基于微流控混合器的连续流动态同步辐射圆二色谱发展

基于微流控混合器,采用连续流探测方法,在北京同步辐射装置真空紫外光谱实验站发展了毫秒动态圆二色谱探测方法。石英微流控混合器采用深度离子刻蚀技术加工,通道深度44.5 μm。混合器采用蛇形通道实现溶液的快速混合。通过荧光倒置显微镜,在模拟真实实验条件的高粘度溶液中,观察蛇形通道内溶液混合的荧光图像,进行混合效率测试。500 μL·min-1流量下,目前可实现4.5～270 μs的时间尺度探测。利用微流控混合器进行动态探测,同步辐射紫外光必须聚焦,但由于聚焦透镜波长色散引起的焦点位移,导致圆二色谱发生畸变。通过精确测试不同波长对应焦点的相对位置,然后在圆二色谱扫描中实现波长和焦点位置精确的反馈控制,获得准确的圆二色谱。利用所发展的方法,测试了去折叠状态下的细胞色素c恢复折叠的动态同步辐射圆二色谱,在4.5 μs处折叠恢复54%。这种方法将为生物大分子折叠动力学研究提供新的探测手段。     

Fluid mixing from viscous fingering

Mixing efficiency at low Reynolds numbers can be enhanced by exploiting hydrodynamic instabilities that induce heterogeneity and disorder in the flow. The unstable displacement of fluids with different viscosities, or viscous fingering, provides a powerful mechanism to increase fluid-fluid interfacial area and enhance mixing. Here we describe the dissipative structure of miscible viscous fingering, and propose a two-equation model for the scalar variance and its dissipation rate. Our analysis predicts the optimum range of viscosity contrasts that, for a given Péclet number, maximizes interfacial area and minimizes mixing time. In the spirit of turbulence modeling, the proposed two-equation model permits upscaling dissipation due to fingering at unresolved scales.     

Chaotic mixing in a steady flow in a microchannel

We report experiments on mixing of a passively advected fluorescent dye in a low Reynolds number flow in a microscopic channel. The channel is a chain of repeating segments with a custom designed profile that generates a steady three-dimensional flow with stretching and folding, and chaotic mixing. A few statistical characteristics of mixing in the flow are studied and are all found to agree with theoretical and experimental results for the flows in the Batchelor regime of mixing that are chaotic in time. The proposed microchannel provides fast and efficient mixing and is simple to fabricate.     

Resonance phenomena and long-term chaotic advection in volume-preserving systems

Creating chaotic advection is the most efficient strategy to achieve mixing on microscale or in very viscous fluids. In this paper, we present a quantitative theory of the long-time resonant mixing in 3D near-integrable flows. We use the flow between two coaxial elliptic counter-rotating cylinders as a demonstrative model, where multiple scatterings on resonance result in mixing by causing the jumps of adiabatic invariants. We improve the existing estimates of the width of the mixing domain. We show that the resulting mixing both on short and long time scales can be described in terms of a single diffusion-type equation with a diffusion coefficient depending on the averaged effect of multiple passages through resonances. We discuss the exact location of the boundaries of the chaotic domain and show how it affects the properties of mixing.     

3维Mortar谱元法模拟Kelvin-Helmhtz不稳定性混合层

采用Mortar谱元法和多处理器并行计算技术模拟了Kelvin-Helmhtz界面不稳定性湍流的混合发展过程,通过对混合层动量厚度、能谱和总动能的计算,评估了Kelvin-Helmhtz混合层的演化机理。计算结果表明:3维Mortar谱元法具有高计算精度和光滑区域的指数收敛特性,可以有效模拟混合层流动的湍流混合和演化,能够捕捉到涡的合并现象和大涡到小涡的级联过程;初期的混合层层流运动发展成具有连续谱结构的湍流运动过程,实现了Kelvin-Helmhtz界面不稳定性混合层流动从2维发展到3维的转捩特征,总湍流统计动能的变化反映了粘性耗散过程的作用。通过对Kelvin-Helmhtz 3维界面不稳定性混合层流动和3维层流向湍流转捩过程的数值模拟,程序的有效性得到了验算,表明谱元法应用于湍流混合模拟是可行的。     

超声速等离子体射流的数值模拟

基于可压缩的全Naiver-Stokes方程，利用PHOENICS程序对由会聚 辐射阳极形状等离子体炬产生的超声速等离子体射流进行了数值模拟.考虑了等离子体的黏性、可压缩性以及变物性对等离子体射流特性影响.研究了超声速等离子体射流的流场结构特性以及不同环境压力对等离子体射流产生激波结构的影响.结果表明，超声速等离子体射流在喷口附近形成的周期性激波结构是其和环境气体相互作用的结果. 关键词： 等离子体炬 超声速等离子体射流 PHOENICS     

Mixing of non-Newtonian fluids in steadily forced systems

We investigate mixing in a viscoelastic and shear-thinning fluid-a very common combination in polymers and suspensions. We find that competition between elastic and viscous forces generates self-similar mixing, lobe transport, and other characteristics of chaos. The mechanism by which chaos is produced is evaluated both in experiments and in a simple model. We find that chaotic flow is generated by spontaneous oscillations, the magnitude and frequency of which govern the extent of chaos and mixing.     

