甲醇制烯烃反应过程中SAPO-34催化剂积炭动力学研究

在固定床反应器中研究了甲醇制烯烃反应过程中SAPO-34分子筛催化剂的积炭动力学，分别得到了催化剂积炭量与反应温度、剂醇比的经验关联式。结果表明，催化剂床层存在明显的积炭分布，在450 ℃，甲醇WHSV为15 h－1，催化剂积炭量随催化剂反应运行时间（Time on Stream, TOS）为25 min时，床层入口处的积炭量平均为9.56%，而出口处的积炭量平均为3.20%，属于平行失活，积炭主要来源于甲醇生成的高碳中间体，这些中间体在生成低碳烃的同时生成积炭。从积炭的生成机理出发，得到了SAPO-34分子筛催化剂的积炭动力学机理模型，将催化剂积炭量与一定催化剂停留时间内反应过程中甲醇的转化量相关联，该模型形式同样简单，能够较好地拟合实验数据。     

程序升温条件下甲醇转化反应及流化床催化剂SAPO-34的积碳

在流化床反应条件下进行了SAPO-34催化的甲醇转化的程序升温反应,并分析了不同反应温度阶段的积碳产物.结合对反应流出物的检测结果和热分析及色质联用分析确定的积碳物种变化,解释了程序升温反应过程中甲醇转化特殊的变化趋势.在程序升温甲醇转化的积碳产物中,除芳烃外,还有一种饱和的多环烷烃积碳物种,它的生成影响了烃池活性中心的形成并引起甲醇转化在低温反应阶段的失活.甲基取代苯和甲基取代金刚烷是低温条件下SAPO-34催化的甲醇转化产生的主要积碳产物,它们在升温过程中会向甲基取代萘以及稠环芳烃转变.积碳物种的演变对应了甲醇转化在起始反应阶段(300～325oC)的反应活性升高和此后(325～350oC)的失活以及在更高温度阶段(350～400oC)活性的恢复.在反应性能评价和积碳分析基础上,首次提出了一种与金刚烷类积碳物种生成相关的低温甲醇转化的失活机理.     

甲醇制烯烃催化剂失活模型

在固定床反应器中,研究了甲醇制烯烃反应中当SAPO-34分子筛处于失活期时催化剂活性的变化情况,主要考察催化剂活性随反应温度、空速和运行时间的变化,通过对实验数据的分析拟合,得到了催化剂活性与失活时间、反应温度、空速的经验关联式(失活模型),对失活模型的检验表明,该模型与实验数据较为吻合,表明了该式的准确性。 通过对失活模型的分析,获得了当失活速率达到最大时的失活时间与反应时间、空速的关联式,失活过程应服从不均匀表面失活机理,并且当催化剂处于失活区时,失活时间对活性的影响要大于空速和温度。     

Cu/SAPO-34催化剂的NH_3-SCO活性及抗水热性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同铜含量的Cu/SAPO-34催化剂,考察了该系列催化剂上NH_3选择性催化氧化反应性能(NH_3-SCO)。实验结果表明,10%-Cu/SAPO-34催化剂在300℃温度下具有100%的NH_3去除率,且其氮气选择性大于90%。与此同时,通过XRD、BET、UV-vis、H_2-TPR和XPS等表征分析结果表明,高度分散的CuO是Cu/SAPO-34催化剂的主要活性组分。对10%-Cu/SAPO-34催化剂进行水热处理后,催化剂低温活性明显提高,催化剂的N_2选择性在325℃急剧下降。这是由于水热处理导致一定数量的铜物种发生迁移并且形成了更稳定的铜物种引起。SAPO-34的骨架结构遭到一定程度的破坏。     

低硅SAPO-34分子筛的复合模板剂法合成及其对甲醇制烯烃的催化性能

系统考察了模板剂比例和晶化条件对复合模板剂(三乙胺+四乙基氢氧化铵)法合成低硅SAPO-34分子筛的影响;评价了合成产物对甲醇制烯烃的催化性能.结果表明,190℃晶化时不易合成低硅SAPO-34分子筛,而170℃晶化、模板剂组成为2Et3N+0.3TEAOH时可合成纯相SAPO-34分子筛.较高温度晶化时,延长晶化时间,SAPO-34有向SAPO-5转晶的趋势,而较低温度晶化时则相反.与晶化3 d的分子筛样品相比,170℃晶化5 d后的分子筛样品的比表面积较大、强酸中心较多、弱酸中心较少、对甲醇制烯烃反应的催化寿命较长.     

