收集方式对喷雾热分解Bi-2223 前驱粉末的影响

采用国产喷雾热分解设备制备了Bi-2223 前驱粉末, 分别选用一步收集和分级收集热分解后的粉末, 对不同方式收集的粉末进行了XRD 分析、SEM 观察以及ICP-AES 分析, 对比了粉末在相成份以及含量、 外观形貌、 粒径大小和元素原子配比等方面的差别, 最终发现采用一步收集方式采集的粉末在相组成、 成分均匀度以及原子配比方面均优于分级收集粉末, 一步收集方式更适合于收集Bi-2223 喷雾热分解粉末.     

铋系超导前驱粉末的制备工艺评述

前驱粉末装管法(PIT)是目前铋系高温超导带材制备的主要方法．要工程化生产超导带材，需要运行成本低，产品质量高，生产批量大，稳定可靠的粉末生产工艺．由于铋系超导前驱粉末特性，在带材制备过程中具有的重要影响，使得国内外非常重视制备高性能的超导前驱粉末．不同的粉末具有不同的化学成分、相组成和形貌粒度，这取决于采用的起始公称化学成分，制备方法，和后处理烧结工艺．本就铋系超导体的主要的制粉方法，进行了较为详细的讨论、评述，并提出了适合于工程化制备铋系前驱体粉末的工艺路线，认为喷雾热解法制备超导前驱粉末将有利于铋系超导线材批量化的实现．     

喷雾热分解分级收集对Bi2223前驱粉末的影响

采用喷雾热分解方法制备了Bi-2223前驱粉末,对不同收集容器中的粉末进行了SEM观察、XRD分析、TG-DTA分析以及ICP-AES分析,对比了不同收集器中的粉末在外观形貌、粒径大小、相组成以及含量、成相反应以及元素原子配比等方面的差别。最终发现采用分级收集的方法制备的前驱粉,不同收集容器中粉末在粒径大小、相组成、成相行为以及元素原子配比方面差别明显,且两种收集器中粉末各元素原子实际配比与原始设计配比相比,发生严重偏离,导致最终制备的粉末不适合制备Bi-2223带材。     

热处理条件对双粉工艺中Bi—2212粉末的相组成影响

实验研究了Bi-2212粉末在空气，8％O2和纯O2种处理的相组成特征，指出通过改变热处理温度和气氛可控制前驱粉中对2223成相影响较大的(Bi，Pb)-2212相，Ca2PbO4相，2201相和14：24AEC等相。     

超声喷雾热解法制备SnS薄膜的物性研究

用超声喷雾热解法制备SnS多晶薄膜,对比了三种不同前驱液配比浓度对SnS薄膜性能的影响。XRD测试表明,当前驱液为硫脲(0.5 mol·L-1)+四氯化锡(0.5 mol·L-1)+去离子水时,SnO2的衍射峰强度比较大;当前驱液为硫脲(0.6 mol·L-1)+四氯化锡(0.5 mol·L-1)+去离子水时,SnS的衍射峰占主要地位,其中也含有一定量的SnO2;当前驱液为硫脲(0.7 mol·L-1)+四氯化锡(0.5 mol·L-1)+去离子水时,退火后的薄膜为单一的SnS薄膜,具有斜方晶系结构。SEM观测发现,薄膜均匀、致密,前驱液中硫脲浓度较大时,颗粒也较大。透过谱测试表明,浓度对薄膜透过率影响较小。结合器件的暗I-V和C-V测试,用三种前驱液配比浓度所制备的器件的结特性差异不大;当前驱液中硫脲浓度较大时,载流子浓度相对较大。     

液相混合铋系超导前驱粉体工艺研究

本研究采用溶胶凝胶颗粒包覆技术，将钙铜离子均匀包覆在2212颗粒表面，通过适当的热处理，使包覆层转变为Ca2CuO3 CuO相，同时确保2212相结构稳定，从而获得了均匀混合的装管前驱粉体．详细研究了钙铜溶胶体系的胶凝工艺，2212悬浮体系的稳定性以及Ca2CuO3成相温区等工艺参数，并利用XRD，SEM等分析手段，研究了粉体的粒度分布，形貌，相组成及其均匀性．     

籽晶层对喷雾热分解法生长ZnO薄膜结晶质量和光电性能的影响

通过脉冲激光沉积(PLD)方法在Si(100)衬底上沉积一层高质量的ZnO籽晶层,在籽晶层上进一步采用超声喷雾热分解(USP)法生长ZnO薄膜,研究了籽晶层对ZnO薄膜结晶质量和ZnO/Si异质结光电特性的影响。研究结果表明,在籽晶层的诱导作用下,USP法生长ZnO薄膜由多取向结构变为(002)单一取向,结晶性能得到了显著改善;籽晶层上生长的薄膜呈现出垂直于衬底生长的柱状晶结构,微观结构更加致密。通过研究紫外光照前后ZnO/Si异质结的整流特性,发现引入籽晶层后,反向偏压下异质结的光电响应显著增加,并且在开路状态下出现明显的光伏效应。     

