纳米片的厚度为3.07 nm.研究了该g-C3N4纳米片的光降解性能,结果显示,在可见光照射30 min后,使用这种g-C3N4纳米片作为催化剂的条件下,苯酚降解率达到最优的81%.在5次循环利用后,g-C3N4(1:9)的降解率还能保持在80%以上,说明材料有良好的循环稳定性.这主要得益于材料的纳米片结构,在对苯酚吸附时不会有很复杂的吸附与脱附过程.同时纳米片结构可为有机污染物的吸附和原位降解提供传质通道.光反应体系中的产物由HPLC检测,分析苯酚的降解产物及产物的产量可以大致推测苯酚可能的降解历程.在三聚氰酸作用下,CN聚合层弯曲,减少了CN层之间的相互结合,同时不会对材料的带隙产生影响.同时整个合成过程无需引发剂,也不会导致CN层的基本单元和连接方式发生改变,同时由于二维片层结构,提高了材料的电荷分离效率.通过苯酚的降解实验得知三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸的比例为1:9,在550℃下煅烧得到的g-C3N4纳米片的光降解性能最优,同时具有很好的催化稳定性.     

碳自掺杂g-C3N4光催化性能的原位光微量热-荧光光谱研究

通过在尿素前驱体中添加单宁酸, 原位缩聚形成碳自掺杂石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄). 利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、 场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、 X射线衍射(XRD)仪和同步热分析(TG-DSC)等方法对碳自掺杂 g-C₃N₄的形貌、 物相结构和能带价态组分进行表征分析, 结合紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和原位光微量热-荧光光谱联用仪获得碳自掺杂g-C₃N₄降解罗丹明B的原位热/动力学信息和三维荧光光谱信息, 探讨了光催化降解罗丹明B的微观机制. 结果表明, 单宁酸浓度≤10 mg/mL时, 碳会取代七嗪单元结构的氮原子形成g-C₃N₄骨架碳自掺杂; 单宁酸浓度≥ 20 mg/mL时, 碳以无定形形式沉积负载在g-C₃N₄表面上形成无定形碳自掺杂. 骨架碳自掺杂g-C₃N₄形成的π电子有效缩短了禁带宽度, 减小了光生电子-空穴复合几率, 比无定形C掺杂g-C₃N₄显示出更优异的光催化性能, 催化主要活性物种为h⁺和·O{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}. 碳自掺杂g-C₃N₄光催化降解过程可分为光响应吸热、 降解污染物放热平衡过程和稳定放热3个过程. 其中骨架碳自掺杂g-C₃N₄(C/N摩尔比为0.844)在光照1000 s内, 三维荧光光谱检测的RhB降解率锐减, 光照1000 s后, 其RhB降解率为87.6%, 分别是原始g-C₃N₄和无定形碳自掺杂g-C₃N₄的3.13倍和1.95倍. 光照1000 s后, 光微量热计显示以矿化和降解非荧光发色中间产物为主, 并保持以热变速率为(0.9799±0.5356) μJ/s稳定放热, 为拟零级反应过程, 是光催化反应的决速步骤.     

