Self-assembled M(6)L(4)-type coordination nanocage with 2,2'-bipyridine ancillary ligands. Facile crystallization and X-ray analysis of shape-selective enclathration of neutral guests in the cage

Hollow and roughly spherical cage 1 (ca. 2 nm in diameter) is self-assembled from 2,4,6-tri(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (2) and Pd(diamine)(ONO(2))(2) (3). This cage compound enclathrates a variety of neutral organic molecules in an aqueous phase. Unlike cage 1a, which possesses ancillary ethylenediamine ligands on the metal centers, 2,2'-bipyridine(bipy)-protected cage 1b is easily crystallized, making possible the detailed analysis of the enclathration geometry of guests by X-ray crystallographic study. It is found that guests are enclathrated in three different manners, depending upon the shape and the size of the guests: tetrahedral 1:4 complexation, orthogonal 1:2 complexation, and a simple 1:1 complexation. The solution structures elucidated by NMR are in good accordance with the solid structure, showing that the enclathration geometries in the solid state are kept even in solution.     

Endohedral clusterization of ten water molecules into a "molecular ice"within the hydrophobic pocket of a self-assembled cage

An adamantanoid (H2O)10 cluster is formed within the hydrophobic cavity of a self-assembled coordination cage. This cluster is termed "molecular ice" because it is the smallest unit of naturally occurring Ic-type ice. X-ray structural analysis, coupled with neutron diffraction study, reveals that the molecular ice is formed not by a simple space-filling effect but by efficient molecular recognition within the cage via H2O:...pi interaction.     

Selective formation of a self-assembling homo or hetero cavitand cage via metal coordination based on thermodynamic or kinetic control

The selective formation of a homo or hetero cavitand cage composed of two molecules of tetra(4-pyridyl)-cavitand (1), tetrakis(4-cyanophenyl)-cavitand (2), or tetrakis(4-pyridylethynyl)-cavitand (3), and four molecules of Pd(dppp)(OTf)(2) (4) or Pt(dppp)(OTf)(2) (5) has been studied. A 1:1:4 mixture of 1 with more steric restriction, 2 with less coordination ability, and 4 or 5 specifically self-assembled into a hetero cavitand cage 6 or 7, respectively. In contrast, a 1:1:4 mixture of 2, 3, and 4 in CDCl(3) at room temperature assembled into the most labile homo cyanophenyl cavitand cage 8 and the most stable homo pyridylethynyl cavitand cage 9 in a 1:1 ratio. Upon heating at 50 degrees C, the thermodynamic equilibrium was shifted to a 1:1:1 mixture of 8, 9, and a hetero cavitand cage 10. When 1 equiv of 3 was added to 8 at room temperature, 8, 9, and 10 were formed initially in a 1:1:3 ratio and finally shifted to a 1:1:1 ratio. In the Pt-system, upon addition of 1 equiv of 3 to homo cyanophenyl cavitand cage 11 in CDCl(3) at room temperature, the ratio of hetero to homo cavitand cage (13/12) initially attained was 8.7 and remained above 5.6 at room temperature. Upon heating at 50 degrees C, 13 was finally converted to 11 and 12. Thus, the selectivity for the self-assembly of the homo or hetero cavitand cage is controlled by the balance between kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities of cages based on a combination of factors such as coordination ability and steric demand of the cavitands.     

Self-assembly of Pd4L2 Supramolecular Cage and Permanganate Anion Adsorption Behavior in Water

Journal of Cluster Science - A novel metal–organic cage 1·8PF6? was precisely self-assembled using polynitrogen pyrazine-triazine ligand as linker L1 and bpyPd(NO3)2 as...     

