高温高压下三相机械高压搅拌釜中气体质量传递特性的研究

本文采用气体间歇物理吸收技术，在一立升的表面进气式高压机械搅拌釜中，在温度（３７３－５７３Ｋ）、气体压力（１－４ＭＰａ）和混合速度（１３．３Ｈｚ）的实验条件下，测定了Ｈ２、ＣＯ在液体石蜡、正二十八烷烃、ＦＴ３００蜡中的体积传质系数（ｋ１ａ），实验中发现：两种气体在三种液体介质中的体积传质系数胡温度手升高而增加，随气体分压的增加而增加。在同一种液体介质中，Ｈ２和     

Au/Ce1-xZrxO2催化剂的制备、表征及其在CO氧化和水煤气变换反应中的催化性能

采用共沉淀法制备了不同锆铈摩尔比的Ce1-xZrxO2(x=0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9和1.0)氧化物,并以改性的浸渍法制备了金担载量为1%(质量分数)的Au/Ce1-xZrxO2催化剂.考察了催化剂在低温CO氧化和水煤气变换反应中的催化性能.应用氮物理吸附、X射线衍射、透射电镜和H2程序升温还原等技术对氧化物载体及其负载金催化剂进行了表征,并与其催化性能进行了关联.结果表明,与纯CeO2和ZrO2相比,Ce1-xZrxO2的比表面积增大而孔径减小,孔分布更加集中.Zr的加入使表面Ce4 的还原更加困难,使体相Ce4 的还原更加容易.活性组分金的加入有利于铈锆氧化物的还原.ZrO2载体较大的孔径使金在载体表面分散均匀而粒子较小,因此与Au/CeO2和Au/Ce1-xZrxO2相比,Au/ZrO2具有更好的低温CO氧化活性和水煤气变换活性,而Au/CeZrO在高温下的水煤气变换反应中表现出更好的催化性能.     

H_2和CO在间二甲苯中的溶解度和体积传质系数的研究

使用 1L搅拌釜 ,在温度 80～ 1 60℃ ,压力 0 5～ 5 0MPa范围内 ,实测了H2 和CO在间二甲苯中的溶解度和体积传质系数。结果表明 ,两者均随温度和压力的升高而增大。实验结果与基于正规溶液理论Prausnitz-Shair法计算的气体溶解度比较相符。在相同温度、压力条件下 ,CO的溶解度和体积传质系数比H2 大。相同温度、压力下不同液相介质中H2 和CO的体积传质系数排序如下 :(kLa) MEF>(kLa) MeOH>(kLa) m -xylene>(kLa) paraffin。此外 ,在实验范围内获得了亨利系数 ,偏摩尔体积和溶解热等数据。     

H2和CO在间二甲苯中的溶解度和体积传质系数的研究

使用ＩＬ搅拌釜，在温度８０～１６０℃，压力０．５～５．０ＭＰａ范围内，实测了Ｈ２和ＣＯ在间二甲苯中的溶解度和体积传质系数。结果表明，两者均随温度和压力的升高而增大。实验结果与工于正规溶液理论Ｐｒａｕｓｎｉｔｚ－Ｓｈａｉｒ法计算的气体溶解度比较相符。在相同温度、压力条件下，ＣＯ的溶解度和体积传质系数比Ｈ２大。相同温度、压力下不同液相介质中Ｈ２和ＣＯ的体积传质系数排序如下：（ｋＬａ）ＭＥＦ〉（ｋＬａ）     

纳米Li_2ZrO_3吸收剂原位移除CO_2强化水煤气变换反应制氢

采用浸渍法制备了在水煤气变换(WGS)反应中具有高催化活性的Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂,使用柠檬酸法合成出高效CO2吸收剂Li2ZrO3纳米材料.在固定床微反应器上对WGS和吸附强化水煤气变换(SE-WGS)反应制氢过程进行了比较研究.前者只使用20%Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂,而后者将20%Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂与纳米Li2ZrO3吸收剂混合装填.结果表明,纳米Li2ZrO3具有比已报道的CO2吸收剂更快的吸收速率及优异的吸脱附循环稳定性,可应用于吸附强化过程,通过原位吸收WGS反应产生的CO2,使得反应超越化学平衡限制,直接制得高纯度H2.在823K,0.1MPa和H2O/CO=4的条件下,在SE-WGS过程一步制得纯度高于98%的H,验证了吸附强化反应进程制高纯氢的可行性.     

