Comparison of optical compensations based on discotic liquid crystals with linear and non-linear orientation for wide viewing angle twisted nematic liquid crystal displays

Optical compensation film using discotic liquid crystals has been commercialized to suppress light leakage of twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal (LC) cells in the dark state when the viewing directions are off-axes. In the conventional film, the tilt angle variation of the discotic LC layers is linear, whereas that of the rod-like LC layers in the TN cell is non-linear with twist alignment. We investigated the optical compensation effects in terms of iso-contrast ratio, gray scale inversion and color shift with linear and non-linear orientation in a tilt angle or twist and non-twist orientation on TN-LC cells. The results showed that the optical compensation with non-linear orientation exhibited an improved performance in suppressing light leakage in the dark state.     

用于数码显微镜的白平衡校正方法

提出了一种用于数码显微镜的非线性白平衡方法.以标准D65光源光照下孟赛尔色卡每个色块的XYZ三刺激值和所成图像中的RGB值为训练样本,用神经网络建立不同数码显微镜拍摄的RGB输出与XYZ三刺激值之间的关系;再通过Estevens矩阵把XYZ三刺激值转换成人眼感光器所接受到的刺激值,并进行非线性计算;最后把计算结果转换回RGB空间,从而得到白平衡后的图像.实验结果表明,该方法所得的白平衡校正结果更加接近标准白光照射下的图像颜色.在光源色纯度较高的情况下,采用调整通道增益的方法变化幅度较大,而采用本文提出方法结果更加稳定;特别是当光源的色纯度过大使得图像中某个颜色通道的值接近0的时候,用调整三通道增益的方法已经完全失去了校正作用,而采用本文中的非线型方法仍然可以得到好的校正结果.同时,此方法中建立的神经网络模型反映的是成像设备的RGB空间到XYZ空间的转换特性,对于不同的光照条件,此特性不变,因此对于不同光源不需要分别建立神经网络模型.     

用于数码显微镜的白平衡校正方法

提出了一种用于数码显微镜的非线性白平衡方法.以标准D65光源光照下孟赛尔色卡每个色块的XYZ三刺激值和所成图像中的RGB值为训练样本,用神经网络建立不同数码显微镜拍摄的RGB输出与XYZ三刺激值之间的关系;再通过Estevens矩阵把XYZ三刺激值转换成人眼感光器所接受到的刺激值,并进行非线性计算;最后把计算结果转换回RGB空间,从而得到白平衡后的图像.实验结果表明,该方法所得的白平衡校正结果更加接近标准白光照射下的图像颜色.在光源色纯度较高的情况下,采用调整通道增益的方法变化幅度较大,而采用本文提出方法结果更加稳定;特别是当光源的色纯度过大使得图像中某个颜色通道的值接近0的时候,用调整三通道增益的方法已经完全失去了校正作用,而采用本文中的非线型方法仍然可以得到好的校正结果.同时,此方法中建立的神经网络模型反映的是成像设备的RGB空间到XYZ空间的转换特性,对于不同的光照条件,此特性不变,因此对于不同光源不需要分别建立神经网络模型.     

The renormalization group equation for the color glass condensate

We present an explicit and simple form of the renormalization group equation which governs the quantum evolution of the effective theory for the Color Glass Condensate (CGC). This is a functional Fokker–Planck equation for the probability density of the color field which describes the CGC in the covariant gauge. It is equivalent to the Euclidean time evolution equation for a second quantized current–current Hamiltonian in two spatial dimensions. The quantum corrections are included in the leading log approximation, but the equation is fully non-linear with respect to the generally strong background field. In the weak field limit, it reduces to the BFKL equation, while in the general non-linear case it generates the evolution equations for Wilson-line operators previously derived by Balitsky and Kovchegov within perturbative QCD.     

