自然单元法在线弹性断裂力学中的应用研究

采用Laplace插值构造近似场函数,代入弹性力学边值问题的变分弱形式,由变分原理推导出自然单元法的离散控制方程。运用线弹性断裂力学理论,分析了有限板单边Ⅰ型裂纹的应力强度因子和有限板拉剪复合裂纹的扩展,给出了分析线弹性断裂力学问题的自然单元法。数值计算结果表明了方法的正确性和有效性。     

求解三维裂纹前缘SIF分布时间历程的通用权函数法和有限变分法

将三维热权函数法扩展为适用于表面力、体积力和温度载荷的通用权函数法(UWF).推导出以变分型积分方程表达的UWF法基本方程,从变分的角度,将求解三维热权函数法基本方程的多虚拟裂纹扩展法(MVCE)改造为可以适用于一般的变分型积分方程的一类新型数值方法--有限变分法(FVM).在FVM中可以引入无穷多种线性无关的局部变分模式,可以根据计算要求在求解域中插入任意多个计算节点,单一型裂纹问题FVM所得到的最终方程组的系数矩阵总是一个对称的窄带矩阵,而且对角元总是大数,具有良好的数值计算性能.FVM对于SIF沿裂纹前缘急剧变化的复杂情况具有较好的数值模拟能力和较高的计算精度,利用自身一致性,可以求得三维裂纹前缘SIF的高精度解.     

高强混凝土热-力响应的断裂相场分析方法研究

高强混凝土(High-Strength Concrete, HSC)的力学性能受温度影响较大,尤其在高温环境下性能衰退剧烈,因此在结构分析中宜采用随温度变化的材料性能参数．断裂相场方法基于Griffith变分断裂准则,无需复杂的裂纹拓展追踪技术便可处理多裂纹的问题,可方便地模拟裂纹的萌生、扩展、分岔及汇合过程．本文采用适宜进行结构断裂分析的断裂相场方法,基于能量泛函变分原理,将温度对混凝土材料弹性模量及断裂能的影响引入断裂相场分析方法中,用于高强混凝土高温环境下的强度和破坏分析．以高温作用下高强混凝土梁三点弯曲试验为算例,进行方法验证,通过与实测结果对比,证实了算法的有效性．     

表面裂纹准静态扩展的有限元模拟计算

由于现有断裂准则未能考虑表面裂纹前沿各点实际断裂阻力的变化，所作的表面裂纹准静态扩展模拟计算不能很好地预测几何形貌的真实变化规律。本文提出了一个考虑应力状态不同对实际断裂阻力影响的变阻力断裂准则；并以该准则作为表面裂纹前沿局部断裂扩展的判据，通过三维有限元法进行了表面裂纹准静态扩展的模拟计算；还将模拟预测值与用多试件法测得的实验值进行比较，验证了变阻力断裂准则作为裂纹稳态扩展判据的有效性     

求解变分型积分方程的一种新型数值方法——有限变分法

将作者提出的多虚拟裂纹扩展法(MVCE法)拓展为求解变分型积分方程问题的一种新型数值方法——有限变分法(FVM)。它的基本思想是,给定有限个(N个)局部变分模式,将所求解的未知量用适当的方法离散化,针对这N个局部变分模式列出N个方程,求解N个未知系数,从而求得未知量。单一未知变量FVM的最终方程组的系数矩阵通常是一个对称的窄带矩阵,对角元是大数,有很好的数值计算性能。用FVM求解了三维I型裂纹前缘的应力强度因子(SIF)分布。利用基于FVM的通用权函数法计算程序,可以高精度和高效率地求解表面力、体积力和温度载荷共同作用情况下三维裂纹前缘SIF的分布及其时间历程。FVM可以被推广到更广泛的领域,是一个求解变分型积分方程问题的普遍适用的新型数值方法。     

疲劳裂纹扩展的逻辑框架

人们已经发现应力强度因子变程△K与疲劳裂纹扩展率da/dN之间具有良好的对应关系,并由此建立了反映这些关系的各种理论。根据实验结果建立的疲劳裂纹扩展理论往往是假设性的(conjectory);但同时也可以用严谨的逻辑推理来导出疲劳裂纹扩展理论。演绎推导的理论和假设性的理论互为补充,促进了人们对疲劳裂纹扩展规律认识的不断深化。 本文对30年来疲劳裂纹扩展领域的工作进行了系统的总结,具体回顾考察了四种演绎推导理论:①无限大均匀宽板中的小裂纹扩展理论;②da/dN与△K相关的相似理论;③小范围屈服条件下均匀材料中的裂纹扩展理论;④链开式疲劳裂纹扩展理论,并将上述四种理论囊括在一个逻辑框架之中,用以分析疲劳裂纹扩展问题。本文也简述了如何应用这一逻辑框架来理解总结反映疲劳裂纹扩展行为的各种表达式,解释复杂的小裂纹扩展和复合材料中的裂纹扩展。     

