锂硫电池中的石墨烯掺杂

锂硫电池是以锂为负极,单质硫为正极的二次电池,具有高达1675 mA·h/g的比容量及2600 W·h/kg的比能量密度。理论上讲,相较于现有的锂离子电池,锂硫电池可使容量扩展5倍,这使其成为最有前景的锂离子电池。由于硫正极的绝缘性以及充放电过程中活性物质易溶于电解液,导致其可实现的能量密度远低于理论值。异原子掺杂石墨烯因具有优异的导电性,且对多硫化锂（LiPS）具有强的吸附作用而被广泛应用于锂硫电池,有效缓解了"穿梭效应",提高了电池的循环稳定性。本文主要从单原子掺杂、双原子掺杂两方面综述了异原子（如N,P,S,B）掺杂石墨烯在锂硫电池领域的研究现状,详细分析了其应用于锂硫电池的作用机理,并从掺杂量、掺杂形式、掺杂位置等方面对电池性能的提升进行了梳理和展望。     

基于氧化石墨烯的锂硫电池用聚乙烯隔膜的改性

通过简单刮涂法制备了氧化石墨烯(GO)涂覆改性的聚乙烯(PE)隔膜,并分析研究了GO的氧化程度对隔膜电学性能的影响。采用X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、充放电实验、多硫化物透过性测试和交流阻抗等方法对GO及其改性隔膜的结构和性能进行了研究。结果表明:GO改性隔膜可以抑制锂硫电池的"穿梭效应";并且既具有较高的氧化程度,又具有较高的导电性的GO-4改性隔膜的电学性能最优;引入该隔膜的锂硫电池在0.2C条件下,首圈放电比容量为900.0mA·h/g,高于未改性PE隔膜的763.2mA·h/g。     

锂硫电池用石墨烯基材料的研究进展

锂硫电池因其理论能量密度高、资源丰富和环境友好等优势,被认为是最有发展前景的下一代电化学储能系统之一。然而,硫的绝缘性、充放电中间产物多硫化物的溶解和扩散、硫的体积膨胀以及锂负极安全性等问题,严重制约着锂硫电池的商业应用。石墨烯因其具有高导电、高柔性等诸多优异特性而被广泛研究,将其用于锂硫电池的正极载体、隔膜涂层和集流体中,以期实现高比能、高稳定性的锂硫电池。本文综述了石墨烯基材料,包括石墨烯、功能化石墨烯、掺杂石墨烯和石墨烯复合物,在锂硫电池中应用的研究进展,并展望了锂硫电池用石墨烯基材料的未来发展方向。     

石墨烯包覆碳纳米管-硫(CNT-S)复合材料及锂硫电池性能

针对锂硫电池研究与实际应用中遇到的主要问题,本文通过一种简单有效的水热法还原氧化石墨烯对商用碳纳米管-硫(CNT-S)纳米复合材料进行包覆,形成一种可有效抑制多硫聚合物扩散的石墨烯包覆结构。X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征结果表明硫均匀地负载在碳纳米管上,并且在CNT-S复合材料外表面包覆有一层石墨烯。电化学测试结果表明,这种包覆结构能显著提高CNT-S复合材料的锂硫电池性能。     

石墨烯作为硫载体在锂硫电池中的研究进展

锂硫电池因其超高的理论能量密度以及硫资源丰富、成本低廉、无毒的优点,被认为是极具发展潜力与应用前景的新一代储能设备。然而,硫正极导电性差、体积膨胀以及穿梭效应严重等问题严重制约了其商业化应用。石墨烯具有高比表面积、高导电性和高柔韧性,并且易于进行表面化学修饰及组装,是一种理想的硫载体材料。本文主要综述了近年来三维石墨烯、表面化学修饰的石墨烯、石墨烯基复合材料以及石墨烯基柔性材料在锂硫电池正极中的研究现状,并展望了石墨烯作为硫载体在锂硫电池正极中的发展趋势。     

锡基非晶态材料的化学合成及其嵌锂性能的初步研究

锂离子电池是近年来化学电源领域研究与发展的热点．为了进一步提高电池的能量密度，开发高容量嵌锂材料是锂离子电池技术发展的关健．目前，广泛应用的嵌锂负极多采用石墨结构碳素材料，其充放电容量已接近ＬｉＣ６的理论比容量３７２ｍＡ·ｈ／ｇ．与此同时，采用其它类...     