Complete selection of a self-assembling homo- or hetero-cavitand cage via metal coordination based on ligand tuning

Selective formation of a homo- or hetero-cavitand cage via metal-coordination, by using tetra(4-pyridyl)-cavitand (1), tetrakis(4-pyridylethynyl)-cavitand (2), or tetrakis(4-cyanophenyl)-cavitand (3) as deep cavitand ligands and Pd(dppp)(OTf)2 (4) as a connector, has been investigated by 1H NMR and CSI-MS. When the cavitand and 4 were mixed in CDCl3 in a 2:4 molar ratio, 1 gave a complicated mixture, whereas 2 or 3 formed a homo-cavitand cage {2(2).4[Pd(dppp)]}8+.8(TfO-) (5) or {2(3).4[Pd(dppp)]}8+.8(TfO-) (6), respectively, as a single species. In a 1:1:4 mixture of 2, 3, and 4, homo-cavitand cages 5 and 6 were observed in a 1:1 ratio. In marked contrast, a mixture of 1, 3, and 4 in a 1:1:4 ratio was exclusively self-assembled into a hetero-cavitand cage {1.3.4[Pd(dppp)]}8+.8(TfO-) (7). The selectivity for the self-assembly of the homo- or hetero-cavitand cage via metal coordination would arise from a combination of factors such as coordination ability and steric demand of cavitand ligands.     

Cavity-directed synthesis of labile silanol oligomers within self-assembled coordination cages.

This paper introduces a concept that is referred to as cavity-directed synthesis by showing the selective oligomerization of trialkoxysilanes, RSi(OMe)3 (7), in self-assembled hollow compounds. Pd(II)-linked coordination hosts (cage, bowl, or tube) are found to strictly control the oligomerization of 7 (R = 2-naphthyl) in such a way that their optimal guests are produced in their cavities. Thus, within coordination tube 1, one molecule of 7 is accommodated and subsequently hydrolyzed to give silanetriol RSi(OH)3 (4). Under ordinary aqueous conditions, this reactive compound undergoes rapid polycondensation (so-called sol-gel condensation) leading to Si-O networks. Within the cavity of 1, however, 4 remains very stable and the polycondensation is completely suppressed. On the other hand, coordination bowl 2 and cage 3 give its dimers RSi(OH)2OSi(OH)2R (5) and cyclic trimers [RSi(OH)O]3 (6), respectively. X-ray crystallographic studies clearly show that the cavity size and the shape of 1, 2, and 3 nicely fit with those of 4, 5, and 6, respectively, demonstrating that the cavities strictly direct the oligomerizaion reaction of 7.     

A spirocyclic P-S cage cation: synthesis and formation of P7S6I2+

Upon ionization of the P4S3I2 molecule with Ag[Al(OR)4], a highly reactive sulfonium cation P4S3I+ is generated (NMR simulated and assigned). At -80 degrees C this cation reacts with additional P4S3I2 to give either an iodophosphonium P4S3I3+ cation (NMR simulated and assigned) and P4S3 or to give several isomers of a metastable compound that is probably P8S3I3+. This mixture decomposes at 0 degrees C to give only three isomers of the spirocyclic P7S6I2+ cage cation (31P NMR simulated and assigned, X-ray of one isomer, IR assigned). The oxidation of the [Ag(P4S3)2]+ complex by I2 also resulted in the formation of P7S6I2+, but with more by-products. The spirocyclic 15-atom cage of P7S6I2+ has no precedent and contains the first phosphonium center bonded only to P and S atoms. This structural element gives the first experimental clue as to how formal charge-bearing elements in the still unknown class of binary P-Ch (Ch = chalcogen) or homopolyatomic P cations may be constructed.     

Reactivity in polynuclear transition metal chemistry as a means to obtain high-spin molecules: substitution of mu 4-OH- by eta 1,mu 4-N3- increases nine times the ground-state S value of a nonanuclear nickel(II) cage

The reaction of di-2-pyridyl ketone, (2-py)2CO, with Ni(O2CMe)(2).4H2O yields the cage [Ni9(OH)2(O2CMe)8((2-py)2CO2)4], which reacts further with N3- ions to give the structurally similar cluster [Ni9(N3)2(O2CMe)8((2-py)2CO2)4] containing extremely rare eta 1,mu 4-N3- groups; magnetic studies reveal that the spin ground state of the latter is nine times the ground state of the former.     

Porous organic cage nanocrystals by solution mixing

We present here a simple method for the bottom-up fabrication of microporous organic particles with surface areas in the range 500-1000 m(2) g(-1). The method involves chiral recognition between prefabricated, intrinsically porous organic cage molecules that precipitate spontaneously upon mixing in solution. Fine control over particle size from 50 nm to 1 μm can be achieved by varying the mixing temperature or the rate of mixing. No surfactants or templates are required, and the resulting organic dispersions are stable for months. In this method, the covalent synthesis of the cage modules can be separated from their solution processing into particles because the modules can be dissolved in common solvents. This allows a "mix and match" approach to porous organic particles. The marked solubility change that occurs upon mixing cages with opposite chirality is rationalized by density functional theory calculations that suggest favorable intermolecular interactions for heterochiral cage pairings. The important contribution of molecular disorder to porosity and surface area is highlighted. In one case, a purposefully amorphized sample has more than twice the surface area of its crystalline analogue.     

