离子液体均相液液微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定婴儿奶粉中5种三嗪类除草剂

建立了婴儿配方奶粉中三嗪类除草剂的均相液液微萃取-高效液相色谱分析方法。以离子液体为液液微萃取溶剂,Eclipse XDB-C18为色谱柱,乙腈和水为流动相梯度洗脱分离。详细研究了液液微萃取条件对实验结果的影响。在最优实验条件下,三嗪类除草剂的标准曲线呈良好的线性(r≥0.9992),草净津、敌草净、特丁通、特丁津和异戊乙净的检出限分别是12.1、13.8、11.8、14.6和13.7 μg/kg;婴儿配方奶粉中的加标回收率为92.2%~103.2%,相对标准偏差低于6%。该方法灵敏度高、操作简单,适用于奶粉样品中三嗪类除草剂残留的检测。     

磁性石墨烯纳米粒子固相萃取与气相色谱-质谱相结合测定环境水样中的三嗪类除草剂

将磁性石墨烯作为磁性固相萃取的吸附剂与气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)相结合建立了环境水样中7种三嗪类除草剂残留的测定新方法。对影响萃取效率的一些因素如吸附剂用量、萃取时间、样品溶液的pH值、离子强度和解吸条件等进行了优化。在优化的实验条件下,7种三嗪类除草剂的富集倍数在574~968之间。测定西玛津、扑灭津、嗪草酮、西草净、氰草津的线性范围为0.01~10.0 μg/L,莠去津的线性范围为0.05~10.0 μg/L,扑灭净的线性范围为0.01~8.0 μg/L。线性相关系数为0.9968~0.9998,检出限(S/N=3)为1.0~5.0 ng/L。将本方法应用于井水、自来水和湖水等实际水样的分析,在0.5 μg/L和2.0 μg/L下的加标回收率为79.8%~118.3%,相对标准偏差为3.6%~10.5%。该法操作简单、富集倍数高,可满足水样中三嗪类除草剂残留的检测要求。     

基于酸性离子液体的原位泡腾辅助微萃取法测定饮料与糖果中的亮蓝和赤藓红

利用酸性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐（［C4MIM］［HSO4］）的阴离子与碳酸盐反应产生二氧化碳,通过气泡促进萃取过程。在萃取的同时,［C4MIM］［HSO4］的阳离子和六氟磷酸铵（NH4PF6）原位反应形成疏水性的离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐（［C4MIM］［PF6］）,从而与水相分离,通过离心收集萃取相,建立了一种基于酸性离子液体的原位泡腾辅助微萃取饮料与糖果样品中亮蓝和赤藓红的方法。考察了酸性离子液体、碳酸氢钠和盐用量对2种色素萃取效率的影响,得到最佳条件为酸性离子液体用量400 mg,碳酸氢钠用量0.4 g,盐用量1.5 g。采用最优条件,目标物亮蓝与赤藓红的质量浓度在0.005 ~ 5 μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数不小于0.993 3,检出限（LOD）和定量下限（LOQ）分别为0.002 ~ 0.005 μg/mL和0.007 ~ 0.017 μg/mL,日内和日间相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.2% ~ 8.7%。在0.05、0.5 μg/mL 2个加标水平下,回收率为92.2% ~ 107%。所建方法成功用于饮料和糖果样品中2种目标色素的检测。该方法环保、简单且准确,可用于饮料和糖果样品中亮蓝与赤藓红的测定。     

离子液体均相液液微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定婴儿奶粉中5种三嗪类除草剂北大核心CSCD

建立了婴儿配方奶粉中三嗪类除草剂的均相液液微萃取-高效液相色谱分析方法。以离子液体为液液微萃取溶剂,Eclipse XDB-C18为色谱柱,乙腈和水为流动相梯度洗脱分离。详细研究了液液微萃取条件对实验结果的影响。在最优实验条件下,三嗪类除草剂的标准曲线呈良好的线性（ r≥0.9992）,草净津、敌草净、特丁通、特丁津和异戊乙净的检出限分别是12.1、13.8、11.8、14.6和13.7μg／kg;婴儿配方奶粉中的加标回收率为92.2％～103.2％,相对标准偏差低于6％。该方法灵敏度高、操作简单,适用于奶粉样品中三嗪类除草剂残留的检测。     

微波辅助-液液微提取环境水样中的三嗪类除草剂

三嗪类除草剂作为农田杂草生长的抑制性农药在世界范围内广泛使用.这类农药对土壤、地表径流、地下水造成污染,并对人类、动植物和水生生物造成不利影响.因此,控制水中农药浓度至关重要.目前,除草剂残留的检测方法主要有气相色谱法(GC)、气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)~([1])、离子色谱法等~([2,3]).本实验以离子液体为提取剂,微波辅助-液液微提取法测定环境水样中三嗪类除草剂.     