用路径守恒积分计算平面准晶裂纹扩展的能量释放率

将准晶（包括点群５,５ｍ,８ｍｍ,１０,１０ｍｍ,１２ｍｍ）弹性边值问题化为广义能量泛函的变分问题,建立了求解准晶弹性变形的有限元法,并提出了含裂纹准晶的路径守恒Ｅ－积分,指出Ｅ－积分在数值上等于准晶裂纹扩展的能量释放率,作为实例,计算了平面五次、八次、十二次对称准晶裂纹扩展的能量释放率,数值计算表明准晶中路径积分具有较好的守恒性,同时数值结果表明准晶中相位子场的出现使准晶裂纹扩展的能量释放率增大     

考虑微裂纹相互作用的的岩石微观力学弹塑性损伤模型研究

本文建立基于微裂纹扩展的岩石弹塑性损伤微观力学模型。用自洽方法考虑裂隙间相互影响,压缩载荷下微裂纹尖端翼裂纹稳定扩展表征岩石的微观损伤,基于应变能密度准则用Newton迭代法求复合型断裂的翼裂纹扩展长度,并采用微裂隙统计的二参数Weibull函数模型反映绝对体积应变对微裂纹分布数目影响,进而用翼裂纹扩展所表征的应力释放体积和微裂纹数目来表示含有微裂隙的岩石损伤演化变量;宏观塑性屈服函数采用Voyiadjis等的等效塑性应变的硬化函数,反映塑性内变量对硬化函数的影响;建立岩石的弹塑性损伤本构关系及其数值算法,并用回映隐式积分算法编制了弹塑性损伤模型的程序。从围压和微裂隙长度等因素分析弹塑性损伤模型的岩石的损伤和宏观塑性特性。     

基于图像四叉树的改进型比例边界有限元法研究

为提高数值计算的精度,断裂力学问题的数值模拟需要在裂纹扩展的局部区域采用较密的网格,而远离裂纹扩展的区域可采用较疏的网格,且对于裂纹扩展问题的数值模拟,大多数数值方法又存在局部网格重剖分的问题.论文提出了一种基于图像四叉树的改进型比例边界有限元法用于模拟裂纹扩展问题,该方法可根据结构域几何外边界的图像全自动进行四叉树网格剖分,无需任何人工干预,网格剖分效率极高,由于比例边界有限元法本身的优势,四叉树网格的悬挂节点可以直接地视为新的节点,无需任何特殊处理.通过引入虚节点的思想,将裂纹与四叉树单元边界交叉点作为虚节点,虚节点的自由度作为附加自由度处理,并采用水平集函数表征材料内部的裂纹面,含不连续裂纹面的子域可通过节点水平集函数识别,使得裂纹扩展时无需进行网格重剖分,界面的几何特征通过比例边界有限元子域的附加自由度表征.最后,通过若干算例验证了该方法的性能,建议的改进型比例边界有限元法在求解复合型应力强度因子和模拟材料内部裂纹扩展路径时均具有较高的精度.     

裂纹尖端扩展位移场的云纹干涉实验分析

1.前言在裂纹的稳定扩展问题中,能否用J 作为控制扩展的参数是一个有争议的问题.文献[1]从理论上证明:在某些条件下,J 可用于分析和描述扩展.本文用实验的方法研究了扩展问题,对含中心裂纹的铝板试件,在扩展过程中的裂纹尖端位移场进行了分析,证明并讨论了裂纹尖端HRR 场及其变化,并在此基础上用HRR 理论拟合实测位移场求出了J以及J-△a 曲线.     