离心压缩机级内三维粘性流动数值分析

本文介绍了用时间推进法进行离心压缩机级内全三维粘性流场的计算方法．该方法是作者在已完成的求解孤立叶排Ｎ－Ｓ方程的计算程序的基础上发展的，通过使用周向非均匀的叶排间隙混合平面概念来考虑离心叶轮与扩压器之间的相互影响，并依据质量守恒原则，对下游的进口气流角进行了修正，以保证了上下游叶排在相容的流动特性下工作．完成了离心压缩机级（包括叶轮与扩压器）三维粘性定常流场的计算及性能预测．应用本文所发展的程序，对某高炉鼓风机的叶轮及其叶片扩压器进行了计算．     

NASA67跨音风扇级内粘性流场的准定常数值模拟

本文使用商业软件数值研究ＮＡＳＡ６７跨音速两级风扇第一级在近最高效率点和近堵塞工况点的三维粘性流场。对用细网格计算的级内流场进行了细致的分析,揭示了转子中的激波、附面层、间隙涡、分离流动、流动径向掺混等流动现象,给出了转子与静子叶道中的二次流动和能量损失的分布。     

离心压气机级三元粘性计算

使用叶片排间隙混合平面概念，完成离心压气机级多叶片排三元N-S方程计算。每个动静叶片排内的流动被认为是定常的且由相对独立的程序段进行运算。这样的串行程序很容易被改造为在并行系统上运行的SPMD并行程序。     

高压联合进汽阀门三维粘性流场数值分析

本文采用多分区 ＳＩＭＰＬＥＣ算法对 ６００ ＭＷ汽轮机高压联合进汽阀门内部复杂流动进行了三维粘性数值分析。流场计算结果表明总压损失主要集中在调节阀喉口附近。调节阀阀碟前后的两股高速气流在阀碟的正上方位置相碰引起较大的掺混损失;气流经过调节阀喉口后,附面层急剧增厚,形成一层较厚的沿管壁的低总压区。计算得到的流场特性为即将开展的阀门结构优化设计提供了重要依据。     

Clustering by mixing flows

We calculate the Lyapunov exponents for particles suspended in a random three-dimensional flow, concentrating on the limit where the viscous damping rate is small compared to the inverse correlation time. In this limit Lyapunov exponents are obtained as a power series in epsilon, a dimensionless measure of the particle inertia. Although the perturbation generates an asymptotic series, we obtain accurate results from a Padé-Borel summation. Our results prove that particles suspended in an incompressible random mixing flow can show pronounced clustering when the Stokes number is large and we characterize two distinct clustering effects which occur in that limit.     

多级风扇/压气机三维粘性流场的数值分析

采用叶排间掺混面模型,研究了多级跨音速风扇及压气机三维粘性流动数值模拟问题,利用ＬＵ－ＳＧＳ隐式算法使计算过程快速收敛,通过高分辨率格式改善跨音速流场中激波的分辨率。对某双级跨音速风扇及五级压气机流场进行了计算,双级风扇各状态的计算结果与实验数据吻合较好。     

Flame acceleration in a narrow channel with flow compressibility and diverging or converging walls

We study the effects of non-parallel (diverging or converging) channel walls on flame propagation and acceleration in planar and cylindrical narrow channels, closed at the ignition end and open at the other, accounting for thermal expansion in both the zero Mach number and weakly compressible flow limits. For parallel channel walls, previous work has shown that thermal expansion induces an axial flow in the channel, which can significantly increase the propagation speed and acceleration of the flame. In this study, we consider examples of diverging/converging linear walls, although our asymptotic analysis is also valid for curved walls. The slope of the channel walls is chosen so that the magnitude of the thermal-expansion induced flow through the channel obtained for parallel walls is modified at leading-order, thereby influencing the leading-order flame propagation. For zero Mach number flows, the effect of the diverging/converging channel walls is moderate. However, for weakly compressible flows, the non-parallel walls directly affect the rate at which pressure diffuses through the channel, significantly inhibiting flame acceleration for diverging walls, whereas the flame acceleration process is enhanced for converging walls. We consider several values of the compressibility factor and channel wall slopes. We also show that the effect of a cylindrical channel geometry can act to significantly enhance flame acceleration relative to planar channels. The study reveals several new physical insights on how non-parallel channel walls can influence the ability of flames to accelerate by modifying the flow and pressure distribution induced by thermal expansion.     

