Fe-N-C单原子催化剂的C?H键选择性氧化反应

C?H键活化是近年来发展最为迅速的研究领域之一,从自然界中广泛存在C?H键的简单底物为原料,利用C?H键直接活化策略来构建高附加值的化学品是一类具有高原子经济性的化学反应.然而,由于C?H键的稳定性使得C?H键的选择性官能团化过程具有极大的挑战.例如,烃类化合物的C?H选择性氧化生成醇/酮化合物在C1化学以及有机合成反应中占据重要地位,同时C?H键的高解离能以及氧化试剂的高活性往往使得这类反应的选择性难以调控.近日,中科院大连化学物理研究所张涛和王爱琴领导的团队在脂肪族、芳香族烃类化合物的C?H选择性氧化反应中取得新的研究进展.作者使用Fe-N-C单原子催化剂,化学计量的叔丁基过氧化氢为氧化剂,在室温条件下实现了烃类化合物的选择性氧化反应,一系列底物包括带有吸电子基团的硝基(?NO2)、供电子基团的甲氧基(?OCH3)、杂环化合物以及脂肪族化合物(环己烷)均可以高选择性(>98%)实现转化.事实上,Fe-N-C单原子催化剂的活性与选择性可与均相催化剂([Cu((R,R)-BPBP)]+)相媲美,同时该催化剂在绿色水溶剂中表现出优异的循环稳定性.这项工作的另一个意义在于建立起多相催化领域中活性位点与反应性能之间的构效关系.通过HAADF-STEM,XPS,XAS,ESR及穆斯堡尔谱等表征手段,清楚地证明Fe-N-C催化剂中三价铁离子存在多种配位结构(FeNx,x = 4,5,6),催化剂活性与Fe-Nx的特定结构密切关联.C?H键选择性氧化反应的最高活性位点为中自旋FeN5位点,其活性高出低自旋/高自旋的FeN6位点一个数量级,是FeN4位点活性的3倍之多.而该FeN5结构的数量在Fe-N-C-700的单原子催化剂上仅占18%,说明Fe-N-C催化剂的活性具有很大的提升空间.文中报道的 Fe-Nx-C 催化剂可被认为是一类新型的单原子催化剂,其中,Nx基团为一种强有力的配体.由于单原子催化剂兼具均相催化剂孤立均一的活性位点及多相催化剂易于循环使用的优势,单原子催化剂有望成为连接均相催化与非均相催化的桥梁.目前,单原子催化剂已成为多相催化领域一个新的研究热点与前沿.这篇工作中的 FeN5位点与血红蛋白的 Fe中心结构类似,从这个角度出发,FeN5位点为连接酶催化剂与多相单原子催化剂提供了一个很好的案例.然而,FeN5位点周围环境的细微变化都会直接影响其反应活性以及选择性,从而导致多相催化中的FeN5具有较差的O2活化能力.因此,设计更为高效的多相单原子催化剂,实现类似于酶催化中高效高选择性地活化底物分子,仍然具有很大的挑战与空间.     

HBr/t-BuONO催化活化分子氧选择性氧化硫醚

在常温常压下, 以氧气为氧化剂, 溴化氢和亚硝酸叔丁酯为催化剂, 高选择性地催化氧化了一系列硫醚. 该非过渡金属催化体系具有操作方便, 反应条件温和, 产品易于分离, 产物收率高(90%～96%)等优点.     

CeO2负载的Cu, Ir和Pd催化剂上的醇转移脱氢反应

 研究了CeO2负载的Cu, Ir和Pd催化剂上的醇转移脱氢反应. 利用催化剂体系脱氢和加氢功能的偶合,在较温和的反应条件下实现了二级脂肪醇的高选择性转移脱氢. 其中, Ir/CeO2催化剂表现出较高的催化活性,其TOF值达16.0 h-1.     

水滑石负载 Au 纳米粒子的制备及其催化醇氧化反应

 采用离子交换法和 NaBH4 还原法制备了 Mg-Al-水滑石 (LDH) 负载的 Au 纳米粒子 (Au/LDH) 催化剂. X 射线衍射和透射电镜结果表明, Au 粒子较均匀地分散在水滑石表面, 载体仍保持层状结构. 在温和的反应条件下, Au/LDH 对一系列醇的氧化反应表现出优异的催化性能, 如在室温常压下进行分子 O2 氧化 1-苯基乙醇的反应, 底物转化率和苯乙酮选择性都接近 100%, 而且催化剂经过多次循环使用后, 其活性未见下降. 可见, Au/LDH 催化剂在醇氧化反应中具有良好的应用前景.     