热聚合硫氰酸铵制备多孔 g-C3N4纳米片及其可见光催化分解水制氢性能

二维层状半导体材料与其体相堆积结构相比表现出独特的性质,有望在纳米材料科学领域取得新的突破.基于对太阳能利用的研究,二维半导体光催化材料引起了研究者的广泛关注.诸多半导体材料已被设计合成二维纳米片结构应用于光催化领域,如 MoS2, WS2, SnS2和TiO2等.石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)是一种典型的非金属二维聚合物半导体.二维层状结构的组成使得 g-C3N4纳米片能够表现出优异的光电性质.然而,其合成目前仍然存在很大困难.目前已报道的单层或多层 g-C3N4的制备主要有超声辅助溶剂剥离法、热处理法、插层法和电化学合成法等.但这些方法存在合成复杂和引入结构缺陷等不足.另外,在体相组成中插入孔结构也能够提高 g-C3N4的光催化活性.目前常用的方法主要是模板法.然而,在这些生孔过程中往往引起聚合度降低,增加长程无序度,不利于光生载流子的传输.因此,如果将多孔结构引入 g-C3N4纳米片,同时提高其聚合度结构,将在很大程度上提高其光催化性能.本文利用直接氨气热聚合的方法,将硫氰酸铵进行高温热处理,一步法合成出较高聚合度的多孔 g-C3N4纳米片,在可见光照射下表现出较高的产氢活性和稳定性.采用 X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、荧光光谱(PL)和电子顺磁共振(EPR)等方法对多孔 g-C3N4纳米片结构进行了详细表征.在助催化剂 Pt存在下,采用可见光照射(>420 nm)分解水产氢的方法评价了其光催化性能.结果表明,热处理温度对产物结构及性能具有较大影响. XRD结果表明,在450oC热处理,硫氰酸铵未完全聚合,与前期氮气热处理的结论不同.当热聚合温度上升至500oC,石墨相结构形成.至600oC时,石墨相的层间距缩小,且聚合度没有明显下降.这表明氨气气氛抑制了原料分解,提高了分解聚合温度,同时增加了产物的聚合度. FTIR结果表明,热聚合温度对产物 C–N共轭结构改变不大,但在810 cm–1处的峰位向长波数移动,表明七嗪环单元含量增加,再次证明高的热聚合温度没有造成明显的结构分解,反而促进了聚合结构的形成.扫描电镜与氮气吸脱附分析表明,随着聚合温度升高,产物粒子尺寸变小,形貌呈现层状分布,并伴随多孔状的产生,因此比表面积和孔体积显著增大,吸收带边发生蓝移. PL和 EPR结果表明,聚合温度从500增至600oC,样品光生载流子的复合速率下降,导带离域电子密度增加,从而有利于光催化性能的提高.光解水产氢性能测试表明,聚合温度升高有利于催化剂产氢速率提高;600oC所得样品的产氢速率达340μmol/h.进一步分析表明,产氢速率与比表面积基本成正相关关系,说明层状多孔结构的形成是影响产氢性能的重要因素.经过多轮循环测试,其产氢性能保持稳定而没有显著下降,表明其活性稳定性良好.     

Anchoring Single Nickel Atoms on Carbon-vacant Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Polymeric carbon nitride(PCN) has emerged as a promising candidate for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, but its dependence on scarce and high-cost noble metal co-catalysts severely limits its extensive application. It will be of great promise to develop non-noble metal single-atom co-catalysts with low-cost and high atom utilization to improve the photocatalytic performance over PCN. Herein, single Ni atoms are successfully anchored onto carbon-vacant PCN nanosheets(CCN-SANi) via a two-step ammonia thermal treatment and photo-deposition process. Theoretical calculations and experimental results demonstrate that the optical absorption property and the charge transfer ability of CCN-SANi have been significantly improved with the introduction of single Ni atoms to form Ni-N₃ sites. In comparison to carbon-vacant PCN(CCN) loaded with Ni clusters, the obtained CCN-SANi exhibits 11.4 times increased photocatalytic performance, with the highest hydrogen evolution rate reaching 511 μmol/(g·h), which is even 1.7 times higher than that of CCN loaded with Pt clusters. This research proposes an inspiring and reliable strategy to design novel single-atom semiconducting polymers with electronic structures manipulated for efficient photocatalysis.     