今日国外物理

 1 法国学者预言2050年建成受控核聚变核电站据法国《发展论坛报》报道,法国原子能委员会热核聚变研究领导人罗·德洛什预言,从2050年起,受控热核聚变将被制服.他认为,从1991年11月9日17时21分人类首次实现聚变实验到在核电站上采用,可能要花50年时间.而地球各种能源的储量为1万亿吨石油当量,只能够用140年。人们必须在核电站、增殖反应堆、热核聚变三方面想办法.若人类在2050年建成受控核聚变核电站,为3000年生产取之不尽、用之不竭的“人造太阳能”将成为现实.     

SrAl2O4∶Eu2+,Dy3+长余辉发光材料的喷雾热解制备及其表征

采用喷雾热解两段法制备了SrAl₂O₄∶Eu²⁺ ,Dy³⁺长余辉发光材料,并利用XRD、SEM、荧光长余辉亮度测试等方法分析了不同制备工艺条件下SrAl₂O₄∶Eu²⁺ ,Dy³⁺发光材料的结构、形貌以及发光性能的变化。结果表明:采用喷雾热解两段法可制备出球形SrAl₂O₄∶Eu²⁺ ,Dy³⁺长余辉发光材料,SrAl₂O₄∶Eu²⁺ ,Dy³⁺的晶体结构与α-SrAl₂O₄磷石英晶体结构相同。热解温度、还原温度、添加剂对产物的形貌、粒度分布、发光性能有较大影响。较之高温固相法,喷雾热解法制备的SrAl₂O₄∶Eu²⁺ ,Dy³⁺具有发光性能好、形貌好、粒度分布窄等优点。     

Possible higher temperature superconductivity in the modulation-doped superlattice structure of cuprate superconductors

We design a new structure for a cuprate superconductor indicating the possibility of higher temperature superconductivity using our recently proposed composite fermions theory. It is constructed with modulation-doped superlattice structures, which are often used in the design of semiconductor superlattice devices. The superconductive critical temperature ($T_c$) was calculated in the superlattice structures of the superconductor in which the optimal doped CuO₂ layer was sandwiched between two less-doped CuO₂ layers. We find that if these structures could be realized in a cuprate superconductor such as Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O₁₀ or HgBa₂Ca₂Cu₃O₉, the highest $T_c$ could attain the level of 300 K at atmospheric pressure.     

Structural,Optical and Electrochromic Properties of WO_3 Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Versus Spin Coating Technique

In this study, Tungsten Oxide (WO₃) thin films were prepared by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) and Spin Coating (SC) techniques and it was investigated effects of technique and parameter on the films. WO₃ thin films were deposited on ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) coated glasses. The structural, optical and electrochromic properties of the WO₃ thin films were characterized by XRD, SEM, UV, and CV measurements. The sharpest (200) peak was observed in the XRD spectra and optical band gaps were calculated around 2.6～3.1 eV via UV-Vis spectra for all of the samples. Micro fibrous reticulated surface (filamentous like) morphology for the films deposited by CSP technique and smooth surface morphology with high optical transmittance for the film deposited by SC Technique were obtained from SEM images. In addition to these results, it was revealed that all the samples exhibit good electrochromic performance.     

柠檬酸盐热分解法制备纳米YBCO超导粉末

利用硝酸盐为起始原料,硝酸为氧化物,柠檬酸为络合剂和燃料,氨水为酸碱中和剂,制备了稳定的柠檬酸盐络合物。柠檬酸盐络合物经高温燃烧分解,获得了YBCO粉体。粉体在960℃氧气条件下退火8小时后压制成块再在960℃氧气条件下退火7小时。利用X-射线对块体进行物相分析,利用标准四接线柱法对块体进行R-T分析,结果发现有比较纯的相,根据Scherrer公式计算得到样品的平均晶粒尺寸约为18nm,起始转变温度约为84.9K,表现出良好的超导电性,并且我们从理论上预言了整个化学反应过程的机理,得出结论:反应物中的柠檬酸与金属阳离子的物质的量之比应不低于0.722。实验结果与理论分析完全一致。     

喷雾热解法制备的SrWO4膜的阴极射线发光

利用超声喷雾热解法制备了钨酸锶SrWO₄多晶发光膜,并研究了制备条件及掺杂对其阴极射线发光特性的影响.生成的发光膜在300℃以上退火后具有白钨矿结构,其阴极射线发光为一宽带的蓝光,包括一个位于448nm的蓝色发光带和一个位于488.6nm的蓝绿色发光带,是由阴离子络合物WO₄^2-的电荷转移跃迁引起的.发光强度随着退火温度的升高而增强,而退火气氛对其影响不大.在SrWO₄膜中掺入银离子Ag⁺和镧离子La³⁺后,不影响其发光特性,但铕离子Eu³⁺的掺入对发光特性有影响.     