SAPO-34分子筛催化丁烯转化制丙烯的研究

通过水热法合成SAPO-34分子筛,将其制成催化剂用于催化丁烯转化制取丙烯,考察了反应温度、空速和铝磷比等对催化性能的影响;还比较了SAPO-34分子筛与ZSM-5分子筛催化该反应的差异.结果表明,在实验范围内,反应温度升高会使得丁烯的转化率明显增高,且丙烯选择性提高;而空速增加,则丁烯的转化率和丙烯选择性降低;铝磷比越大,对丙烯的选择性越差.在有效的反应时间内,SAPO-34分子筛催化效果好于ZSM-5分子筛,但单程寿命较ZSM-5分子筛短.     

吸热型碳氢燃料裂解催化剂结焦研究

建立了一套可以同时进行吸热型碳氢燃料催化裂解研究和催化剂结焦评价的装置。选用SAPO－34、HZSM－5以及USY型不同孔径的分子筛催化剂对自行研制的吸热型碳氢燃料S－1进行催化裂解反应，采用注氧烧焦的方法考察了改变反应温度、反应时间等实验条件对催化剂结焦性能的影响，结果发现，当温度达到700℃时，三种催化剂都有最大的结焦量，而USY型分子筛高达55μL/mg。同时还考察了作为结焦母体的小分子烯烃在裂解产物中的分布与催化剂结焦的关系，对燃料S－1在三种分子筛上裂解结焦的规律有了初步的了解，从而为筛选适用于吸热型碳氢燃料催化裂解的催化剂提供了有力的依据。     

Catalytic properties of Fe ion-exchanged mordenite toward the ethanol transformation: influence of the methods of preparation

The transformation of ethanol on Fe ion-exchanged mordenite was compared in the temperature range of 200–400 °C for samples prepared in the solution and solid states. Ethane and methane were found as rather major products, compared to acetaldehyde and acetone. Diethyl ether was also detected as a dehydration product. The conversion was found to increase monotonically (to 96%) with increasing the Fe content (to 100%) and reaction temperature to 400 °C. The selectivity towards acetaldehyde and acetone was found maximum at the temperature 300 °C. Decrease in the catalyst Brönsted acidity due to ion-exchange in solution caused a marked increase in the selectivity toward acetaldehyde at 300 °C. At variance, Fe ion-exchanged in the solid state resulted in a higher Brönsted acidity catalyst of higher selectivity to acetone. The solid state exchanged catalyst formed more coke at 400 °C. The higher zeolite acidity catalyzes the ethane propagation into the coke precursors. The extraordinary formation of ethane as a dominant transformation product (in the absence of H₂ gas supply) is explained mainly to the O-abstracting affinity of the Fe³⁺ ion. Methane may be formed as a result of decomposition reaction at high temperatures. Mössbauer and XRD were applied for characterizing different Fe species involved as active sites in the reaction. Coke deposited on the catalysts was measured by TGA. Other helpful information was obtained from BET of N₂-adsorption and FT–IR of NH₃-adsorption. Fair correlation between the active sites responsible for formation of the various products and the zeolite acidity is discussed along with a possible role for the surface area and pore structure in the reaction activity and selectivity.     

改性Cu-Mn/SAPO-34催化剂在SCR脱硝反应中的特性研究

采用浸渍法制备了系列铜锰复合氧化物分子筛催化剂(Cu-Mn/SAPO-34),在固定床反应器上考察不同Cu/Mn质量比对分子筛催化剂选择催化还原NO的影响,利用XRD、NH_3-TPD、H_2-TPR、XPS等手段对催化剂进行了表征分析。结果表明,双金属改性的Cu-Mn/SAPO-34催化剂在NH_3-SCR反应中表现出较为优异的催化活性,具有较宽的活性温度窗口。当Cu/Mn质量比为1∶4时,催化剂具有最宽的活性温度窗口,NO_x转化率在250℃已达到85.39%,在300-400℃转化率均达到96%以上,450℃时仍能达到90%。铜和锰物种高度分散于催化剂表面,未改变SAPO-34的晶体结构,且构成协同作用。Cu-Mn共同负载促进了Cu~(2+)向Cu~+的转变,增加了高价态Mn~(4+)和Mn~(3+)的比例,有利于提高低温活性,促进催化反应的进行。Cu-Mn/SAPO-34/1∶4具备丰富的酸性位、良好的氧化还原性能和抗SO_2/H_2O性能,该配比有助于催化剂的催化活性和稳定性的提高。     