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles-Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Evolution

As a promising metal-free photocatalyst, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) is still limited by insufficient visible light absorption and rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers, resulting in low photocatalytic activity. Here, we adjusted the microstructure of the pristine bulk-g-C₃N₄ (PCN) and further loaded silver (Ag) nanoparticles. Abundant Ag nanoparticles were grown on the thin-layer g-C₃N₄ nanosheets (CNNS), and the Ag nanoparticles decorated g-C₃N₄ nanosheets (Ag@CNNS) were successfully synthesized. The thin-layer nanosheet-like structure was not only beneficial for the loading of Ag nanoparticles but also for the adsorption and activation of reactants via exposing more active sites. Moreover, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect induced by Ag nanoparticles enhanced the absorption of visible light by narrowing the band gap of the substrate. Meanwhile, the composite band structure effectively promoted the separation and transfer of carriers. Benefiting from these merits, the Ag@CNNS reached a superior hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) yield of 120.53 μmol/g/h under visible light irradiation in pure water (about 8.0 times higher than that of PCN), significantly surpassing most previous reports. The design method of manipulating the microstructure of the catalyst combined with the modification of metal nanoparticles provides a new idea for the rational development and application of efficient photocatalysts.     

非贵金属助剂Ni2P修饰类石墨碳氮化物光催化剂增强可见光光催化产氢性能

Energy crisis has become a serious global issue due to the increasing depletion of fossil fuels; therefore, it is crucial to develop environmentally friendly and renewable energy resources, such as hydrogen (H₂), to replace fossil fuels. From this viewpoint, photocatalytic H₂ production is considered as one of the most promising technologies. Noble metal platinum (Pt) can be applied as an efficient cocatalyst for improving the H₂ production performance of photocatalytic systems; however, its high cost limits its further application. Thus, the development of novel, high-activity, and low-cost cocatalysts for replacing noble metal cocatalysts is of great significance for use in photocatalytic H₂ evolution techniques. Herein, we successfully synthesized a Ni₂P/graphite-like carbonitride photocatalyst (Ni₂P/CN) using a conjugated polymer (SCN)_n as precursor for enhanced photocatalytic H₂ production under visible light illumination. Various characterization techniques, including optical and photoelectronic chemical tests, were used to investigate the structural composition, morphology, and light adsorption ability of these materials. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that Ni₂P/CN nanocomposites with good crystal structure were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results revealed that the Ni₂P/CN samples had a typical two-dimensional layered structure, and the Ni₂P nanoparticles were uniformly loaded on the surface of the CN to form a non-noble metal promoter. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra results demonstrated that the loading of Ni₂P nanoparticles effectively enhances the adsorption capacity of CN to visible light. Photoluminescence spectroscopy and photocurrent (PL) results suggested that Ni₂P loading to CN is beneficial for promoting the migration and separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers. Photocatalytic H₂ production was conducted under visible light irradiation with triethanolamine as a sacrificial agent. The results suggest that the Ni₂P/CN composite photocatalysts exhibit excellent photocatalytic reduction performance. In particular, the H₂ evolution rate of the optimal Ni₂P/CN nanocomposite is 623.77 μmol·h^-1·g^-1, which is higher than that of CN modified by noble metal Pt, i.e., 524.63 μmol·h^-1·g^-1. In conclusion, Ni₂P nanoparticles are homogeneously attached to the surface of CN, and a strong interfacial effect exists between them, thereby forming an electron transfer tunnel that greatly inhibits the recombination of photoinduced carriers and promotes the migration of electrons from CN to Ni₂P. In addition, a possible photocatalytic mechanism is proposed based on the experiments and characterizations. This work has profound significance for developing non-noble metal cocatalysts for the substitution of noble metal cocatalysts for high-efficiency photocatalytic H₂ evolution.      

氮掺杂还原氧化石墨烯与吡啶共聚g-C3N4复合光催化剂及其增强的产氢活性

Here, we fabricated a pyridine-copolymerized g-C₃N₄ by a novel and cost-effective approach based on Schiff-base chemistry. Thus produced g-C₃N₄ showed significantly enhanced and stable visible-light photocatalytic H₂ evolution performance compared to pristine g-C₃N₄ obtained from urea. Subsequently, we constructed a composite of pyridine-modified g-C₃N₄ and N-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) by facile one-pot calcination to elevate the photocatalytic efficiency further. The peak H₂ production rate achieved using this composite was 304 μmol·h^-1, about 11.7 and 3.1 times as those obtained using pure g-C₃N₄ and pyridine-modified g-C₃N₄, respectively. In addition to enhanced visible light absorbance and enlarged surface area, the promoted separation, transfer, and surface reactivity of photogenerated charge carriers by the pyridine ring as intramolecular electron acceptor and N-rGO as "electron-transfer activation region" are considered responsible for the remarkably enhanced photocatalytic activity.     