离子液体双水相萃取荧光法测定维生素B6

基于离子液体在盐的作用下能够形成双水相,用于目标物质的萃取,提出了离子液体-硫酸铵双水相萃取、荧光法测定痕量维生素B6的新方法.实验探讨了影响维生素B6萃取率的主要因素,如酸度、萃取剂的用量、时间等.在最适条件下,即λex/λem=342/418 nm,pH=8.69,离子液体和硫酸铵的用量分别为1.3mL、2.8g,...     

酸性离子液体萃取-氧化模拟油品脱硫研究

以酸性离子液体N-羧甲基吡啶硫酸氢盐(\[CH₂COOHPy\]HSO₄)为萃取剂和催化剂,过氧化氢为氧化剂,用于模拟油品(二苯并噻吩溶于正辛烷配制而成)萃取-氧化脱硫反应,考察过氧化氢用量、离子液体用量、反应温度和反应时间对脱硫率的影响。研究结果表明,当氧硫摩尔比(H₂O₂/S)为6,在10mL模拟油品中加入0.6mL离子液体, 50℃下反应40min,脱硫率可达99.7%。离子液体循环再生使用5次,脱硫率没有明显下降。     

磁性氧化石墨烯固相萃取/高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定环境水样中6种三嗪类除草剂残留

采用一步合成法制备磁性氧化石墨烯材料(GO-Fe_3O_4),将其用作磁性固相吸附剂对环境水样中的6种三嗪类除草剂进行萃取和富集,并与高效液相色谱-串联质谱法相结合进行测定。以扫描电镜和傅立叶红外光谱对合成材料进行了表征,并考察了GO-Fe_3O_4用量、萃取时间、水样的pH值及离子强度和解吸条件等因素对萃取效率的影响。6种三嗪类除草剂的检出限为0.1~1.0 ng/L,富集倍数可达616~902倍。将方法应用于苏州地区太湖水、运河水和护城河水等实际水样的分析,加标回收率为85.4%~117.6%,相对标准偏差为1.2%~10.0%。该方法操作简单快速,富集倍数较高,检出限低,可用于水样中痕量三嗪类除草剂残留的检测。     

新型温控离子液体萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用测定环境水样中超痕量三氯杀螨醇

合成了一种新型温控离子液体1-异辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐,并将其用于水样中三氯杀螨醇的萃取。系统地讨论了萃取温度、萃取时间、离子液体用量和介质酸度等因素对萃取率的影响。在优化的试验条件下,取1μL萃取液作气相色谱-质谱测定。方法的检出限(3S/N)为1.6 ng.L-1,三氯杀螨醇的质量浓度在2.4μg.L-1以内与其峰面积呈线性关系。应用此法测定环境水样中三氯杀螨醇,回收率为96.0%~101.0%。     

超声辅助离子液体液-液萃取荧光光谱法测定人血清及药物样品中延胡索乙素

本文建立了超声辅助离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑乙基硫酸盐液-液萃取荧光光谱法测定人血清及药物样品中延胡索乙素含量的新方法。结果表明,在pH=7.0,T=25℃,超声频率40kHz,超声功率50W,λex/λem=279/330nm条件下,延胡索乙素荧光强度与浓度在15.0~1 500.0ng/mL范围内呈线性关系,相关系数r=0.9993,检出限(S/N=3)为9.0ng/mL,相对标准偏差为2.4%(c=150.0ng/mL,n=3)。将此法用于人血清样品及药物中延胡索乙素含量的测定并与色谱法比较,结果较好。     

Determination of triazine herbicides in juice samples by microwave‐assisted ionic liquid/ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography

A novel microextraction method, termed microwave‐assisted ionic liquid/ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, has been developed for the rapid enrichment and analysis of triazine herbicides in fruit juice samples by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Instead of using hazardous organic solvents, two kinds of ionic liquids, a hydrophobic ionic liquid (1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) and a hydrophilic ionic liquid (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate), were used as the extraction solvent and dispersion agent, respectively, in this method. The extraction procedure was induced by the formation of cloudy solution, which was composed of fine drops of 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate dispersed entirely into sample solution with the help of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. In addition, an ion‐pairing agent (NH₄PF₆) was introduced to improve recoveries of the ionic liquid phase. Several experimental parameters that might affect the extraction efficiency were investigated. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the linearity for determining the analytes was in the range of 5.00–250.00 μg/L, with the correlation coefficients of 0.9982–0.9997. The practical application of this effective and green method is demonstrated by the successful analysis of triazine herbicides in four juice samples, with satisfactory recoveries (76.7–105.7%) and relative standard deviations (lower than 6.6%). In general, this method is fast, effective, and robust to determine triazine herbicides in juice samples.     