Excellent enantio-selective enclathration of (2R,3S)-3-methyl-2-pentanol in channel-like cavity of 3-epideoxycholic acid, interpreted by the four-location model for chiral recognition

Pure (2R,3S)-3-methyl-2-pentanol is resolved from the racemates by a steroidal host; the interpretation of the recognition mechanism based on the crystal structure reveals that CH/O interaction between the host and guest plays a decisive role in enantio-selective enclathration of the small aliphatic secondary alcohol.     

A common carbanion intermediate in the recombination and proton-catalysed disproportionation of the carboxyl radical anion, CO2*-, in aqueous solution

The carboxyl radical anion, CO2*- was produced by the reactions of OH radicals with either CO or formic acid in aqueous solution. The pKa(*CO2H) was determined by pulse radiolysis with conductometric detection at pH approximately equals 2.3. The bimolecular decay rate constant of CO2*- (2k approximately equals 1.4 x 10(9) dm3mol(-1)s(-1)) was found to be independent of pH in the range 3-8 at constant ionic strength. The yields of the products of the bimolecular decay of the carboxyl radicals, CO2 and the oxalate anion were found to depend strongly on the pH of the solution with an inflection point at pH 3.8. This pH dependence is explained by assuming a head-to-tail recombination of the CO2*- radicals followed by either rearrangement to oxalate or a protonation of the adduct, which subsequently leads to the formation of CO2 and formate. The recombination of CO2*- to give oxalate directly is estimated to have a contribution of <25%.     

Studies of the photolysis of aromatic esters in solution and in polymer films

Photolysis of 2-naphthylenemethyl-1-naphthylacetate (NMNA) and 9-anthracenemethyl-9-anthrylacetate (AMAA) yields radicals of methylnaphthalene and methylanthracene, respectively. The longevity of these radicals makes them suitable probes for studying primary and secondary cage recombination processes in solution, and in polymeric matrices. 2,2-Di-(4-tert-octylphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) (DPPH) is utilized as a radical trap to report on radicals which escape from the solvent cage. Quantum yields for photolysis of NMNA and AMAA were determined in solution and in poly(methyl methacrylate) films. Both unimolecular and bimolecular processes are suppressed as a result of the greater effective viscosity in polymeric media.     

Self-assembled metallo-macrocycle based coordination polymers with unsymmetrical amide ligands

A series of metallo-macrocyclic based coordination polymers has been prepared from flexible amide ligands N-6-[(3-pyridylmethylamino)carbonyl]-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (L1-CH(3)) and N-6-[(4-pyridylmethylamino)carbonyl]-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (L2-CH(3)). In all but one case, self-assembled dinuclear metallo-macrocyclic units form the basis of the polymeric structures, whereby discrete metal centres, and dinuclear or trinuclear clusters, are linked by the self-assembled macrocycles to give 1D and 2D coordination polymers. In one instance, a 1D coordination polymer is formed in a reaction carried out under ambient conditions; when the same reaction is conducted under solvothermal conditions a 2D structure is formed. In all but two of these structures, the polymeric chains and nets are close-packed within the crystals. In the case of a 6,3-connected 2D coordination polymer {[Cd(3)(L2-CH(3))(3)(NO(3))(L2)(CH(3)OH)](NO(3))(2)·12?H(2)O}(n) (9), small oval channels percolate down the a-axis of the unit cell.     