g-C3N4和Ni2P的复合及其光催化产氢性能研究

采用一步煅烧法使类石墨烯碳氮化合物(g-C_3N_4)和磷化镍(Ni_2P)复合并对其光催化产氢性能进行研究.利用X射线粉末衍射、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外可见光谱对该复合催化剂的组成、形貌等进行了表征.研究了不同含量的Ni_2P以及不同牺牲剂对g-C_3N_4/Ni_2P光催化性能的影响.与单独的g-C_3N_4相比,该复合催化剂的光催化产氢速率提高了13倍,可以达到165μmol g~(-1)·h~(-1).利用光电化学和光致发光光谱等技术对该复合光催化剂的光催化产氢机理进行研究,结果表明Ni_2P在高效分离光生载流子方面起了关键作用,并且g-C_3N_4和Ni_2P的复合产生了协同效应加速了电子-空穴对的分离,提高了光催化产氢性能.     

Photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination of organic dyes over g-C3N4/MgAl2O4 nanocomposite

Using a grinding method, nanocomposites of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and magnesium aluminate (MgAl₂O₄) spinel were successfully synthesized for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO). Variously formulated g-C₃N₄/MgAl₂O₄ nanocomposites were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and surface area and micropore analysis (BET surface area). The g-C₃N₄ powder exhibited a nanosheet structure whereas the MgAl₂O₄ spinel comprised agglomerated nanoparticles. The optical properties of the g-C₃N₄/MgAl₂O₄ nanocomposites were investigated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). As the g-C₃N₄ loading content increased from 0 to 30%, the optical band gap energy of the nanocomposite decreased from 3.84 to 2.86 eV, the specific surface area decreased from 153.78 to 114.45 m²/g, and the porosity decreased from 0.447 to 0.347 cm³/g. A 20%g-C₃N₄/MgAl₂O₄ nanocomposite proved to be the most effective photocatalyst and degraded MB faster and more completely than MO. The degradation rates of both MO (0.0107 min^?1) and MB (0.0386 min^?1) in a mixed MO-MB system were greater than the degradation rates in their single systems. The key factor that improved the photocatalytic degradation of MO was the synergistic effect whereas the synergistic effect and photosensitization were the key factors that enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of MB. The g-C₃N₄/MgAl₂O₄ nanocomposite is suitable for the photocatalytic degradation of mixed dyes because its point of zero charge is neutral and it is stable and recyclable.     

