循环流化床多旋风分离器入口电容层析成像测量

旋风分离器是循环流化床锅炉的关键部件之一,其分离性能将直接影响整个循环流化床锅炉的总体设计及锅炉的运行性能.大型循环流化床锅炉采用多个旋风分离器与炉膛出口并联布置实现气固分离.研究其分离系统的气固两相流动特性可进行旋风分离器的分离性能分析。本文针对600 MW超临界循环流化床锅炉的冷态模型,采用电容层析成像测量技术进行旋风分离器入口烟道内气田两相流固相颗粒浓度测量,在不同床料量和炉膛表观风速下,研究多个旋风分离器入口固体颗粒分布特性,得到不同分离器入口处固体颗粒浓度随流化风速、初始物料量的变化,分析了电容原始信号的波动特性,研究结果对流化床大型化多分离器优化布置提供了支持.     

循环流化床多分离器返料系统颗粒分布特性实验研究

多旋风分离器及返料系统是保证循环流化床锅炉高效燃烧的关键设备,是循环流化床大型化研究的关键部件之一。本文采用电容层析成像技术结合压力测量,对多旋风分离器返料系统内部气固两相流场进行实验研究。通过六旋风分离器冷态循环流化床电容层析成像浓度分布和压力测量,揭示循环流化床多分离返料系统颗粒流动分配特性,为循环流化床锅炉大型化,特别是超临界锅炉多旋风分离器的优化布置提供科学依据,基础实验数据库和技术手段,研究内容将电容层析成像技术的应用扩展到工程设计中,对实际工程起到理论指导的作用。     

高密度循环流化床三维全场数值模拟

对不同提升管出口结构的高密度循环流化床全场气固流动进行三维数值模拟,气相采用LES湍流模型,固相采用MP-PIC方法。系统地考察了五种不同的提升管出口条件对固体循环通量、系统压力分布和颗粒浓度和速度分布的影响。结果表明,出口结构对提升管出口处的固体循环通量、出口局部压损和出口附近颗粒浓度分布均有明显影响;与其余四种出口条件相比,采用C型光滑出口,可以使循环流化床获得更高的固体循环通量和提升管颗粒浓度;在单侧出口条件下,高通量提升管颗粒浓度呈现径向非对称分布,颗粒速度径向分布在出口附近也有明显减小。     

加压循环流化床CPFD数值模拟及电容层析成像测量

数值计算与实验测量相结合,对一套加压循环流化床返料系统内气固流场特性展开研究。基于CPFD方法,以Barracuda软件为计算平台,建立三维全循环数值模型,揭示系统内气固流场特性及颗粒循环流率相关信息。采用电容层析成像技术,对旋风分离器料腿内流场分布状况进行在线实时监测,通过双层电极同步测量结合相关性分析,得到颗粒流速与循环流率。研究表明:数值计算与实验测量所得不同操作压力下颗粒循环流率较为吻合,说明了CPFD三维全循环数值模型的可靠性,ECT结合相关性分析能够不破坏流场条件下实现加压循环流化床颗粒循环流率的测量。     

旋风分离器内气固两相流动特性的LES-DEM研究

针对旋风分离器内复杂的气固两相流动特性,本文采用LES-DEM耦合方法进行了研究。其将固相视作离散体系,在拉格朗日框架下采用牛顿运动定律对颗粒进行跟踪;气相视作连续介质,在欧拉框架下采用LES方法对流场进行求解。结果表明:旋风分离器内气流速度在各个方向上呈现不同的分布特征。进出口压降在平均值附近波动,颗粒质量流率的增大会降低压降。颗粒沿壁面螺旋下降并被捕集,少量由于短路流而从排气管逸出,其在旋风分离器内的停留时间符合正态分布规律。     

600 MW超临界CFB锅炉旋风分离器布置的数值模拟

旋风分离器是CFB锅炉的核心部件之一.本文以FLUENT商业软件为工具,运用数值模拟方法,对600 MW超临界CFB锅炉的六个旋风分离器的布置方式(旋风分离器的入口烟道相对于炉膛的位置及角度)进行了研究,分析了四种不同布置方式下的速度场、颗粒浓度分布及烟气流量在六个旋风分离器的入口烟道之间的分配情况,通过对比分析得到比较理想的布置方案,为600 MW超临界CFB锅炉的设计提供依据.     