Using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to measure the electron-transfer kinetics of cytochrome c immobilized on a COOH-terminated alkanethiol monolayer on a gold electrode

Cytochrome c was electrostatically immobilized onto a COOH-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on a gold electrode at ionic strengths of less than 40 mM. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used to simultaneously measure the electron transfer (ET) kinetics of the bimolecular ET between a solution-based redox mediator and the immobilized protein and the tunneling ET between the protein and the underlying gold electrode. Approach curves were recorded with ferrocyanide as a mediator at different coverages of cytochrome c and at different substrate potentials, allowing the measurement of k(BI) = 2 x 10(8) mol(-1) cm3 s(-1) for the bimolecular ET and k degrees = 15 s(-1) for the tunneling ET. The kinetics of ET was also found to depend on the immobilization conditions of cytochrome c: covalent attachment gave slightly slower tunneling ET values, and a mixed CH3/COOH-terminated ML gave faster tunneling ET rates. This is consistent with previous studies and is believed to be related to the degree of mobility of cyt c in its binding configuration and its orientation with respect to the underlying electrode surface.     

Reactions of the dianion [1,1,1-(CO)3-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MnCB9H9]2- with transition-metal cations: facile insertion and then extrusion of cluster vertexes

The manganacarborane dianion in [N(PPh(3))(2)][NEt(4)][1,1,1-(CO)(3)-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MnCB(9)H(9)] (1b) reacts with cationic transition metal-ligand fragments to give products in which the electrophilic metal groups (M') are exo-polyhedrally attached to the {closo-1,2-MnCB(9)} cage system via three-center two-electron B-H --> M' linkages and generally also by Mn-M' bonds. With {Cu(PPh(3))}(+), the Cu-Mn-Cu trimetallic species [1,6-{Cu(PPh(3))}-1,7-{Cu(PPh(3))}-6,7-(mu-H)(2)-1,1,1-(CO)(3)-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MnCB(9)H(7)] (3a) is formed, whereas reactions with {M'(dppe)}(2+) (M' = Ni, Pd; dppe = Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)PPh(2)) give [1,3-{Ni(dppe)}-3-(mu-H)-1,1,1-(CO)(3)-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MnCB(9)H(8)] (5a) and [1,3,6-{Pd(dppe)}-3,6-(mu-H)(2)-1,1,1-(CO)(3)-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MnCB(9)H(7)] (5b), both of which contain M'-Mn bonds. The latter reaction with M' = Pt affords [3,6-{Pt(dppe)}-3,6-(mu-H)(2)-1,1,1-(CO)(3)-2-Ph-closo-1,2-MnCB(9)H(7)] (6), which lacks a Pt-Mn connectivity. Compound 6 itself spontaneously converts to [1-Ph-2,2,2-(CO)(3)-8,8-(dppe)-hypercloso-8,2,1-PtMnCB(9)H(9)] (7b) and thence to [3,6,7-{Mn(CO)(3)}-3,7-(mu-H)(2)-1-Ph-6,6-(dppe)-closo-6,1-PtCB(8)H(6)] (8). This sequence occurs via initial insertion of the {Pt(dppe)} unit and then extrusion of {Mn(CO)(3)} and one {BH} vertex. In the presence of alcohols ROH, compound 6 is transformed to the 7-OR substituted analogues of 7b. X-ray diffraction studies were essential in elucidating the structures encountered in compounds 5-8 and hence in understanding their behavior.     

The fischer indolization of 4-acetonyl-2,6-piperidinediones

The PPA induced Fischer indolization of 4-acetonyl-2,6-piperidinediones 4 takes place both at the methylene and the methyl carbons, although the latter regioisomer (3) undergoes a further cyclization of the imide moiety upon the indole 3-position followed by ring-opening of the resulting intermediate 9 to give tetrahydrocarbazolone 8. Fragmentation of the two possible regioisomers 3 and 7 to 2-methylindole occurs at higher temperatures. This process is more pronounced when using 4-acetonyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-pyridone 13 as the substrate for the indolization. The use of N-acetylphenylhydrazone derivatives leads to similar results as a consequence of the deacylation of the initially formed indole derivatives. In this case, an additional C-acylation of the indole ring also occurs.     