基于彩色结构光的自由曲面三维重建方法

彩色结构光三维重建过程中,系统的非线性耦合以及待测曲面的拓扑结构等均会对结构光解码产生影响,从而导致调制条纹漏检和颜色码误识别.为解决这一问题,提出一种基于彩色编码结构光的三维重建方法.利用YUV颜色通道对调制条纹进行滤波差分投影处理,通过调制条纹的波形分布提取中心特征线;利用颜色聚类方法精确获取调制条纹的颜色码信息值...     

A new method for photoelastic fringe analysis from a single image using elliptically polarized white light

A new two-dimensional photoelastic method for the analysis of fringe order and the principal direction of birefringence from a single image combining an elliptically polarized white light and color image processing is demonstrated. To determine fringe order, a database-search approach based on the primary color analysis is employed. After determining fringe order, the principal direction of birefringence is obtained by solving a non-linear equation. The equation of emerging light intensity is derived and the theory of the proposed method is described. Then, the successful application of the method to photoelastic analysis is shown. It is emphasized that the proposed method can be applicable to time-varying phenomena since multiple exposures are not necessary for sufficient data acquisition for the completion of stress analysis.     

基于色调恒定的MSR图像增强算法

由于多尺度Retinex算法增强后图像存在细节信息减弱和颜色失真等不足,本文提出了一种色调恒定的图像增强算法.在原图像中去掉用多尺度高斯函数估计的光照分量,结合参量自适应的非线性函数调整亮度,依据色调恒定的理论保持增强后图像的颜色.与多尺度Retinex比较的实验结果表明,本文算法更有效,增强后的图像不仅细节清晰,而且色彩自然、不失真且运行速度快.     

Recovery of reflectance spectra from colorimetric data using principal component analysis embedded regression technique

The classical principal component analysis technique is enhanced for reconstruction of reflectance spectra of surface colors from the corresponding tristimulus values under a given set of viewing conditions, i.e., D65 illuminant and 1964 standard observer. In this paper, the number of implemented eigenvectors has been virtually extended from three to six by estimation of another set of tristimulus values under illuminant A and 1964 standard observer. The second set of colorimetric data was predicted by the conventional non-linear regression method and used in the spectral reconstruction to produce a fully determined system in the case of six eigenvectors. The improvement obtained from the proposed modification was examined for the recovery of the reflectance spectra of Munsell color chips as well as ColorChecker DC samples. The performance is evaluated by the mean, maximum and standard deviation of color difference values under other sets of light sources. The values of mean, maximum and standard deviation of root mean square (RMS) errors between the reproduced and the actual spectra were also calculated. Results are compared with those obtained from traditional methods using the principal component analysis (PCA) routine. All metrics show that the suggested method leads to considerable improvements in comparison with the standard PCA approach.     

Gauge-invariant summation of All QCD virtual gluon exchanges

The interpretation of virtual gluons as ghosts in the non-linear gluonic structure of QCD permits the formulation and realization of a manifestly gauge-invariant and Lorentz covariant theory of interacting quarks/anti-quarks, for all values of coupling. The simplest example of quark/anti-quark scattering in a high-energy, quenched, eikonal model at large coupling is shown to be expressible as a set of finite, local integrals which may be evaluated numerically; and before evaluation, it is clear that the result will be dependent only on, and is damped by increasing momentum transfer, while displaying a physically-reasonable color dependence in a manner underlying the MIT Bag Model and an effective, asymptotic freedom. Similar but more complicated integrals will result from all possible gluonic-radiative corrections to this simplest eikonal model. Our results are compatible with an earlier, field-strength analysis of Reinhardt et al.     

Non-linear QCD evolution with improved triple-pomeron vertices

In a previous publication, we have constructed a set of non-linear evolution equations for dipole scattering amplitudes in QCD at high energy, which extends the Balitsky–JIMWLK hierarchy by including the effects of fluctuations in the gluon number. In doing so, we have relied on the color dipole picture, and we have neglected the non-locality of the two-gluon exchanges in the relation between scattering amplitudes and dipole densities. In this Letter, we relax the latter approximation, and thus restore the correct structure of the ‘triple-pomeron vertex’ which describes the splitting of one BFKL pomeron into two in the terms responsible for fluctuations. The ensuing triple-pomeron vertex coincides with the one previously derived by Braun and Vacca within perturbative QCD. The evolution equations can be recast in a Langevin form, but with a multivariable noise term with off-diagonal correlations. Our equations are shown to be equivalent with the modified version of the JIMWLK equation recently proposed by Mueller, Shoshi, and Wong.     