Finite amplitude folding of single layers: elastica,bifurcation and structural softening

The amplification of viscous single-layer folds, from infinitesimal amplitudes up to finite amplitudes and large strains, is investigated analytically. Analytical solutions for finite amplitude folding of viscous layers valid for large viscosity contrasts and for post-buckling of elastic columns are shown to be identical. The failure of the classical, exponential amplification solution for folding is quantified using a nonlinear amplification equation similar to the Landau equation. The evolution of fold amplitude–strain for single layers with different initial amplitudes and viscosity contrasts essentially depends on a single parameter rather than three parameters as commonly assumed (strain, initial amplitude and viscosity contrast). This single parameter is constructed by scaling the strain with the crossover strain, which is the specific value of strain at which the linear solutions fail. Scaling the strain with the crossover strain yields a collapse of all amplitude evolution paths for different initial amplitudes and viscosity contrasts onto a single amplification path. Analytical solutions for the evolution of the layer-parallel deviatoric stress within the layer during folding are presented showing a decrease of the layer-parallel deviatoric stress with increasing fold amplitude. All stress–amplitude evolution paths for different initial amplitudes and viscosity contrasts can be collapsed onto a single stress–amplitude evolution path, if the amplitude is scaled by the crossover amplitude. The decrease in stress is proportional to a decrease in effective viscosity of the layer during folding. This decrease in effective viscosity represents structural softening, because the true, Newtonian viscosity of the layer remains constant.     

Decay of scalar turbulence revisited

We demonstrate that at long times the rate of passive scalar decay in a turbulent, or simply chaotic, flow is dominated by regions where mixing is less efficient. We examine two situations. The first is of a spatially homogeneous stationary turbulent flow with both viscous and inertial scales present. It is shown that at large times scalar fluctuations decay algebraically in time at all spatial scales. The second example explains chaotic stationary flow in a disk/pipe. The boundary region of the flow controls the long-time decay, which is algebraic at some transient times, but becomes exponential, with the decay rate dependent on the scalar diffusion coefficient, at longer times.     

Development of Lattice Boltzmann Flux Solver for Simulation of Incompressible Flows

A lattice Boltzmann flux solver (LBFS) is presented in this work for simulation of incompressible viscous and inviscid flows. The new solver is based on Chapman-Enskog expansion analysis, which is the bridge to link Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations and lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE). The macroscopic differential equations are discretized by the finite volume method, where the flux at the cell interface is evaluated by local reconstruction of lattice Boltzmann solution from macroscopic flow variables at cell centers. The new solver removes the drawbacks of conventional lattice Boltzmann method such as limitation to uniform mesh, tie-up of mesh spacing and time interval, limitation to viscous flows. LBFS is validated by its application to simulate the viscous decaying vortex flow, the driven cavity flow, the viscous flow past a circular cylinder, and the inviscid flow past a circular cylinder. The obtained numerical results compare very well with available data in the literature, which show that LBFS has the second order of accuracy in space, and can be well applied to viscous and inviscid flow problems with non-uniform mesh and curved boundary.     

电场对协流式微流控装置中乳液液滴生成行为的调控机理

建立了直流电场作用下协流式微流控装置中单乳液液滴乳化生成过程的非稳态理论模型,并开展了数值模拟研究,揭示了电场对液滴乳化生成动力学行为的调控机理,阐明了流场/电场参数对液滴乳化生成特性的影响规律.研究结果表明:沿流体流动方向施加静电场可在电物性参数不同的两相流体界面法线方向上产生指向内相流体的电场力,进而强化了内相流体界面的颈缩和断裂,提升了液滴生成速率和形变程度,减小了液滴生成尺寸;在同一毛细数下,随着电毛细数的增大,乳液乳化流型由每周期仅有单一液滴生成的滴式流型转变为每周期有一个主液滴并伴随有卫星液滴生成的滴式流型;随着毛细数和电毛细数的增大,黏性拖曳力以及电场力作用增强,使内相流体颈缩过程后期更容易形成细长型液线,从而有助于诱发液线上产生Rayleigh-Plateau不稳定现象,继而促进卫星液滴的形成.     

跨音速轴流压气机级三维粘性流场全工况数值模拟

采用一种快速求解三维粘性流场的计算方法求解跨音速轴流压气机级内部流场及全工况特性。该方法以LU-SGS-GE隐式格式和MUSCL TVD迎风格式为基础,结合壁面函数方法和简单的混合长度湍流模型,对三维可压缩雷诺平均Navie-Stokes方程进行求解。叶列间参数的传递采用混合平面方法并应用了微机网络并行计算技术。计算得到了NASA 37号低展弦比、跨音速轴流压气机级70％设计转速下的全工况性能曲线,并重点分析了其中一些典型工况下的内部流场。计算与实验结果的对比表明此方法能快速得到三维粘性流场的流动特性且计算精度较高,可用来模拟跨音速轴流压气机级内的全工况三维粘性流动。     

Swirling of viscous fluid threads in microchannels

Viscous threads that are swept along in the flow of a less viscous miscible liquid can break up into viscous swirls. We experimentally investigate the evolution of miscible threads that flow off center in microchannels. Thin threads near the walls of a straight square channel become unstable to shear-induced disturbances. The amplification of the undulations transverse to the flow direction ultimately causes the threads to break up and form an array of individual viscous swirls, the miscible counterparts of droplets. This swirling instability provides a means for passively producing discrete diffusive microstructures in a continuous flow regime.