激光消光法测量甲苯高温裂解的碳烟产率

建立了碳氢燃料在反射激波作用下高温裂解碳烟生成的检测系统,利用激光消光法测量了甲苯/氩气在高温条件下裂解生成碳烟的产率。实验条件：甲苯摩尔浓度0.25%和0.5%,压力约2和4 atm,温度1 630～2 273 K。获得了碳烟产率随温度、压力和燃料浓度的变化规律。碳烟产率随温度变化呈高斯分布,随着压力或浓度的增大,碳烟产率增大,碳烟产率最大达55%。产率的峰值温度随压力变化不大,但甲苯摩尔浓度从0.25%增大到0.5%时,峰值温度从1 852变为1 921 K。对比了压力为4 atm,燃料摩尔浓度为0.5%的甲基环己烷和甲苯的碳烟产率,甲基环己烷裂解碳烟产率峰值对应的温度为2 045 K,比甲苯约高135 K,但其最大碳烟产率仅有甲苯的1/8。结果为研究发动机内碳烟颗粒物排放及碳烟形成机理提供了实验依据。     

On Preparation of Non‐Disrupted Particles by Spray Pyrolysis

Using spray pyrolysis, solid fully‐filled zirconia particles were synthesized at relatively high reactor temperatures (～ 400 °C) by adding NaCl as impurities to zirconium hydroxychloride (ZHC) precursor that would have lead to the formation of hollow disrupted particles otherwise. FE‐SEM images show that at comparable concentration of NaCl and ZHC both cubic and spherical NaCl/ZrO₂ particles form. The particle characteristics were varied by varying solute concentration, type, and solvent content. Addition of NaCl caused the formation of both cubic and spherical particles which were non‐disrupted at even high temperatures. According to the EDS compositional analysis, the cubic particles had more Na content while the spherical ones had higher Zr content. It is concluded that growth mechanism of NaCl particles is different from that of zirconia particles. Drying of the former even at high temperatures leads to the formation of solid, fully‐filled, porous particles, whereas hollow, disrupted particles are formed using the latter.     

Synthesis of Manganese Oxide Microspheres by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis and Their Application as Supercapacitors

Manganese oxide (MnO₂) microspheres are prepared using an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) process. A mixed solution of potassium permanganate and hydrochloric acid is nebulized into microsized droplets, which are then carried by air flow through a furnace tube. Each microdroplet serves as one microreactor and produces one microsphere. Upon heating, KMnO₄ is decomposed into MnO₂ microspheres; this synthetic process can easily be scaled up. Characterization of the MnO₂ microspheres by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectra is described. Different morphologies of MnO₂ microspheres can be controlled by tuning the precursor concentrations (and ratios) and furnace temperatures. Microspheres synthesized at 150 °C give amorphous MnO₂ while synthesis at 500 °C yields crystalline α‐MnO₂. The electrochemical properties investigated by cyclic voltammetry give specific capacitance as high as 320 F g^?1, demonstrating promising properties as supercapacitors. In addition, these microspheres can be directly sprayed on conductive substrates, such as carbon fiber paper, and may have useful applications as a supercapacitor electrode coating. The supercapacitive properties of MnO₂ microspheres at higher charge and discharge rates can be improved by increasing the surface area coverage or coating them with a thin layer of conductive polymer.     

Spray deposition of highly transparent fluorine doped cadmium oxide thin films

The cadmium oxide (CdO) and F:CdO films have been deposited by spray pyrolysis method using cadmium acetate and ammonium fluoride as precursors for Cd and F ions, respectively. The effect of temperature and F doping on the structural, morphological, optical and Hall effect properties of sprayed CdO thin films was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical absorption and electrical measurement techniques. TGA and DTA studies, indicates the formation of CdO by decomposition of cadmium acetate after 250 °C. XRD patterns reveal that samples are polycrystalline with cubic structure and exhibits (2 0 0) preferential orientation. Considerable broading of (2 0 0) peak, simultaneous shifting of corresponding Bragg's angle have been observed with respect to F doping level. SEM and AFM show the heterogeneous distribution of cubical grains all over the substrate, which are randomly distributed. F doping shifts the optical gap along with the increase in the transparency of CdO films. The Hall effect measurement indicates that the resistivity and mobility decrease up to 4% F doping.     

煤颗粒热解的传热传质分析

采用分布活化能模型及能量守恒方程对煤颗粒热解的传热传质过程建立数学模型,模型考虑煤热解的吸热效应及挥发分逸出时对流换热的影响.与有关煤粉和大颗粒煤热解的实验数据对比,对模型进行验证.针对煤颗粒的温度变化过程和煤热解过程进行数值分析,研究煤热解的吸热效应、挥发分气体逸出的对流效应、颗粒尺寸等参数的影响.