Vibration analysis of harmonically excited non-linear system using the method of multiple scales

An analytical method is presented for evaluation of the steady state periodic behavior of non-linear systems. This method is based on the substructure synthesis formulation and a multiple scales procedure, which is applied to the analysis of non-linear responses. A complex non-linear system is divided into substructures, of which equations are approximately transformed to modal co-ordinates including non-linear term under the reasonable procedure. Then, the equations are synthesized into the overall system and the solution of the non-linear system can be obtained. Based on the method of multiple scales, the proposed procedure reduces the size of large-degree-of-freedom problem in solving the non-linear equations. Feasibility and advantages of the proposed method are illustrated by the application of the analytic procedure to the non-linear rotating machine system as a large mechanical structure system. Results obtained are reported to be an efficient approach with respect to non-linear response prediction when compared with other conventional methods.     

Yang-Mills equations are formally linearizable

It is proved, in the framework of a recent theory of non-linear group representations elaborated by the authors, that the non-linear Yang-Mills equations are formally linearizable: there exists a formal non-linear operator which intertwins the non-linear Yang-Mills equations with their free (linear) part.     

Seeing surfaces: The brain's vision of the world

Surfaces of environmental objects are the key to understanding the visual experience of primates. Surfaces create structure in patterns of light available for sampling by visual systems, and delineate potential interactions that an animal can have with its environment, such as approaching goals, avoiding obstacles, grasping an object, or identifying members of a social group. Recent progress in modeling the perception of visual surfaces highlights the importance of feedforward and feedback connections in visual neural networks that segregate and group visual input into coherent regions related to corresponding surfaces in the visual world. Rich non-linear network dynamics in the brain underlie surface perception, including the detection, regularization, and grouping of visual boundaries between surfaces, the determination of “ownership” of a boundary by a closer surface that partially occludes a background, and the apprehension of a surface's visual quality, such as color or texture. Recent modeling efforts on these fronts are reviewed.     

组装L-B膜光学二次谐波的实验研究

一种分子形成的多层L-B膜由于相邻层的分子取向相反而使非线性极化抵消,总的X~(2)=0.本文用光学二次谐波方法确定了带有不同极性基团的L-B单分子层的有效非线性系数的大小和符号,对有效非线性系数符号相反的两种单分子层交替组装,使相邻单分子层的非线性极化相互叠加,得到了具有较大二阶非线性系数的组装L-B膜.     

Efficient simulation of non-linear effects in 2D optical nanostructures to TM waves

We develop a theory to study stationary TM-type waves propagating in a nanostructured layer of 2D non-linear optical metamaterial or plasmonic device. It is assumed that the layer is inhomogeneous and contains non-linear isotropic elemental materials with non-linearity and loss mechanisms, including both linear and non-linear losses. While modeling of the non-linear propagation of the TE-type scalar waves is straightforward, the TM-type waves within the standard E-field formulations of non-linear optics cannot be treated in a purely scalar H-field context since an implicit equation for the non-linear dielectric functions should be resolved otherwise. A new formulation, which is built on the solution of the implicit equation for the non-linear dielectric function, is proposed. We use a general cubic non-linearity to illustrate all of the important features of the proposed approach. The general solution for scalar H-field waves is validated versus our previously tested particular cases, and important differences are shown between those cases and the general solution. These details, for example, include the link between linear and non-linear loss mechanisms, and connection between the linear and non-linear dielectric functions. The proposed approach is used for modeling a non-linear focusing device with optically controlled isotropic Kerr-type non-linearity; the simulation results prove the predicted functioning of the device.     