Pt-M (M = Co,Ni, Fe)/g-C3N4复合材料构建及其高效光解水制氢性能

Platinum (Pt) is recognized as an excellent cocatalyst which not only suppresses the charge carrier recombination of the photocatalyst but also reduces the overpotential for photocatalytic H₂ generation. Albeit of its good performance, the high cost and low abundance restricted the utilization of Pt in large-scale photocatalytic H₂ generation. Pt based transition metal alloys are demonstrated to reveal enhanced activities towards various catalytic reactions, suggesting the possibility to substitute Pt as the cocatalyst. In the present work, Pt was partially substituted with Co, Ni, and Fe and Pt-M (M = Co, Ni, and Fe)/g-C₃N₄ composites were constructed through co-reduction of H₂PtCl₆ and transition metal salts by the reductant of ethylene glycol. The crystal structure and valence states were measured by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), respectively. The higher degree of XRD peaks and larger binding energies for Pt 4f_5/2 and Pt 4f_7/2 after incorporating Co²⁺ ions indicated that Co was successfully introduced into the lattice of Pt and Pt-Co bimetallic alloys was attained through the solvothermal treatment. The morphology was subsequently observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM), which showed a good dispersion of Pt-Co nanoparticles on the surface of g-C₃N₄. Meanwhile, the shrinkage of lattice fringe after introducing cobalt salt further confirmed the presence of Pt-Co bimetallic alloys. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of g-C₃N₄ and Pt, Pt-Co deposited g-C₃N₄ were subsequently performed. It was found that the absorption edges were all consistent for all three samples as anticipated, implying that the band gap energy was maintained after hybridizing with Pt or Pt-Co alloys. Furthermore, the photocatalytic H₂ generation was carried out over the as-prepared composites with triethanolamine (TEOA) as sacrificial reagent. Under visible-light illumination, the1% (w) Pt_2.5M/g-C₃N₄ (M = Co, Fe, Ni) composites all exhibited higher or comparable activity towards photocatalytic H₂ generation when compared to 1% (w) Pt loaded counterpart. In addition, the atomic ratios of Pt/Co and the loading amount of Pt-Co cocatalyst were modified to optimize the photocatalytic performance, among which, 1% (w) Pt_2.5Co/g-C₃N₄ composite revealed the highest activity with a 1.6-time enhancement. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra indicated that the enhancement might be attributed to improved charge transfer from g-C₃N₄ to Pt_2.5Co cocatalyst and inhibited charge carrier recombination in the presence of Pt_2.5Co cocatalyst. Therefore, the present study demonstrates the great potential to partially replace Pt with low-cost and abundant transition metals and to fabricate Pt based bimetallic alloys as promising cocatalysts for highly efficient photocatalytic H₂ generation.     

Ni,Co基硒化物修饰g-C3N4光催化产氢研究

Developing novel and efficient catalysts is a significant way to break the bottleneck of low separation and transfer efficiency of charge carriers in pristine photocatalysts. Here, two fresh photocatalysts, g-C₃N₄@Ni₃Se₄ and g-C₃N₄@CoSe₂ hybrids, are first synthesized by anchoring Ni₃Se₄ and CoSe₂ nanoparticles on the surface of well-dispersed g-C₃N₄ nanosheets. The resulting materials show excellent performance for photocatalytic in situ hydrogen generation. Pristine g-C₃N₄ has poor photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity (about 1.9 μmol·h^-1) because of the rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs. However, the hydrogen generation activity is well improved after growing Ni₃Se₄ and CoSe₂ on the surface of g-C₃N₄, owing to the unique effect of these selenides in accelerating the separation and migration of charge carriers. The hydrogen production activities of G-C₃N₄@Ni₃Se₄ and g-C₃N₄@CoSe₂ are about 16.4 μmol·h^-1 and 25.6 μmol·h^-1, which are 8-fold and 13-fold that of pristine g-C₃N₄, respectively. In detail, coupling Ni₃Se₄ and CoSe₂ with g-C₃N₄ greatly improves the light absorbance density and extends the light response region. The photoluminescence intensity of the photoexcited Eosin Y dye in the presence of g-C₃N₄@Ni₃Se₄ and g-C₃N₄@CoSe₂ is weaker than that in the presence of pure g-C₃N₄. On the other hand, the upper limit of the electron-transfer rate constants in the presence of g-C₃N₄@Ni₃Se₄ and g-C₃N₄@CoSe₂ is greater than that in the presence of pure g-C₃N₄. Among the g-C₃N₄@Ni₃Se₄@FTO, g-C₃N₄@CoSe₂@FTO, and g-C₃N₄@FTO electrodes, the g-C₃N₄@FTO electrode has the lowest photocurrent density and the highest electrochemical impedance, implying that the introduction of CoSe₂ and Ni₃Se₄ onto the surface of g-C₃N₄ enhances the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers. In other words, the formation of two star metals selenide based on g-C₃N₄ can efficiently inhibit the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and accelerate photocatalytic water splitting to generate H₂. Meanwhile, the right shift of the absorption band edge effectively reduces the transition threshold of the photoexcited electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. In addition, the more negative zeta potential for the g-C₃N₄@Ni₃Se₄ and g-C₃N₄@CoSe₂ catalysts as compared with that for pure g-C₃N₄ leads to a notable enhancement in the adsorption of protons by the sample surface. Moreover, the results of density functional theory calculations indicate that the hydrogen adsorption energy of the N sites in g-C₃N₄ is -0.22 eV; further, the hydrogen atoms are preferentially adsorbed at the bridge site of two selenium atoms to form a Se―H―Se bond, and the adsorption energy is 1.53 eV. In-depth characterization has been carried out by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, transient photocurrent measurements, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; the results of these experiments are in good agreement with one another.     