Glass slides functionalized by 1‐carboxyethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride for the determination of triazine herbicides in rice using high‐performance liquid chromatography

A novel and simple supported ionic‐liquid‐based solid‐phase extraction method for the determination of triazine herbicides in rice was developed. Glass slides were functionalized by an ionic liquid, 1‐carboxyethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, and were used for the simultaneous extraction of seven triazine herbicides in rice samples. The effects of the type of extraction solvent, the extraction time, the type and volume of loading solvent, and the type of eluting solvent on the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum operation conditions, the limits of detection for seven triazine herbicides in rice samples obtained by high‐performance liquid chromatography were 3.16–5.42 ng/g, which were lower than the maximum residue levels established by various organizations. The linear correlation coefficients were higher than 0.9975 in the concentration range of 0.015–1.08 μg/g for the seven triazine herbicides. The recoveries of the seven triazine herbicides at the two concentration levels of 0.15 and 0.45 μg/g are between 82.47 and 104.21%, with relative standard deviations of 0.69–9.19%. The intra‐ and inter‐day (n = 5) precisions for all triazine herbicides at the spiked level of 0.30 μg/g were 1.72–11.71%.     

Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction with an Ionic Liquid Modified Polymer for Determination of Cyanazine and Atrazine in Tomatoes

A novel ionic liquid modified polymer was employed as an adsorbent for dispersive solid phase extraction for the determination of cyanazine and atrazine in tomatoes. This polymer was advantageous over conventional solid phase extraction in terms of the operational simplicity, speed, handling of large sample volumes, and recovery. Extraction parameters, such as the adsorbent amount, adsorbent time, elution solvent, elution time, and pH of aqueous samples were optimized. The optimized extraction conditions included 50 mg of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide modified polymer as the adsorbent, dichloromethane as the eluent, and 6 min as the adsorption time. Under the optimized conditions, the recovery from tomato samples ranged from 72.0 to 95.1%, which was comparable to tomato juice. The limits of detection for cyanazine and triazine were 0.51 ng/mL and 0.35 ng/mL, respectively.     

Optimization of a single-drop microextraction procedure for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water and fruit juice with gas chromatography-flame photometric detection

A single-drop microextraction (SDME) procedure was developed for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in water and fruit juice by gas chromatography (GC) with flame photometric detection (GC-FPD). The significant parameters affecting the SDME performance such as selection of microextraction solvent, solvent volume, extraction time, stirring rate, sample pH and temperature, and ionic strength were studied and optimized. Two types of SDME mode, static and cycle-flow SDME, were evaluated. The static SDME procedure provided more sensitive analysis of the target analytes. Therefore, static SDME with tributyl phosphate (TBP) as internal standard was selected for the real sample analysis. The limits of detection (LODs) in water for the six studied compounds were between 0.21 and 0.56 ng/mL with the relative standard deviations ranging from 1.7 to 10.0%. Linear response data was obtained in the concentration range of 0.5-50 ng/mL (except for dichlorvos 1.0-50 ng/mL) with correlation coefficients from 0.9995 to 0.9999. Environmental water sample collected from East Lake and fruit juice samples were successfully analyzed using the proposed method, but none of the analytes in both lake water and fruit juice were detected. The recoveries for the spiked water and juice samples were from 77.7 to 113.6%. Compared with the conventional methods, the proposed method enabled a rapid and simple determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water and fruit juice with minimal solvent consumption and a higher concentration capability.     

Application of ionic‐liquid‐supported magnetic dispersive solid‐phase microextraction for the determination of acaricides in fruit juice samples

In this study, ionic liquid (IL) supported magnetic dispersive solid‐phase microextraction was developed and a systematic investigation was conducted on imidazolium ILs for their extraction performance. This nano‐based pretreatment procedure was then applied for the determination of acaricides in fruit juice samples for the first time. A feature of this technique is that the commonly laborious chemical modification of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was skillfully circumvented. Because of the combination of ILs, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, and dispersive MNP solid‐phase microextraction, the extraction efficiency can be significantly improved using commercial MNPs. Parameters of the extraction method were investigated by one‐factor‐at‐a‐time approach. The optimal experimental conditions were as follows: emulsification for 2 min by sonication with the addition of 50 μL [C₆MIM][NTf₂] in the dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction step and vortexing for 90 s after adding 40 mg spherical barium ferrite nanoparticles (20 nm). The desorption time was 2 min. Good linearity (0.5–500 ng/mL) and detection limits within the range of 0.05–0.53 ng/mL were achieved. The application of the proposed method was demonstrated by the analysis of real fruit juice samples, in which recoveries between 85.1 and 99.6% were obtained.     