Empirical modelling of subcritical crack growth size and profile under continued loading

During continued loading the slow crack growth regions at the crack tip assume different shapes and sizes. Two different crack front profiles may be identified in practice depending on the extent of crack growth. They may be approximated as parabolic and semi-circular in shape. Crack fronts tend to be semi-circular for relatively large extent of crack growth and parabolic during the early stages of crack growth. Modelling of crack growth size and profile for each crack growth increment is carried out by two approaches; namely, offset measurement and area consideration. The variation of average crack growth size as well as the convergence of as a function of measurement number is studied. The difference in the values obtained by the offset method and area method is also investigated in addition to the influence of specimen thickness and maximum crack growth on ø. Experimental verification of crack growth front profiles and the change in the value with ø is carried out. It suffices to consider eight to ten measurements for modelling crack growth size and profile in commonly used specimen thickness.     

Bifurcation of collinear crack system under dynamic compression

The evolution pattern of collinear crack array plays a very important role in the final failure pattern of rock and predicting earthquake. Crack interactions lead to the nonhomogeneous pseudo-traction, then result in bifurcation of crack growth pattern. Bifurcation condition of crack growth pattern can be expressed by the crack growth length/spacing ratio. For collinear cracks loaded by dynamic compressive loads, uniform crack growth pattern yields to non-uniform crack growth pattern when the crack growth length/spacing ratio is larger than a critical value. In this paper, crack interactions are studied using stress superposition principle and the Chebyshev polynomials expansion of the pseudo-traction. The analytical solution of the critical value for two collinear cracks and infinite collinear cracks is given out. The critical value is sensitive to pre-existing crack length, the friction coefficient, the orientation of pre-existing crack, crack growth velocity.     

Micromechanical model of stage I to stage II crack growth transition for aluminium alloys

Stage I to Stage II crack growth transition is a kinetic process that is particularly studied in this work. Crack growth transition is modelled to occur when small fatigue crack growth is deterred by an effective barrier that reduces the crack growth rate to a minimum. Effective blockage of small crack growth due to barriers is characterised by pile-up of dislocations. Crack tip pile-up sliding displacement is formulated by adopting a continuous configuration of dislocation pile-up. Transition condition is quantitatively determined when a crack tip sliding displacement of Stage I cracks just meets a crack tip opening displacement of Stage II cracks. As a result, a dislocation-based micromechanical model is systematically developed that enables kinetic predictions of crack growth transition and growth rates of small fatigue cracks. Moreover, the concept of microstructurally-affected-zone is further interpreted in terms of local microstructure and load levels, leading to good explanations for scatters of small crack growth. All model-based growth rate predictions show a good coincidence with experimental results.     

三维裂纹扩展轨迹的边界元数值模拟

提出了一种对三维裂纹扩展轨迹进行数值模拟的新方法。采用一种新的具有C^1连续性、高精度的单节点二次边界单元，使边界元(BEM)的分析效率和裂纹张开位移(COD)、应力强度因子(SIF)的精度大大提高。采用裂纹张开位移全场拟合法(GCDFP)求出裂纹面前缘的SIF，所得到的SIF达到与所用的COD资料同样的精度。使用Paris公式求出裂纹前缘各点的裂纹扩展增量，并用三次B样条函数对这些增量进行拟合，得到新的光滑裂纹前缘。根据以上思想方法，开发了具有较高的计算效率和精度的数值模拟软件。此软件可以自动跟踪裂纹扩展，得到裂纹扩展的轨迹。运用该软件对椭圆和矩形裂纹的扩展轨迹进行了数值模拟。其结果与理论上的预言完全一致，裂纹最后都趋于一个圆裂纹，具有实际指导意义。     

基于圆弧底试件的动态裂纹扩展及止裂规律研究

为了研究脆性材料的动态裂纹扩展及止裂规律,设计了一种带圆弧形底边的梯形开口边裂纹（trapezoidal opening crack with arc bottom,TOCAB）构型的试件。在落锤冲击设备加载下,对圆心角为0°、60°、90°和120°的TOCAB试件进行了冲击实验,并采用裂纹扩展计(crack propagation gauge,CPG)监测裂纹起裂和扩展时间,从而获得裂纹扩展速度。采用有限差分软件AUTODYN对落锤冲击设备和试件进行数值模拟,研究了裂纹的动态扩展过程及止裂规律。还基于实验和数值方法,计算了裂纹的临界动态应力强度因子。实验和数值结果均表明:3种弧度的TOCAB试件都可以实现运动裂纹止裂,该构型可用于研究动态裂纹止裂问题;数值计算的裂纹扩展路径与实验结果基本一致,验证了数值模型的有效性;裂纹起裂和止裂时刻的临界动态应力强度因子大于裂纹动态扩展过程中的临界动态应力强度因子。     