溶剂辅助合成介孔g-C3N4及其增强的可见光催化去除NO性能研究

类石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)具有特殊的层状二维结构、独特的电子结构、合适的能带结构、良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性等理化性能,因而在可见光催化净化环境污染物领域广受关注.但原始块状g-C3N4的可见光催化活性较弱,还不能满足实际应用需求.因此,亟需开发一种高效的改性方法来提高g-C3N4的光催化性能.本课题组发展了一种有效的改进g-C3N4方法,以硫脲为前驱体,去离子水(制备样品标记为CN-W)或无水乙醇(制备样品标记为CN-E)为溶剂,通过一步高温缩聚制得具有高可见光催化性能的介孔g-C3N4.然而,对于不同溶剂效应原位改性g-C3N4及其增强可见光催化性能的机理还不清楚.因此,本文采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、荧光光谱(PL)、N2吸附和元素分析等手段研究了去离子水和无水乙醇作为溶剂原位改性g-C3N4的理化性能差异及增强可见光催化性能的原因.XRD结果表明,去离子水和无水乙醇不会改变g-C3N4的晶体结构,但会抑制其晶体结构的生长.由TEM图像可见,因去离子水和无水乙醇在热聚合过程中产生的气泡可以作为软模板,导致CN-W和CN-E纳米片均为酥松多孔层状结构,其中CN-W更薄更小.元素分析测试结果表明,无水乙醇和硫脲在热聚合过程中导致碳自掺杂g-C3N4.UV-Vis DRS结果显示,CN-W和CN-E分别发生了相对的蓝移和红移现象.荧光寿命测试结果显示,CN的短荧光寿命和长荧光寿命(0.805 ns,3.269 ns)明显高于CN-W(0.756 ns,3.125 ns)和CN-E(0.743 ns,2.749 ns),表明CN-W和CN-E纳米薄片可以促进光生电子的储存和往复运动,有利于光生电子的迁移.此外,通过理论计算得CN-E的电子迁移速率(1.04×108 s?1)明显快于CN-W(0.81×108 s?1),表明CN-E和CN-W都有利于光生电子的迁移猝灭.另外,BET-BJH测试结果显示,CN-W(32.73 m2/g,0.22 cm3/g)和CN-E(25.59 m2/g,0.18 cm3/g)的比表面积和孔容均显著高于未改性的g-C3N4(13.81 m2/g,0.12 cm3/g),表明溶剂和前驱体在热聚合过程中产生的H2O,C2H5OH,H2S,CO2和NH3气体有利于层状结构和丰富孔结构的形成,因而CN-W和CN-E的比表面积和孔容显著增加.由此可见,无水乙醇和去离子水在辅助制备介孔g-C3N4过程中表现出不同的作用.可见光催化去除NO的测试结果表明,CN-E(48.3%)和CN-W(37.2%)的光催化活性明显高于g-C3N4(19.5%),CN-E和CN-W的可见光催化活性也明显优于我们以前报道的BiOBr、C掺杂TiO2和BiOBr/C3N4异质结.结合表征结果,CN-E和CN-W可见光催化性能增强的原因主要有两个:(1)CN-E和CN-W增大的的比表面积和孔容有利于NO的吸附、反应中间产物的转移和提供更多的活性位点参与光催化氧化反应;(2)更薄的纳米片结构和C掺杂g-C3N4有利于促进光生电子的迁移,从而显著提高其光催化活性.