稠密气固两相流中颗粒团运动的DEM模型研究

颗粒聚集成团是稠密两相流动中的基本现象．本文直接以颗粒团为研究对象,建立了颗粒团运动的DEM软球模型,具体给出了稠密气固两相流中颗粒团大小的计算表达式,建立了非球形颗粒团运动、接触碰撞及破碎模型,并将此模型用于模拟一循环流化床内稠密气固两相流动,得到了流化床内颗粒团详细的运动碰撞经历及浓度、粒径分布,所得结果合理,与前人实验值相符．另外,计算表明,采用颗粒团运动的DEM软球模,能使计算量有效减少,计算时间明显缩短,说明本模型可有效地用于工程意义上的稠密气固两相流问题的模拟。     

T型突变出口提升管气固流动的数值模拟研究

循环流化床提升管内气固流动不仅受操作工况的影响,还与出口结构密切相关.本文应用双流体模型结合EMMS曳力模型,对T型突变出口提升管内两种工况的气固流动进行了二维模拟.模拟得到的轴向固体浓度分布和实验值符合较好.验证了EMMS曳力模型对于快速流态化气固不均匀流动模拟的适用性.     

双大涡模拟方法模拟提升管内气固两相流动

基于Smagorinsky涡黏模型以及颗粒动理学理论,建立了气固两相流双大涡模拟模型。考虑大涡模拟中过滤尺度的影响,给出颗粒相亚格子压力和热传导系数计算模型。考虑颗粒聚团对两相作用的影响,给出了考虑颗粒聚团作用的气固两相多尺度曳力系数模型。数值模拟了提升管内气固两相流动特性,合理地预测出了提升管内气固两相环-核流动结构。模拟结果与Knowlton等实测结果相吻合。     

循环流化床内颗粒团运动的数值模拟

本文引入聚合力来表征稠密气固两相流动中颗粒所受到的团聚效应,井将颗粒团视为床内的离散相,建立了颗粒团的碰撞、形成及破碎模型。用此模型对循环流化床的两相流动进行数值模拟,得到了较详细的床内流动特性。计算结果表明,用本文的模型和算法模拟工程意义上的循环流化床内的两相流动是可行的。     

炉顶凸起对6分离器CFB气固流动的影响

本文在6分离器CFB冷态试验台上,研究了炉顶凸起空间对气固流动的影响。利用差压法测量炉膛颗粒浓度轴向分布,采用光纤探针测量不同位置的颗粒浓度和速度的径向分布,通过积料法测量6分离器的颗粒循环流率。通过试验结果的分析,得到炉顶凸起空间内的颗粒运动特性,以及不同凸起高度时的炉膛环核流动特性和颗粒外循环特性。本文的研究对大型多分离器布置CFB锅炉的结构优化设计具有参考意义。     

CFB不同密相区形状对固态医疗垃圾颗粒运动特性的影响

提出了不同密相区结构形状(球形、椭球形、方形体)的固态医疗垃圾循环流化床(SMW-CFB),并针对SMW-CFB各段特征,对循环流化床不同密相区形状对固态医疗垃圾颗粒运动特性的影响进行了数值研究,结果表明:密相区为球形体结构比其它结构形状密相区更易出现回流.密相区不同形状时,颗粒运动进入分离器的时间不一样.固态医疗垃圾颗粒在循环流化床内,直径在大于3.5 mm的垃圾颗粒,随烟气上升到一定高度后,落回密相区,而直径小于3.5 mm的颗粒随烟气一同进入分离器,分离器可以捕集直径大于0.025 mm的颗粒,直径小于0.025 mm的颗粒由排气管排出.球形和椭球形密相区有助于垃圾颗粒与风充分混合接触,有利于垃圾颗粒的燃烧.     