A directional crack path criterion for crack growth in ductile materials subjected to shear and compressive loading under plane strain conditions

A directional crack growth criterion in a compressed elastic perfectly plastic material is considered. The conditions at the crack-tip are evaluated for a straight stationary crack with a small incipient kink. Remote load is a combined hydrostatic pressure and pure shear applied via a boundary layer. Crack surfaces in contact are assumed to develop homogenous Coulomb friction.The crack opening displacement of an extended kink is examined in a finite element analysis to judge the risk of opening mode failure. It has been found that the direction that maximizes the crack opening displacement of an extended kink tip coincides very well with a prediction of the crack growth direction obtained by using a criterion for continued crack growth direction discussed by the authors elsewhere [Int. J. Fract. 108 (2001) 351].Moreover, the by the model predicted incipient crack growth directions are qualitatively comparable with reported crack paths obtained in ductile materials in a limited number of experiments performed under a combined load of in-plane shear and compression.     

On dissolution driven crack growth

The formation and growth of a crack in a body subjected to stress driven material dissolution is studied. The rate of material dissolution is proportional to strain energy and curvature of the body surface. The formation of a crack from a plane surface is preceded by an evolving surface roughness. The continued dissolution enhances roughness amplitude resulting in pit formation. As the pit grows deeper into the material, it assumes the shape of a crack. The sharpness of the crack reaches its maximum during this transition from a pit to a crack. As the crack grows, a self-similar state is gradually assumed. During this phase characteristic lengths of the crack shape scale with the crack length. In line with this the crack progressively becomes blunt. The widest part of the crack when unloaded is in the vicinity of the crack tip. A consequence of the model is that no criterion is needed for crack growth. Neither is a criterion needed for determination of the crack path. It also follows that the crack growth rate is almost independent of the remote load. Further, spontaneous crack branching is anticipated. A motivation for this is given.     

An Element Free Galerkin analysis of steady dynamic growth of a mode i crack in elastic–plastic materials

An Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method based formulation for steady dynamic crack growth in elastic–plastic materials is developed. A domain convecting parallel to the steadily moving crack tip is employed. The EFG methodology eliminates the stringent mesh requirements of the Finite Element Method (FEM) for such problems. Both rate-independent materials and rate-dependent materials are considered. The material is characterized by von Mises yielding condition and an associated flow rule. For rate-independent materials, both the influence of crack speeds and that of strain hardening on the mechanics of steady dynamic crack growth are investigated. For rate-dependent materials, only a non-hardening material is considered with emphasis on determining the influence of viscous properties of materials and crack speeds. The influence of strain hardening on steady dynamic crack growth shows the same trends as for steady quasi-static crack growth. The simplifications used in the literature in deriving analytical solutions for high strain-rate crack growth have been examined thoroughly using the numerical results.     

过载作用下聚乙烯疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

论文针对中密度聚乙烯材料(MDPE)，采用平板试样进行了I型疲劳裂纹扩展和单次过载下裂纹扩展试验．发现与金属材料类似，单次拉伸过载对聚乙烯(PE)的疲劳裂纹扩展有明显的迟滞作用，降低了裂纹扩展速率．试验还通过变载荷刻线法获取疲劳裂纹扩展前缘的实际形貌和变化规律，对常规变载荷刻线方法进行了调整和验证，其修正方法对高分子材料的疲劳裂纹扩展前缘刻线具有较好的效果．通过观察发现含楔形塑性区的裂尖钝化是裂纹迟滞的主要原因．过载引入的塑性区内残余应力对裂纹迟滞也起了重要作用．论文利用Dugdale模型计算了塑性区尺寸，使用基于残余应力的Wheeler模型对过载迟滞进行了很好的拟合．     

The advanced simulation of fatigue crack growth in complex 3D structures

An advanced incremental crack growth algorithm for the three-dimensional (3D) simulation of fatigue crack growth in complex 3D structures with linear elastic material behavior is presented. To perform the crack growth simulation as effectively as possible an accurate stress analysis is done by the boundary-element method (BEM) in terms of the 3D dual BEM. The question concerning a reliable 3D crack growth criterion is answered based on experimental observations. All criteria under consideration are numerically realized by a predictor–corrector procedure. The agreement between numerically determined and experimentally observed crack fronts will be shown on both fracture specimens and an industrial application.