Cationic assembly of metal complex aggregates: structural diversity,solution stability,and magnetic properties

The tetradentate imino-carboxylate ligand [L](2)(-) chelates the equatorial sites of Ni(II) to give the complex [Ni(L)(MeOH)(2)] in which a Ni(II) center is bound in an octahedral coordination environment with MeOH ligands occupying the axial sites. Lanthanide (Ln) and Group II metal ions (M) template the aggregation of six [Ni(L)] fragments into the octahedral cage aggregates (M[Ni(L)](6))(x)(+) (1: M = Sr(II); x = 2,2: M = Ba(II); x = 2, 3: M = La(III); x = 3, 4: M = Ce(III); x = 3, 5: M = Pr(III); x = 3, and 6: M = Nd(III); x = 3). In the presence of Group I cations, however, aggregates composed of the alkali metal-oxide cations template various cage compounds. Thus, Na(+) forms the trigonal bipyramidal [Na(5)O](3+) core within a tricapped trigonal prismatic [Ni(L)](9) aggregate to give ((Na(5)O) subset [Ni(L)](9)(MeOH)(3))(BF(4))(2).OH.CH(3)OH, 7. Li(+) and Na(+) together form a mixed Li(+)/Na(+) core comprising distorted trigonal bipyramidal [Na(3)Li(2)O](3+) within an approximately anti-square prismatic [Ni(L)](8) cage in ((Na(3)Li(2)O) subset [Ni(L)](8)(CH(3)OH)(1.3)(BF(4))(0.7))(BF(4))(2.3).(CH(3)OH)(2.75).(C(4)H(10)O)(0.5), 8, while in the presence of Li(+), a tetrahedral [Li(4)O](2+) core within a hexanuclear open cage [Ni(L)](6) in ((Li(4)O) subset [Ni(L)](6)(CH(3)OH)(3))2ClO(4).1.85CH(3)OH, 9, is produced. In the presence of H(2)O, the Cs(+) cation induces the aggregation of the [Ni(L)(H(2)O)(2)] monomer to give the cluster Cs(2)[Ni(L)(H(2)O)(2)](6).2I.4CH(3)OH.5.25H(2)O, 10. Analysis by electronic spectroscopy and mass spectrometry indicates that in solution the trend in stability follows the order 1-6 > 7 > 8 approximately 9. Magnetic susceptibility data indicate that there is net antiferromagnetic exchange between magnetic centers within the cages.     

Facile optical resolution of tert-butanethiosulfinate by molecular complexation with (R)-BINOL and study of chiral discrimination of the diastereomeric complexes

An important synthon, tert-butanethiosulfinate (2), has been effectively resolved by forming molecular complexes with (R)-2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl (BINOL, 3) in high enantioselectivity (>99 % ee). The present procedure represents the first example of the resolution of thiosulfinate. The mechanism of chiral discrimination is discussed in terms of molecular recognition based on IR and Xray analyses of the diastereomeric complexes during the resolution. In the less-soluble complex, (R)-3 and (R)-2 self-assembled as a linear supramolecule; however, in the more-soluble complex, (R)-3 and (S)-2 formed a simple bimolecular complex by one stronger hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonding is the major driving force for effective resolution.     

Investigation of a dialkylation approach for enantioselective construction of vicinal quaternary stereocenters

A detailed study of the dialkylation of dianions derived from dihydroisoindigo 1 with enantiopure ditriflate 2 is reported. The LHMDS-mediated process has been optimized to give C(2)-symmetric product 3 with high selectivity (C(2) selectivity 3:5 = 100:1; C(2):C(1) selectivity = 8:1). Stereoselection in the C(2) manifold is determined in both the bimolecular and intramolecular alkylation steps.     

半夹芯16电子化合物CpCo(S_2C_2B_(10)H_(10))与乙炔基二茂铁在甲醇中的反应性

半夹芯16电子化合物CpCo(S2C2B10H10)(1)(Cp:cyclopentadienyl)与过量乙炔基二茂铁(FcC≡CH)(Fc:ferrocenyl)在甲醇中反应,分离得到了化合物(CHCFc)(CH=CFc)(S2C2B9H10)(8)和2个乙炔基二茂铁环三聚产物1,2,4-三二茂铁基苯和1,3,5-三二茂铁基苯。在8中,2个乙炔基二茂铁分子以"头对头"方式聚合连接到CpCo(S2C2B10H10)分子中的2个S原子上,导致CpCo结构单元的丢失。碳硼烷笼体B(3)位上的BH键发生活化,该B原子与1个乙炔基二茂铁分子的乙炔基末端C原子连接生成C-B键;同时,B(6)位的BH碎片在甲醇作用下失去,从而closo-C2B10闭式结构转变成nido-C2B9巢式结构。化合物8用单晶X-射线衍射分析方法进行了表征。