Efficient non-linear optical fibres and their applications

There seem to be three possible approaches to achieve efficient non-linear optical effects in fibres: the increase of optical intensity in fibres, the control of group velocity dispersion in fibres and the use of efficient non-linear optical materials for fibres. From this viewpoint, high-numerical-aperture single-mode fibres with high optical intensity, single-mode fibres with extremely small dispersion at the operating wavelength and LiNbO₃ single-crystal fibres with efficient non-linear effects, are now being investigated. This paper describes the fabrication of these optical fibres, and their non-linear optical applications.     

Extending the articulation index to account for non-linear distortions introduced by noise-suppression algorithms

The conventional articulation index (AI) measure cannot be applied in situations where non-linear operations are involved and additive noise is present. This is because the definitions of the target and masker signals become vague following non-linear processing, as both the target and masker signals are affected. The aim of the present work is to modify the basic form of the AI measure to account for non-linear processing. This was done using a new definition of the output or effective SNR obtained following non-linear processing. The proposed output SNR definition for a specific band was designed to handle cases where the non-linear processing affects predominantly the target signal rather than the masker signal. The proposed measure also takes into consideration the fact that the input SNR in a specific band cannot be improved following any form of non-linear processing. Overall, the proposed measure quantifies the proportion of input band SNR preserved or transmitted in each band after non-linear processing. High correlation (r?=?0.9) was obtained with the proposed measure when evaluated with intelligibility scores obtained by normal-hearing listeners in 72 noisy conditions involving noise-suppressed speech corrupted in four different real-world maskers.     

Analysis of non-linear multilayer waveguides with Kerr-like permittivities

This paper presents a semi-analytical method for calculating the dispersion relationships for stationary non-linear TE waves guided by general multilayer waveguides with Kerr-like permittivities. The non-linear wave equations are solved rigorously for each layer, and the mode index and field distribution are systematically determined so as to satisfy the boundary conditions at all interfaces. To verify the validity of the present method, a non-linear graded-index waveguide is approximated by a number of step layers and the resultant multilayer waveguide is analysed numerically. The convergence properties of mode index and total power flow are presented, and these are compared with direct solutions of the non-linear wave equation by the numerical integration method. The dispersion relationships for a non-linear multiple-quantum-well waveguide have also been investigated under two simple permittivity models. The present method is useful for the analysis of non-linear graded-index waveguides in addition to non-linear multilayer waveguides such as the multiple-quantum-well structure.     

The effects of large vibration amplitudes on the axisymmetric mode shapes and natural frequencies of clamped thin isotropic circular plates. Part I: iterative and explicit analytical solution for non-linear transverse vibrations

The effects of large vibration amplitudes on the first two axisymmetric mode shapes of clamped thin isotropic circular plates are examined. The theoretical model based on Hamilton's principle and spectral analysis developed previously by Benamar et al. for clamped-clamped beams and fully clamped rectangular plates is adapted to the case of circular plates using a basis of Bessel's functions. The model effectively reduces the large-amplitude free vibration problem to the solution of a set of non-linear algebraic equations. Numerical results are given for the first and second axisymmetric non-linear mode shapes for a wide range of vibration amplitudes. For each value of the vibration amplitude considered, the corresponding contributions of the basic functions defining the non-linear transverse displacement function and the associated non-linear frequency are given. The non-linear frequencies associated to the fundamental non-linear mode shape predicted by the present model were compared with numerical results from the available published literature and a good agreement was found. The non-linear mode shapes exhibit higher bending stresses near to the clamped edge at large deflections, compared with those predicted by linear theory. In order to obtain explicit analytical solutions for the first two non-linear axisymmetric mode shapes of clamped circular plates, which are expected to be very useful in engineering applications and in further analytical developments, the improved version of the semi-analytical model developed by El Kadiri et al. for beams and rectangular plates, has been adapted to the case of clamped circular plates, leading to explicit expressions for the higher basic function contributions, which are shown to be in a good agreement with the iterative solutions, for maximum non-dimensional vibration amplitude values of 0.5 and 0.44 for the first and second axisymmetric non-linear mode shapes, respectively.