Selectfluor作用下二芳基二硫醚和醇的双亚磺酰化反应制备亚磺酸酯（英文）

报道了一种新型的由二芳基二硫醚和醇双亚磺酰化反应来制备亚磺酸酯的方法.在Selectfluor作为氧化剂的条件下,一分子二硫醚与两分子醇反应,能够顺利转化得到两分子亚磺酸酯产物.该反应无需金属催化剂,在简单温和的条件下即可进行,反应产率很高.反应底物适用性广,含有不同取代基的二硫醚和醇,包括天然的手性醇类化合物,均能很好地发生反应得到相应的产物.该方法实现了简单条件下通过醇的亚磺酰化反应高效地构建亚磺酸酯,为亚磺酸酯及其衍生物的合成提供了一条新的途径.     

纳米氧化铜用于温和条件下的异丙苯氧化研究

采用水热合成方法制备了具有片状结构的纳米CuO催化剂.该催化剂在温和的条件下对以分子氧为氧化剂的异丙苯氧化反应表现出高效的催化活性.在85℃、常压、催化剂用量为0.02g/mL异丙苯的条件下,反应9h,异丙苯的转化率、选择性和收率分别为55.1%、94.1%和51.8%.研究发现,该纳米CuO催化剂可以循环使用.同时对该纳米CuO催化剂催化其它含有α-H的芳烃化合物甲苯和乙苯的氧化反应进行了研究.实验结果表明,该催化剂的活性顺序为异丙苯>乙苯>>甲苯.     

磷酸酯催化硫醚及缩硫醛氧化成亚砜反应

在室温条件下,以过氧化氢水溶液为氧源,非手性磷酸作为催化剂催化硫醚与缩硫醛的氧化反应,以良好到优秀的收率合成一系列亚砜化合物.该方法反应条件温和,时间短,收率高,且非对映选择性高.     

Pt/MgO 催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应

用浸渍法制备了Pt/MgO催化剂,并采用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜和程序升温表面反应等技术对催化剂进行了表征.考察了催化剂对甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的催化性能.结果表明,Pt/MgO催化剂具有较高的催化活性和选择性,甲烷转化率与合成气选择性在120 h内保持稳定.以金属状态存在的Pt对甲烷分解具有较高的活性,从而使催化剂对甲烷部分氧化反应具有较高的催化活性.活性组分Pt的存在状态和分散状态非常稳定,而Pt/MgO催化剂具有较强的抗积碳能力,使得催化剂在甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中具有较高的稳定性.     

钌催化剂存在下的氨湿法氧化:反应条件与N2选择性

在完全除去铵离子的湿法氧化反应中,一种钌催化剂能够将文献报道的反应条件从543K,7.0 MPa缓和为453 K,3.0 MPa.但是,在相对温和的反应条件下,N2选择性不够理想,并受到操作条件如pH、反应温度、空填充压力及催化剂用量等的影响.在所试验的条件范围内,N2选择性在85.6%～98.1%间变化,而氨转化率却接近100%.对N2选择性和反应条件之间的关系进行了讨论,并通过正交试验找到了一个最佳反应条件,从而在温和的反应条件下,使氨的氧化能够有效地向着生成N2的方向进行.     

氮氧自由基TEMPO：选择氧化醇的高效有机小分子催化剂*

醇被氧化为相应的醛或酮是有机合成中重要的官能团转换反应之一。自从Anelli法（TEMPO/NaBr/NaOCl）发现以来,由于所具有的醇被氧化为相应的醛或酮是有机合成中重要的官能团转换反应之一。自从Anelli法（TEMPO/NaBr/NaOCl）发现以来,由于所具有的高活性和高选择性, 有机小分子催化剂2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基(TEMPO)催化醇的氧化反应成为温和条件下醇选择氧化的一个重要方法,并在实验室和工业生产中广泛应用。最近有关TEMPO催化醇氧化反应的研究,主要集中在开发用于分子氧对醇绿色氧化的催化体系和目的在于实现催化剂回收再用的TEMPO固载化研究两个领域上。本文以此为重点,综述了TEMPO催化醇氧化反应的发展和最近研究进展。     

1,1,2,2-Tetrahydroperoxy-1,2-Diphenylethane: An efficient and high oxygen content oxidant in various oxidative reactions

Several oxidative approaches namely thiocyanation of aromatic compounds, epoxidation of alkenes, amidation of aromatic aldehydes, epoxidation of α, β-unsaturated ketones, oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones, bayer-villeger reaction, bromination and iodation of aniline and phenol derivatives oxidative esterification, oxidation of pyridines and oxidation of secondary, allylic and benzyllic alcohols were carried out using 1,1,2,2-Tetrahydroperoxy-1,2-Diphenylethane as the potential solid oxidant which can be stored for several months without any loss in its activity. All of the procedures were accomplished via mild reaction conditions and the products were afforded in high yields and short reaction times.     

Oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols catalyzed by a pentamethylcyclopentadienyliridium complex

The oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols is carried out in acetone under mild conditions using catalytic amounts of [Cp*IrCl₂]₂ and K₂CO₃. Primary alcohols are converted into the corresponding aldehydes with high selectivity in good yields. Secondary alcohols are readily oxidized to ketones with smaller amounts of the catalyst.     

Polymer-supported gadolinium triflate as a convenient and efficient Lewis acid catalyst for acetylation of alcohols and phenols

A polymer-supported gadolinium triflate (CMPS-IM-Gd) catalyst was prepared from chloromethyl polystyrene (CMPS) resin using a simple and convenient procedure. This polymeric catalyst was used as an efficient Lewis acid catalyst for the acetylation of various alcohols and phenols with acetic anhydride, affording high yields under mild conditions. The reaction was completed in a short period of time with small amounts of the catalyst. The catalyst was reused over 10 times without any significant loss of its catalytic activity.     

Preparation of Silyl Ethers Using Hexamethyldisilazane in the Presence of N‐Bromosuccinimide under Mild and Solvent‐Free Conditions

A mild, simple, novel and highly efficient method for the rapid protection of various primary, secondary, tertiary aliphatic and aromatic alcohols using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) in the presence of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as an active, inexpensive, non-toxic and readily available catalyst under solvent-free conditions is described. Trimethylsilyl ethers were prepared in high to excellent yields with short reaction time under mild and almost neutral reaction conditions.     

光化学法制备基于(001)面暴露的锐钛矿和商用P25二氧化钛的 单原子分散钯催化剂

单原子分散催化剂由于其独特的结构和性质,在催化研究中已展现出巨大的潜力,成为了催化研究的前沿领域.传统的催化剂制备方法(例如共沉积,浸渍法等)在单原子分散催化剂的制备中卓有成效,但不断涌现的新方法能够制备出传统方法不能制备的新型单原子分散催化剂.最近,光化学方法由于其步骤简单和制备条件温和的优点而引起了广泛关注.在之前的研究中我们揭示了光化学法制备单原子分散催化剂的分子机制.我们发现,紫外光照的作用在于将二氧化钛纳米片表面的乙二醇基激发生成乙二醇自由基,后者不仅有利于氯钯酸根中氯离子的脱除,还可通过Pd–O键将钯原子锚定在载体上,形成了独特的"钯-乙二醇-二氧化钛"的界面.根据对光化学法制备技术的理解,本文将光化学法拓展到其他二氧化钛体系,成功制备了基于(001)面暴露的锐钛矿纳米晶和商用二氧化钛P25的单原子分散钯催化剂.通过吸附和紫外光照,可以在室温下简单地制备单原子分散钯催化剂.扩展X射线吸收精细结构实验表明,紫外光照的作用是促进钯原子上氯离子的离去和更多Pd–O键的形成.与通过其它方法制备的催化剂相比,光化学法制备的两种Pd1/TiO2催化剂在苯乙烯的催化氢化反应中表现出更高的活性和稳定性.转化频率TOF为商用Pd/C催化剂的6倍.单原子分散催化剂为研究催化反应中复杂的界面效应提供了理想的模型体系.由于CO的催化氧化反应性能对金属活性中心的化学配位环境高度敏感,因此我们选择它作为模型反应以研究光化学法制备的单原子分散催化剂之间的差异.结果发现,两种载体制备的单原子分散钯催化剂都具有很好的催化CO氧化低温活性,373 K时CO转化率均可高达96％.其中,负载在(001)面暴露的锐钛矿纳米晶的催化剂在343 K时TOF高达6.7×10–3 s–1,比有文献报道的活性最高的Pd/La-修饰Al2O3催化剂在相同条件下高3.3倍,是目前Pd基催化剂在催化CO氧化反应中的活性最佳记录.这可能是由于二氧化钛的载体效应引起的.虽然两种催化剂的催化活性相当,但Pd/P25的表观活化能比Pd/TiO2(NC)高一倍左右.两种催化剂的金属都以单原子态分布,催化CO氧化反应的机制却可能完全不同.这说明单原子分散催化剂的性能与载体的表面性质密切相关.本文为单原子催化中载体的选择和原子尺度的界面调控提供了新的研究思路.     