Production of poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates from CO and H2 by a novel photosynthetic bacterium

A novel process is described to efficiently photoconvert low-grade organic materials such as waste biomass into natural biological plastics. When heterogeneous forms of dry biomass are thermally gasified, relatively homogeneous synthesis gas mixtures composed primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen are produced. Unique strains of photosynthetic bacteria were isolated that nearly quantitatively photoassimilate the carbon monoxide and hydrogen components of synthesis gas into new cell mass. Under unbalanced culture conditions when cellular growth is limited by shortages of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, iron, or essential vitamins, up to 28% of the new cell mass is found as granules of poly-3-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a highmolecular-weight thermoplastic that can be solvent-extracted. The dominant monomeric unit of PHAs is 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), which is polymerized into the homopolymeric poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). PHB is marketed as a biodegradable plastic with physical properties similar to polystyrene. When a green alga was cocultured with the photosynthetic bacterium in light-dark (day-night) cycles, the bacteria synthesized a polymer of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHB-V) with a composition of 70% 3HB and 30% 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) to an extent of 18% of the new cell mass. PHB-V is commercially marketed as Biopol and has physical properties similar to polypropylene or polyethylene. Our results demonstrate that a strain of photosynthetic bacteria capable of photoassimilating synthesis gas or producer gas is a potential candidate for large-scale production of biological polyesters.     

Hydrogen production by the thermophilic bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana

Virtually all members of the order Thermotogales have demonstrated the ability to produce hydrogen; however, some members of this order produce considerably greater quantities than others. With one representative of this order, Thermotoga neapolitana, we have consistently obtained accumulation of 25–30% hydrogen with 12–15% carbon dioxide as the only other prominent product in the batch reaction. In contradistinction to information widely disseminated in the literature, we have also found that most members of this order tolerate and appear to utilize the moderate amounts of oxygen present in the gaseous phase of batch reactors (6–12%), with no apparent decrease in hydrogen production. Hydrogen accumulation has been widely reported to inhibit growth of Thermotogales. While this may be true at very high hydrogen tensions, we have observed log phase bacterial morphology (rods) even in the presence of 25–35% hydrogen concentrations. To maximize hydrogen production and minimize production of hydrogen sulfide, inorganic sulfur donors are avoided and the cysteine concentration in the medium is increased. We and others have demonstrated that different members of the order Thermotogales utilize a wide variety of feedstocks, including complex carbohydrates and proteins. Thus, it appears that organisms within this order have the potential to utilize a variety of organic wastes and to cost-effectively generate hydrogen.     

Evaluation of mass-transfer and kinetic parameters forRhodospirillum rubrum in a continuous stirred tank reactor

The photosynthetic bacteriumRhodospirillum rubrum has been evaluated for its ability to produce hydrogen from carbon monoxide and water in a continuous stirred tank reactor according to the watergas shift reaction. An assessment of mass-transfer parameters and reaction kinetics was made for this sparingly soluble substrate system. Experiments were conducted in a nonsteady-state fashion with continuous liquid and gas flow, which allowed for separation of the mass-transfer and kinetic-limited regions. Based on the data obtained, mass-transfer coefficients for the system were determined, and a mathematical expression for the reaction kinetics was formulated. The results showed that the hydrogen production was inhibited by elevated levels of dissolved carbon monoxide in the liquid.     