二十面体Sc13，Sc13¬+1，Sc13¬-1团簇的稳定性与电子结构研究

采用密度泛函理论框架下的广义梯度近似(DFT/GGA),对Sc13团簇进行了几何结构优化,得到13原子钪团簇的基态结构为正二十面体(Ih),在此基础上对二十面体(Ih)Sc13, Sc13¬+1和Sc13-1团簇的稳定性、电子结构磁矩进行研究.结果发现Sc13,Sc13¬+1和Sc13¬-1团簇都在Ih结构时最稳定,该尺寸团簇的稳定性主要由二十面体密堆积构型决定;带电能使团簇的结构稍稍收缩从而使团簇的稳定性有所增强;团簇的键长和对称性对团簇的磁矩有很明显的影响.     

Configurational transitions in processes involving metal clusters

We define the configurational state of an atomic system, e.g. a cluster of metal atoms, in terms of the nuclear coordinates of a specific local minimum of the potential energy surface (PES). Three types of configurational transitions are reviewed: chemical reactions, phase transitions in clusters and catalytic chemical processes involving clusters as catalysts. The analysis of the first two cases shows that although vibrational degrees of freedom of nuclei and configurational degrees of freedom are separable in lowest order, thermal motion of nuclei nevertheless influences the rate of a configurational transition. Therefore the height of the barrier that separates configurational states of the transition for the PES differs from the effective activation energy for this transition. For example, ignoring the thermal motion of atoms in Lennard-Jones clusters leads to a predicted value of their melting points twice which accounts for the thermal motion of atoms. Hence, in determining parameters governing configurational transitions, evaluation of the PES parameters, say, within the framework of DFT (density functional theory) must be augmented by information from molecular dynamics or some other method that accounts for nuclear motion.     

A novel video fusion framework using surfacelet transform

A novel video fusion framework based on the three-dimensional surfacelet transform (3D-ST) is proposed in this paper. Different from the traditional individual-frame based video fusion methods, the proposed framework fused multi-frame images of input videos as a whole rather than frame by frame independently with the 3D-ST. Furthermore, under the proposed framework, two ST-based video fusion algorithms are proposed. In the first algorithm, no special treatment is performed on the temporal motion information in input videos, and only a spatial-temporal region energy-based fusion rule is employed. While in the second algorithm, a modified z-score based motion detection is performed to distinguish the temporal motion information from the spatial geometry information, and then a motion-based fusion rule is present. Experimental results demonstrate that, with the motion selectivity of the 3D-ST, existing static image fusion rules can be extended to video fusion under the proposed framework. Both of the two proposed fusion algorithms significantly outperform some traditional individual-frame based and motion-based methods in spatial-temporal information extraction as well as in temporal stability and consistency. In addition, the second proposed algorithm is with high computation efficiency and can be applied to real-time video fusion.     

Clusters of three-dimensional laser solitons and their collisions

A new class of clusters of three-dimensional dissipative inphase-and antiphase-coupled solitons is numerically found in a laser system with a saturable absorber. The orientation of clusters and their motion depend on the symmetry of spatiotemporal characteristic of the system and on the symmetry of arrangement of solitons in the cluster. An example of a nonplanar (spiral-like) trajectory of the center of a seven-soliton cluster possessing no symmetry elements is demonstrated. Collisions of moving soliton clusters, including those accompanied by exchange of solitons between clusters, are studied. Experimentally, three-dimensional dissipative optical solitons can be realized in a laser amplifier with a saturable absorber or in an extended resonator filled with a medium with nonlinear gain and absorption.     

Scanning tunneling microscopy at multiple voltage biases of stable “ring-like” Ag clusters on Si(111)–(7 × 7)

Since more than twenty years it is known that deposition of Ag onto Si(111)–(7 × 7) leads under certain conditions to the formation of so-called “ring-like” clusters, that are particularly stable among small clusters. In order to resolve their still unknown atomic structure, we performed voltage dependent scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements providing interesting information about the electronic properties of clusters which are linked with their atomic structure. Based on a structural model of Au cluster on Si(111)–(7 × 7) and our STM images, we propose an atomic arrangement for the two most stable Ag “ring-like” clusters.