Polystyrene‐Gallium Trichloride Complex: A Mild,Highly Efficient,and Recyclable Polymeric Lewis Acid Catalyst for Chemoselective Silylation of Alcohols and Phenols with Hexamethyldisilazane

Polystyrene‐supported gallium trichloride (PS/GaCl₃) as a highly active and reusable heterogeneous Lewis acid effectively activates hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) for the efficient silylation of alcohols and phenols at room temperature. In this heterogeneous catalytic system, primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols as well as phenols were converted to their corresponding trimethylsilyl ethers with short reaction times and high yields under mild reaction conditions. The heterogenized catalyst is of high reusability and stability in the silylation reactions and was recovered several times with negligible loss in its activity or a negligible catalyst leaching, and also there is no need for regeneration. It is noteworthy that this method can be used for chemoselective silylation of different alcohols and phenols with high yields.     

An Efficient Selective Oxidation of Alcohols with Zinc Zirconium Phosphate under Solvent‐free Conditions

Zinc zirconium phosphate (ZPZn) nanoparticles have been used as an efficient catalyst for the selective oxidation of a wide range of alcohols to their corresponding ketones or aldehydes using H₂O₂ as an oxidizing agent without any organic solvent, phase transfer catalyst, or additive. The steric factors associated with the substrates had a significant influence on the reaction conditions. The results showed that this method can be applied for chemoselective oxidation of benzyl alcohols in the presence of aliphatic alcohols. The catalyst used in the current study was characterized by ICP‐OES, XRD, N₂ adsorption‐desorption, NH₃‐TPD, Py‐FTIR, SEM, and TEM. These analyses revealed that the interlayer distance in the catalyst increased from 7.5 to 8.7 Å when Zn²⁺ was intercalated between the layers, whereas the crystallinity of the material was reduced. This nanocatalyst could also be recovered and reused at least seven times without any discernible decrease in its catalytic activity. This new method for the oxidation of alcohols has several key advantages, including mild and environmentally friendly reaction conditions, excellent yields and a facile work‐up.     

Selective oxidation of alcohols over nickel zirconium phosphate

Nickel zirconium phosphate nanoparticles were found to function as efficient catalysts for the selec-tive oxidation of a wide range of alcohols to their corresponding ketones and aldehydes using H2O2 as an oxidizing agent and without any organic solvents, phase transfer catalysts, or additives. The steric and electronic properties of various substrates had significant influence on the reaction con-ditions required to achieve acetylation. The results showed that this method can be applied for the chemoselective oxidation of benzyl alcohols in the presence of aliphatic alcohols. The catalyst used in the current study was characterized by ICP-OES, XRD, NH3-TPD, Py-FTIR, N2 adsorp-tion-desorption, SEM and TEM. These analyses revealed that the interlayer distance in the catalyst increased from 0.75 to 0.98 nm when Ni2+ was intercalated between the layers, whereas the crystal-linity of the material was reduced. The nanocatalyst could also be recovered and reused at least seven times without any discernible decrease in its catalytic activity. This new method for the oxi-dation of alcohols has several key advantages, including mild and environmentally friendly reaction conditions, short reaction time, excellent yields and a facile work-up.     

Highly dispersed palladium nanoparticles on mesocellular foam: an efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for alcohol oxidation

Palladium nanoparticles immobilized on amino-functionalized mesocellular foam constitute an efficient catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl compounds in high to excellent yields. An exceptionally high TON of 365?000 was reached for the oxidation of 1-phenylethanol under solvent-free reaction conditions. The catalyst can be recycled many times with retained activity as shown by the identical rate curves of the first and fifth runs.     

Selective hydrogen peroxide oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides or sulfones with MWW-type titanosilicate zeolite catalyst under organic solvent-free conditions

Selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones with hydrogen peroxide under organic solvent-free conditions was demonstrated by the MWW-type titanosilicate zeolite catalyst. Sulfides were oxidized smoothly to give sulfoxides with good selectivities at ambient temperature using 1.0–1.2 equiv of hydrogen peroxide with the MWW-type titanosilicate zeolite catalyst. Especially, the Ti-MWW with an interlayer-expanded structure (Ti-IEZ-MWW) catalyst showed high activity with good chemoselectivity for the oxidation of various sulfides. The catalyst is recyclable for at least five cycles, and the only byproduct is water. Sulfides were directly oxidized to give sulfones in high yields by 2.5 equiv of hydrogen peroxide with the MWW-type titanosilicate zeolite catalyst under organic solvent-free conditions.