H2和CO在甲醇和甲酸甲酯中的体积传质系数的研究

利用一立升的高压搅拌釜，在不同的温度（２９６～３７３Ｋ）、气体压力（１．０～５．０ＭＰａ）下，研究了Ｈ_２、ＣＯ在甲醇和甲酸甲酯中的体积传质系数（ｋ１ａ），并对Ｈ_２－甲醇体系，研究了不同搅拌速度（８００～１２００ｒ／ｍｉｎ）和颗粒浓度（０～１５Ｗ％）对Ｈ２在甲醇中的体积传质系数的影响。实验中发现：气体在两种液体介质中的体积传质系数均随温度的升高而增加，随气体分压的增加而增加。在同一种液体介质中，Ｈ_２的体积传质系数高于ＣＯ，对于同一种气体，在甲酸甲酯中的传质系数高于甲醇中的传质系数。对Ｈ_２－甲醇体系的研究结果表明，提高搅拌速度可以增加Ｈ_２的体积传质系数，但颗粒浓度的增加则降低Ｈ_２在甲醇中的体积传质系数。     

Au/CuxMnyOz催化剂的制备、表征及其CO消除性能

采用溶胶一凝胶法制各了新型CuxMnyOz:复合氧化物,并利用沉积-沉淀法制各了1%Au/CuxMnyOz:系列催化剂样品,在富H2条件下评价了该催化剂在CO选择性氧化反应和水煤气变换(WGS)反应中的催化性能,结果发现,极少量Au的负载使得CuxMnyOz复合氧化物不仅具有良好的CO氧化活性和选择性,而且在WGS反应...     

Oxygen-controlled Biosurfactant Production in a Bench Scale Bioreactor

Rhamnolipids have been pointed out as promising biosurfactants. The most studied microorganisms for the aerobic production of these molecules are the bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. The aim of this work was to produce a rhamnolipid-type biosurfactant in a bench-scale bioreactor by one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from oil environments. To study the microorganism growth and production dependency on oxygen, a nondispersive oxygenation device was developed, and a programmable logic controller (PLC) was used to set the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. Using the data stored in a computer and the predetermined characteristics of the oxygenation device, it was possible to evaluate the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and the specific OUR (SOUR) of this microorganism. These rates, obtained for some different DO concentrations, were then compared to the bacterial growth, to the carbon source consumption, and to the rhamnolipid and other virulence factors production. The SOUR presented an initial value of about 60.0 mgO₂/g_DW h. Then, when the exponential growth phase begins, there is a rise in this rate. After that, the SOUR reduces to about 20.0 mgO₂/g_DW h. The carbon source consumption is linear during the whole process.     

Biological production of ethanol from coal synthesis gas

The anaerobic bacteriaClostridium ljungdahlii produces ethanol and acetate from CO, CO₂, and H₂ in synthesis gas. Early studies with the bacterium showed that relatively high concentrations of ethanol could be produced by lowering the fermentation pH and eliminating yeast extract from the medium in favor of a defined medium. This article presents the results from a medium development study based on the aerobic bacteriumEscherichia coli. The results of continuous-reactor studies in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with and without cell recycle are shown to demonstrate the utility of this improved medium.     

Extension of a simplified method for molecular correlation energy calculations to molecules containing third row atoms II. Application to HCl,HCl+, ClO and NCl molecules

A simplified method for molecular correlation energy calculations developed in I is applied to the determination of the potential curves of some diatomic chlorinated molecules HCl(¹⁺), HCl⁺(²II), ClO(²II) and NCl(X ^3–, a ¹, b ¹⁺). Dissociation energies, vibrational frequencies and equilibrium internuclear distances are derived from these curves. The ionisation potential (I _p) of HCl, the proton affinity (PA) of Cl, and the term energies of the excited states of the NCl radical are also calculated. It is shown that the results are very sensitive to correlation effects and that the correlated results converge to the corresponding experimental values within 10% for PA, D _e , T _e and _e, 2% for R _e and 0.3% for I _p. This agreement allows us to predict the following lower limits for the dissociation energies of the NCl radical: 2.14, 3.28 and 2.47 eV respectively for the X^3–, a ¹ and b ¹⁺ states. Results on HF and HF⁺ are also discussed and compared with those obtained for HCl and HCl⁺.Boursier IRSIA     

Culture medium optimization for acetic acid production by a persimmon vinegar-derived bacterium

A new acetic acid-producing microorganism, Acetobacter sp. RKY4, was isolated from Korean traditional persimmon vinegar, and we optimized the culture medium for acetic acid production from ethanol using the newly isolated Acetobacter sp. RKY4. The optimized culture medium for acetic acid production using this microorganism was found to be 40 g/L ethanol, 10 g/L glycerol, 10 g/L corn steep liquor, 0.5 g/L MgSO₄·7H₂O, and 1.0 g/L (NH₄H₂PO₄. Acetobacter sp. RKY4 produced 47.1 g/L of acetic acid after 48 h of fermentation in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 50 mL of the optimized medium.     

