微波技术应用于钼铁中钼含量的测定

将微波辐射作为一种加热方法应用于钼铁中钼含量的测定.将钼铁试样经处理转化为8-羟基喹啉钼[MoO2(C9H6NO)2]沉淀后,以不同的微波功率和照射时间对沉淀物进行干燥试验,确定出了最佳微波功率为680 W,最佳照射时间为12 min.结果表明,利用微波照射替代电烘箱加热,可使沉淀物的干燥时间由12 h缩短为12 min.     

微波辐射下氯化钡中结晶水的快速测定

在微波辐射下准确测定了氯化钡中结晶水的含量.该方法不仅有较高的准确度与精密度,还可以缩短测定时间,提高测定效率,节能效果十分显著,是一种快速、简便、准确的分析方法.     

气相色谱微波诱导等离子体原子发射光谱检测器对C,P,Si,Sn,B和I元素的响应特性的研究

以微波诱导等离子体作为气相色谱的原子发射光谱检测器,在优化实验参数的基础上,考察了该检测器对有机化合物中的C,P,Si,Sn,B和I元素的响应特性(检出限、线性范围和精密度)。结果表明:该检测器在仪器成本、功率消耗和气体消耗等方面明显优于气相色谱-电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱检测器(GC-ICP-AED)。对各元素测定的检出限优于GC-ICP-AED约1个数量级,尤其适合于B和I元素的测定。通过对不同种类有机化合物中碳元素相对响应值的测定,初步探讨了该等离子体光源对有机化合物的碎片原子化程度及其规律以及     

微波消解同时衍生化GC—MS法测定血浆中脂肪酸的研究

研究了利用微波能对样品进行加热,以Ｈ２ＳＯ４－甲苯－甲醇体系作衍生化试剂,在消化的同时对血浆中的脂肪酸进行衍生化,然后用ＧＣ－ＭＳ法测定血浆中脂肪酸。对微波功率、微波加热时间、消解及衍生化试剂等条件进行了优化,测定结果较好。该法整个消化及衍生化过程只需２ｍｉｎ,与传统方法相比大大缩短了实验操作时间,特别适用于大量样品的测定。     

微波消解同时衍生化GC-MS法测定血浆中脂肪酸的研究

研究了利用微波能对样品进行加热, 以Ｈ２ＳＯ４ － 甲苯－ 甲醇体系作衍生化试剂, 在消化的同时对血浆中的脂肪酸进行衍生化, 然后用ＧＣ－ ＭＳ 法测定血浆中脂肪酸。 对微波功率、微波加热时间、消解及衍生化试剂等条件进行了优化, 测定结果较好。该法整个消化及衍生化过程只需２ ｍｉｎ , 与传统方法相比大大缩短了实验操作时间, 特别适用于大量样品的测定。     

微波消解样品-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定合欢皮中微量元素铁、锌、锰、铜

合欢皮样品用硝酸及过氧化氢消解,先在加热板上控温在105～110℃加热30 min,然后移至微波消解炉内,在650 W功率条件下消解4 min,所得清彻透明溶液定容为100 mL,用于火焰原子吸收光谱法测定溶液中微量的铁、锌、铜及锰.在所设定的仪器工作条件下,上述4金属离子的检出限(3S)依次为0.013,0.003,0.008,0.003 mg·L-1.应用此方法分析了合欢皮样品,测定结果的相对标准偏差(n=10)依次为0.4%,2.6%,2.2%,0.6%,另作回收试验,所得回收率在98.0%～102.%之间.     

用微波消解气相色谱法测定鱼肉中的有机氯农药

研究了微波消解 -有机溶剂提取 -气相色谱法测定鱼肉样品中有机氯农药的分析方法。对消解液、微波辅助加热条件及提取溶剂进行了优化实验 ,选择冰醋酸 -高氯酸 (体积比4∶1)在600W微波功率下接受辐射2min分解鱼肉样品 ,用30 % (φ)苯的石油醚溶液提取 ,对各种有机氯农药的回收率除 p,p′_DDT为60.3 %外 ,其余均在83.4 %～109.6 %之间 ,与水浴加热分解的国家标准方法相当。该法具有快速 ,灵敏度、精确度、准确度高等优点 ,适用于大批量食品和生物样品中有机氯农药的分析测定。     

超声微波协同萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

研究了超声微波协同萃取-气相色谱测定土壤中的邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物。考察了萃取溶剂、微波功率、萃取时间等因素对回收率的影响,得到了最佳萃取条件为:以正己烷/丙酮(1∶1)为萃取剂,溶剂用量为60 mL,微波辐射功率为100 W(超声功率固定为50 W),萃取12 min。该条件下,模拟土样中酞酸酯的平均回收率可达92.5%。方法的检出限为0.05~0.16 mg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD)5.8%。与直接超声、开放式微波萃取法相比,此法具有明显的优势。方法用于实际土样的测定,所得结果与索氏抽提的结果相当。     

微波加热法测定灯盏花素的水分

药物中水分的测定一般是根据中国药典规定,在105℃控温烘箱中加热5h,称量至恒重,然后计算失去的水分[1].目前微波加热在化学领域已得到了广泛的应用,用微波加热对药物中水分的测定,已有报道[2,3].但是用微波加热测定灯盏花素中水分,与药典方法相比,微波法具有操作简便,快速,低耗能的优点.本法用微波加热法测定灯盏花素的水分含量,并与药典法进行比较,结果满意.     

微波辐射下氯化锌催化纤维素转化为呋喃类物质的研究

以氯化锌作为溶剂和催化剂,利用微波辅助氯化锌降解纤维素,致使纤维素直接转化为5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)和1-(2-呋喃基)-2-羟基-乙酮两种呋喃类物质。通过考察反应温度、反应时间、氯化锌用量、纤维素加入量、微波功率和加热方式等因素对其摩尔产率影响可知,在140 mL质量分数为69%的ZnCl₂溶液中,纤维素用量为1 g,反应温度为135 ℃,反应时间为5 min,微波功率为500 W时,5-羟甲基糠醛的摩尔产率达到19.4%,微波功率为600 W时,1-(2-呋喃基)-2-羟基-乙酮的摩尔产率达到12.0%。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。