石墨烯包覆碳纳米管-硫(CNT-S)复合材料及锂硫电池性能

针对锂硫电池研究与实际应用中遇到的主要问题, 本文通过一种简单有效的水热法还原氧化石墨烯对商用碳纳米管-硫(CNT-S)纳米复合材料进行包覆, 形成一种可有效抑制多硫聚合物扩散的石墨烯包覆结构。X射线衍射(XRD), 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征结果表明硫均匀地负载在碳纳米管上, 并且在CNT-S复合材料外表面包覆有一层石墨烯。电化学测试结果表明, 这种包覆结构能显著提高CNT-S复合材料的锂硫电池性能。     

碳纳米管和石墨在电化学嵌锂过程中的协同效应

锂电子电池;负极材料;碳纳米管和石墨在电化学嵌锂过程中的协同效应     

粒度对石墨负极材料嵌锂性能的影响

研究了不同粒径（13～80 μm）石墨材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的嵌锂性能.结果表明，石墨粒度大小对嵌锂性能有明显影响，石墨的不可逆容量随着粒径的减小而逐渐增大，当粒径从80 μm减小到13 μm时，其不可逆容量增大了10％.而对可逆容量来说，随着粒径的减小，可逆容量逐渐增大;当粒径减小到20 μm时，可逆容量达到最大;再进一步减小石墨颗粒的粒径，可逆容量则随之减小.这表明石墨颗粒过大或过小都不利于锂离子的可逆脱嵌，只有合适的粒度才能最大限度地可逆脱嵌锂离子.根据不同粒度石墨的比表面的变化趋势，阐述了嵌锂性能随粒度变化的原因.     

锂嵌脱化合物LiMn2O4的微波烧结研究

本文用微波烧结法合成锂嵌脱材料ＬｉＭｎ２Ｏ４，研究了微波烧结功率，时间的固态产物相的影响，对ＬｉＭｎ２Ｏ４单相多晶粉末进行了ＸＲＤ，ＩＲＭ，ＸＰＳ，等离子体发射光谱及氧化还原等测试。     

酞菁铅在石墨烯表面吸附行为的拉曼光谱研究

利用石墨烯增强拉曼散射效应可以获得与石墨烯接触的某些分子的拉曼增强信号, 并且对于不同的分子或振动模, 其拉曼增强因子不同. 根据这一特征, 本工作利用拉曼光谱技术对石墨烯表面上酞菁铅(PbPc)分子Langmuir-Blodgett (LB)膜在退火过程中吸附构型的变化进行了跟踪研究. 发现随着退火温度的升高, 石墨烯表面上PbPc分子的拉曼信号经历了一个先增强后减弱的过程, 在升华温度点附近强度达到最大, 表明PbPc发生了由直立向平躺取向的转变; 同时, 在PbPc分子升华温度点附近, 由于对称性破坏导致散射截面低的振动模出现, 并且该振动模强度随着退火温度的进一步升高而增强, 表明非平面的PbPc分子受石墨烯π-π相互作用的影响而形变加剧, 向平面结构转变; 在更高的退火温度下, 则出现一些不属于PbPc分子的拉曼振动峰, 表明PbPc分子在石墨烯表面由Pb(II)被还原成Pb(0).     

Lithiation of 2,5-dimethylazaferrocene

Reaction of 2,5-dimethylazaferrocene with sec-BuLi/TMEDA in THF at −78 °C, followed by quenching with D₂O brought about incorporation of deuterium into the Cp ring (54%), methyl groups (38%) and the pyrrolyl β-position (8%). When benzyl chloride or p-methoxybenzaldehyde was used as quenchers products originated from the lateral lithiation were only formed, accompanied by recovered starting material. For this reaction a radical pathway is suggested.     

Determination of Graphene Sheets Content in Carbon Materials by Raman Spectroscopy

Graphene layer is a monolayer of graphite. Graphene single layer has confirmed to have a higher electron and hole mobility than silicon and has high heat conduction and special optical properties. And un‐perfect graphene sheets exist in any carbon materials. In our previous result to determine the graphene sheets content in any carbon material can be determined by X‐ray spectrum combination with a peak decomposition method. In this study, we have prepared two serious carbon materials from wood wastes, with and without MnO₂ catalytic pyrolysis processes. Results show that all the G band intensity of all synthesized samples including a commercial graphene powder in Raman spectrum has a proportional relation with the graphene sheets content in these carbon materials.     

Lithiation and Electrophilic Substitution of Dimethyl Triazones

The lithiation and electrophilic substitution of dimethyl triazones is described. Directed lithiation or tin-lithium exchange of dimethyl triazones afforded the corresponding dipole stabilized nucleophiles that were trapped with various electrophiles. Keto-triazone derivatives accessed by acylation of such nucleophiles were readily converted into the corresponding imidazolone heterocycles.     

High Resolution Tip Enhanced Raman Mapping on Polymer Thin Films

Advanced tip enhanced Raman mapping (TERM) was applied to high resolution chemical identification on nanoscale. Thin poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(styrene acrylonitrile) (SAN28/PMMA) blend films were measured at different stages of phase separation. New insights into the phase evolution behavior of the thin films were obtained, when the TERM images were compared. An unexpected morphology transition was observed after a few minutes annealing at 250 °C. No surface enrichment of PMMA was observed, differing from the previous reports on a similar well-studied system of SAN33/PMMA. The glass transition temperature, the surface and interfacial tension were found to be the main factors responsible for the phase evolution behavior of SAN28/PMMA films.     

Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene via Thermal Annealing Graphene with Urea

Chemical doping is an effective method to intrinsically modify the chemical and electronic property of graphene. We propose a novel approach to synthesize the nitrogen-doped graphene via thermal annealing graphene with urea, in which the nitrogen source can be controllably released from the urea by varying the annealed temperature and time. The doped N content and the configuration N as well as the thermal stabilities are also evaluated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectra. Electrical measurements indi-cate that the conductivity of doped graphene can be well regulated with the N content. The method is expected to produce large scale and controllable N-doped graphene sheets for a variety of potential applications.     

Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering in Graphene Quantum Dots Grown via Electrochemical Process

Graphene Quantum dots (GQDs) are used as a surface-enhanced Raman substrate for detecting target molecules with large specific surface areas and more accessible edges to enhance the signal of target molecules. The electrochemical process is used to synthesize GQDs in the solution-based process from which the SERS signals were obtained from GQDs Raman spectra. In this work, GQDs were grown via the electrochemical process with citric acid and potassium chloride (KCl) electrolyte solution to obtain GQDs in a colloidal solution-based format. Then, GQDs were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. From the results, SERS signals had observed via GQDs spectra through the Raman spectra at D (1326 cm⁻¹) and G (1584 cm⁻¹), in which D intensity is defined as the presence of defects on GQDs and G is the sp² orbital of carbon signal. The increasing concentration of KCl in the electrolyte solution for 0.15M to 0.60M demonstrated the increment of Raman intensity at the D peak of GQDs up to 100 over the D peak of graphite. This result reveals the potential feasibility of GQDs as SERS applications compared to graphite signals.     

Lithiation of diynyl-ruthenium complexes: Routes to novel metallated functional diynes

Conditions for the efficient lithiation of the diynyl group in complexes Ru(CCCCH)(PP)Cp′ [(PP)Cp′ = (dppe)Cp* 1, (PPh₃)₂Cp 2] have been investigated. Addition of two equiv. LiBu to the diynyl complexes in thf solution at −78°C effects rapid conversion to putative Ru(CCCCLi)(PP)Cp′. Assays using subsequent reactions with either SiClMe₃ or AuCl(PPh₃) indicate that up to 80% conversion can be achieved. Reactions of the lithiated species with organic electrophiles [MeI, MeC(O)Cl, PhC(O)Cl, ClC(O)OMe, PhCHO, Ph₂CO] and metal-containing substrates [MClPh₃ (M = Ge, Sn), trans-RhCl(CO)(PPh₃)₂, cis-PtCl₂(PPh₃)₂, CuCl(PPh₃), (AuCl)₂(μ-dppm)] proceed to give functionalised diynyl complexes or bimetallic derivatives which are accessible only with difficulty or not at all from the parent diynes. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction molecular structures of Ru(CCCCR)(dppe)Cp* (R = Me, GePh₃) are reported: there is significantly greater delocalisation along the Ru-C₄-R chain in the GePh₃ derivative.     

锂化硼氮纳米管的二阶非线性光学理论研究

基于硼氮纳米管(BNNTs), 研究了多重锂化硼氮纳米管Li_n-(n,0,l)BNNTs(n=6和8, l=2~4)的结构与非线性光学性质. 研究表明, 在Li_n-(n,0,l)BNNTs中, Li原子上的自然键轨道电荷接近+1(0.769～0.827 e), 表明Li原子上的电子转移到了硼氮纳米管上, 从而形成了多重锂盐. 同时发现, 增加管长和拓宽管径都可有效地增加体系的一阶超极化率. 更重要的是, Li_n-(n,0,l)BNNTs的紫外-可见吸收主要发生在270~290 nm附近, 且当管长增加时, Li_n-(n,0,l)BNNT的紫外-可见吸收光谱发生了蓝移, 改善了非线性与透光性之间的关系. 此外, Li_n-(n,0,l)BNNTs还具有良好的稳定性[垂直电离势(VIP)=5.85～6.0 eV].     

Confocal Raman Microscopy and AFM Study of the Interface Between the Photosensitive Polymer Layer and Multilayer Graphene

In this paper we report on the interaction between photosensitive azobenzene-containing polymer films and on top adsorbed graphene multilayers. The photosensitive polymer film changes its topography under irradiation with light interference patterns according to their polarization distribution. The multilayer graphene follows the deformation of the polymer film and stretches accordingly. Using confocal Raman microspectroscopy we can detect the appearance of additional peaks in the Raman spectrum of the photosensitive polymer film upon irradiation indicating a molecular interaction at the interface between the graphene multilayer and the polymer matrix. Multi-component analysis of the specific Raman bands shows that the interaction involves the graphene rings and the aromatic rings of the azobenzenes causing the strong adhesion between the two materials.