Use of measurement uncertainty analysis to assess accuracy of carbon mass balance closure for a cellulase production process

Closing carbon mass balances is a critical and necessary step for verifying the performance of any conversion process. We developed a methodology for calculating carbon mass balance closures for a cellulase production process and then applied measurement uncertainty analysis to calculate 95% confidence limits to assess the accuracy of the results. Cellulase production experiments were conducted in 7-L fermentors using Trichoderma reesei grown on pure cellulose (Solka-floc), glucose, or lactose. All input and output carbon-containing streams were measured and carbon dioxide in the exhaust gas was quantified using a mass spectrometer. On Solka-floc, carbon mass balances ranged from 90 to 100% closure for the first 48 h but increased to 101 to 135% closure from 72 h to the end of the cultivation at 168 h. Carbon mass balance closures for soluble sugar substrates ranged from 92 to 127% over the entire course of the cultivations. The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for carbon mass balance closure were typically ±11 to 12 percentage points after 48 h of cultivation. Many of the carbon mass balance results did not bracket 100% closure within the 95% CIs. These results suggest that measurement problems with the experimental or analytical methods may exist. This work shows that uncertainty analysis can be a useful diagnostic tool for identifying measurement problems in complex biochemical systems.     

Cyclic lipopeptides with fungicidal activityfrom the sea isolate of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis

A mixture of cyclic lipopeptides with fungicidal activity was extracted from the sea isolate of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis (KMM 457). HPLC separation gave two main individual peptides of this mixture (M = 1030 and 1044 Da). According to amino acid analysis and ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, they belong to iturin antibiotics and are cyclic systems composed of the same seven -amino acids (2 Asn, Glu, Tyr, Pro, Thr, and Ser) and one -amino acid (3-aminotetradecanoic or 3-amino-13-methyltetradecanoic acid, respectively). The sequence of amino acids in these peptides was determined for the first time using tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.     

An energy criterion for determiningd orbital contribution to adsorbate bonding to a transition metal: CO/Fe12

Summary A new criterion is presented for determining the contribution of a particular class or group of orbitals to a chemical bond. The new criterion is the diatomic energy contribution of particular orbitals to a bond. In neglect to differential overlap methods the total energy may be decomposed entirely into monoatomic and diatomic terms. The contribution of the electrons ind orbitals to the diatomic energy terms, which are responsible for holding a molecule together, have been calculated for an Fe-Fe bond of Fe₁₂ and for the Fe-C bond of CO absorbed at an on-top site of an Fe₁₂ cluster. This direct measure of thed electron contribution to the total energy indicates that thed orbitals are responsible for only a small contribution to the Fe-Fe binding energy and to the binding energy for absorbed CO. This occurs, despite there being larged orbital attractive diatomic energy terms, because a careful analysis indicates repulsive terms balance the attractive terms.     

Rational design and convenient synthesis of a novel family of ruthenium complexes with O,N-bidentate ligands

A two step procedure for the synthesis of a novel family of homogeneous and immobilized Ru-complexes containing Schiff bases as O,N-bidentate ligands is described. The new Ru-complexes have been structurally characterized by IR, Raman,¹H-,¹³C-NMR spectroscopy. The Schiff bases were associated with a diversity of inorganic and organic ligands such as chloride, phosphane, arenes, various carbenes (alkylidene, vinylidene, indenylidene and allenylidene as well as N-heterocyclic carbenes) and cyclodienes. By choosing a selective range of substituents for the Schiff base, useful physical and chemical properties of the prepared Rucomplexes can be induced. This synthetic approach is promising in creating a valuable and diverse selection of Ru-complexes, valuable for future applications.