负载的Ni催化剂上植物油脂加氢脱氧制备第二代生物柴油

在半连续反应器中,以棕榈酸甲酯为植物油脂模型化合物,进行了加氢脱氧制取高品质生物柴油燃料的研究。采用浸渍法制备了HY、SiO₂、γ-Al₂O₃及SAPO-11四种载体负载的Ni催化剂,采用XRD、NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR、BET、SEM等技术进行催化剂表征。结果表明,Ni/SAPO-11催化剂由于SAPO-11表面呈现的弱酸和中强酸性质,在保持较高的加氢脱氧反应性的同时,抑制了裂解反应的发生,具有较好的催化性能。进一步对SAPO-11上不同的Ni负载量、反应温度、反应压力等进行了研究,发现当Ni负载量为7%,反应温度为220℃,压力为2MPa时,催化剂具有较高的催化性能,棕榈酸甲酯的转化率达到了99.8%,C_9~16烷烃的总选择性为92.71%。     

Pd/SAPO-34催化剂上CO低温氧化反应

 采用水热法合成了小晶粒的 SAPO-34, MnSAPO-34 和 CuSAPO-34 分子筛, 并以它们为载体采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同 Pd 含量的催化剂用于催化 CO 氧化反应. 结果表明: 分子筛载体、催化剂制备条件、反应条件、Pd 含量及预还原等对催化剂的活性影响较大. 催化剂活性随焙烧温度的增加而降低, 而随着反应温度的升高而提高, 担载在 SAPO-34 上 Pd 含量为 1.35% 时性能最佳. X射线衍射和透射电镜结果表明 Pd 物种高度分散于催化剂上, 粒子粒径在 2~8 nm; X射线光电子能谱及氢气程序升温还原结果表明, 高度分散的 Pd2+ 物种是 CO 氧化反应活性位. 随着反应进行被还原为 Pd0 物种, 因而导致催化剂活性下降. H2 预还原处理催化剂致使活性下降的实验结果也支持了这一结论.     

NO_2对Cu/SAPO-34分子筛催化剂上NH_3选择性催化还原NO性能的影响

主要考察了NO2对Cu/SAPO-34分子筛催化剂在整个温度范围内(100-500°C)NH3选择性催化还原(SCR)NO性能的影响.研究所使用样品为新鲜Cu/SAPO-34催化剂在750°C下水热处理4 h的稳定期样品.通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品的结构以及形貌进行表征,采用SCR活性评价、动力学实验以及原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(in situ-DRIFTS)表征催化剂的性能以及催化剂表面物种的变化.活性评价实验结果表明,NO2会抑制催化剂的低温(100-280°C)活性,但其存在会提高催化剂的高温(280°C以上)活性.与此同时,随着反应物中NO/NO2的摩尔比例减少,由于NH4NO3物种的分解,副产物(N2O)的浓度增大.动力学结果表明,Cu/SAPO-34催化剂上快速SCR反应的表观活化能(Ea=64.02 kJ?mol-1)比标准SCR反应的表观活化能(Ea=48.00 kJ?mol-1)更大.In situ-DRIFTS实验结果表明NO比NO2更容易在催化剂表面形成硝酸盐,并且NO2更容易与吸附在Br?nsted酸性位上的NH3物种反应生成NH4NO3.低温下,催化剂表面的NH4NO3物种会覆盖SCR反应的活性位,造成活性降低,但在高温时,形成的NH4NO3物种一部分会被NO还原为N2,而另一部分会直接热分解为N2O,造成催化剂的选择性降低.     