Determination of sudan dyes in red wine and fruit juice using ionic liquid-based liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography

The liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) was developed for extracting sudan dyes from red wine and fruit juice. Room temperature ionic liquid was used as the extraction solvent. The target analytes were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The extraction parameters were optimized. The optimal conditions are as follows: volume of [C(6)MIM][PF(6)] 50 μL; the extraction time 10 min; pH value of the sample solution 7.0; NaCl concentration in sample solution 5%. The extraction recoveries for the analytes in red wine and fruit samples are 86.79-108.28 and 68.54-85.66%, whereas RSDs are 1.42-5.12 and 1.43-6.19%, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.428 and 1.426 ng/mL for sudan I, 0.938 and 3.127 ng/mL for sudan II, 1.334 and 4.445 ng/mL for sudan III, 1.454 and 4.846 ng/mL for sudan IV, respectively. Compared with conventional liquid-liquid extraction (CLLE) and ultrasonic extraction (UE), when LLME was applied, the sample amount was less (LLME: 4 mL; CLLE: 10 mL; UE: 10 mL), the extraction time was shorter (LLME: 15 min; CLLE: 110 min; UE: 50 min) and the extraction solvent amount was less (LLME: 0.05 mL IL; CLLE: 15 mL hexane; UE: 20 mL hexane). The proposed method offers a simple, rapid and efficient sample preparation for determining sudan dyes in red wine and fruit juice samples.     

Vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced-emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of triazine herbicides in water samples by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography

A novel method based on the combination of microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) and vortex‐assisted surfactant‐enhanced‐emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction (VSLLME) was developed for the determination of five triazine herbicides (simazine, atrazine, ametryn, prometryn, and terbutryn) in water samples. The five triazine herbicides were baseline separated by using the microemulsion buffer containing a 10 mmol/L borate buffer at pH 9.5, 2.5% (w/v) SDS as surfactant, 0.8% (w/v) ethyl acetate as oil phase, and 6.0% (w/v) 1‐butanol as cosurfactant. The optimum extraction conditions of VSLLME were as follows: 100 μL chloroform was used as extraction solvent, 5.0 × 10^?5 mol/L Tween‐20 was chosen as the surfactant to enhance the emulsification, and the extraction process was carried out by vortex mixing for 3 min. Under these optimum experimental conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 2.0–200.0 ng/mL, with the correlation coefficients (r²) varying from 0.9927 to 0.9958. The detection limits of the method varied from 0.41 to 0.62 ng/mL. The purposed method was applied to the determination of five triazine herbicides in real water samples, and the recoveries were between 80.6 and 107.3%.     

Ionic‐liquid‐functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles for the solid‐phase extraction of triazine herbicides in corn prior to high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis

Zinc oxide nanoparticles have recently been used as effective adsorbent materials for sample pretreatment in analytical chemistry because of their excellent properties, such as high specific surface area, high effective porosity, non‐toxicity, and ease of fabrication. In this study, the zinc oxide nanoparticles functionalized by an ionic liquid, 1‐carboxyethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, were fabricated and used as the adsorbent for the solid phase extraction of five triazine herbicides in corn for the first time. High‐performance liquid chromatography was employed for the determination of these triazine herbicides. Several experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated, including the volume of extraction solvent, the extraction time, the type of extraction solvent and elution solvent, the amount of absorbent, and the volume of elution solvent. By using the proposed method, low limits of detection and quantification for all the five triazine herbicides were obtained between 0.71–1.08 and 2.67–3.64 ng/g, respectively. Recoveries of the proposed method range from 89.05 to 100.33% with intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations lower than 8.45%. The calibration curves are linear in the concentration range of 0.005–1.00 μg/g with the correlation coefficient higher than 0.9954.     

Determination of phenylurea and triazine herbicides in milk by microwave assisted ionic liquid microextraction high-performance liquid chromatography

The determination of phenylurea and triazine herbicides in milk based on microwave assisted ionic liquid microextraction (MAILME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatographic separation was described. The experimental parameters of the MAILE, including type and amount of ionic liquid, microwave extraction power, extraction time and salt concentration in sample, were evaluated by a univariate method and orthogonal screening. When 60 μL of [C₆MIM][PF₆] was used as extraction solvent the target compounds can be isolated from the 4 mL of milk. The MAILME is quick (7 min) and simple. The detection limits for isoproturon, monolinuron, linuron, propazine, prometryne, terbutryn and trietazine are 0.46, 0.78, 1.00, 1.21, 1.96, 0.84 and 1.28 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of milk samples and the recoveries of the analytes ranged from 88.4 to 117.9% and relative standard deviations were lower than7.43%.