正庚烷在Ni-Sn/SAPO-11催化剂上的临氢异构化反应

分别以浸渍法和分步浸渍法制备了Ni/SAPO-11催化剂和Ni-Sn/SAPO-11双金属催化剂,利用XRD、F T-IR、NH_3-TPD、Py-IR、SEM等手段对其进行了表征,考察了Sn含量对分子筛结构和酸性的影响,并以正庚烷临氢异构化为探针反应,考察了Sn含量及反应条件对催化剂临氢异构化性能的影响.结果表明,在我们所考察的Sn含量范围(加入锡含量)内,所制备的催化剂均能保持SAPO-11分子筛晶相,金属Sn均可调节催化剂酸性.加入Sn可以明显提高正庚烷的转化率和异庚烷的选择性,其中,在氢烃比n(H_2)/n(n-C_7H_(16))为14、H_2流速为30m L/min、还原温度为430℃、还原时间为5 h、反应温度为300℃、反应时间为5 h、重时空速(WHSV)为6.8 h-1、反应压力为常压条件下,5%Ni-4%Sn/SAPO-11催化剂的催化性能较佳,其正庚烷转化率可达43%,异庚烷的选择性可达71%.     

Pt/SAPO-11临氢异构化催化剂反应特性的研究

以正庚烷为模型化合物，在10 mL连续流动固定床反应装置上，考察了温度、压力、空速与氢烃摩尔比对0.4%Pt/SAPO-11催化剂临氢异构化反应性能的影响。结果表明，催化反应以烷烃异构化为主，正庚烷转化率达70%时异构产物选择性保持在90%以上，压力和氢烃摩尔比较小时，产物的选择性较高；压力太高裂解产物生成量增多对异构化选择性不利。获得了正庚烷在Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上临氢异构化的优化反应条件为，360 ℃～380 ℃，0.5 MPa～1.0 MPa，2.1 h-1～4.1 h-1，H2/CH(摩尔比)2～6；烷烃临氢异构化反应的一个条件变化，需要其他条件的改变来达到最佳的匹配。     

Tuning the product selectivity of SAPO-18 catalysts in MTO reaction via cavity modification

The AEI cavity of SAPO-18 catalyst was modified with zinc cations with the conventional ion exchange procedure. The cavity modification effectively tunes the product selectivity, and shifts the products from mainly propylene to comparable production of ethylene and propylene in methanol to olefin (MTO) reaction. The incorporation of zinc ions and the generation of bicyclic aromatic species in the AEI cavity of SAPO-18 catalysts introduce additional diffusion hindrance that exert greater influence on the relatively bulky products (e.g. propylene and higher olefins), which increase the selectivity to small-sized products (e.g. ethylene). It appears that the incorporated zinc cations facilitate the generation of lower methylbenzenes which promote the generation of ethylene. The cavity modification via incorporating zinc ions effectively tunes the product selectivity over SAPO molecular sieves with relatively larger cavity, which provides a novel strategy to develop the potential alternative to SAPO-34 catalysts for industrial MTO reaction.     

正庚烷与正十四烷在Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上临氢异构化

采用连续流动固定床反应装置，研究了0.6%Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上正庚烷与正十四烷的临氢异构转化。实验结果表明，在反应温度200 ℃～420 ℃，压力0.5 MPa，质量空速2.0 h－1的反应条件下，两种原料在高转化时均可保持90%以上的异构化选择性。在转化率小于55%时，C7与C14临氢异构所遵循的反应规律是一致的，即异构化和裂解的相对反应速率相同。依据产物分布组成随转化率变化的规律，提出了烷烃在Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上加氢转化的反应网络。同时，实验结果支持烷烃异构化反应在分子筛孔道内进行的观点。     

Methanol conversion on metal-incorporated SAPO-34s (MeAPSO-34s)

The influence on metal incorporation into the framework of SAPO-34 (MeAPSO-34) on methanol conversion was investigated in this study. Used MeAPSO-34s (SAPO-34, FeAPSO-34, CoAPSO-34, and NiAPSO-34) were acquired by the rapid crystallization method. In characteristics, it was identified that these catalysts had a uniformly regular form with a sharp distribution in particle size. The performances on methanol conversion for these catalysts were different according to the properties of metals. As a result, the methanol conversion was enhanced on the metal-incorporated catalyst compared with the non-metal catalyst. In reaction at 450°C for 1 h, the order of increasing in ethylene selectivity was followed as next; Ni->Co->Fe->non-metal-incorporated SAPO-34. On the other hand, the selectivity for all the samples decreased with an increase in reaction time, however, the reduced rate was very slow on CoAPSO-34 compared with the other catalysts. In addition as a surprising result, the CoAPSO-34 catalyst exhibited a minor methanation.     

Optimization of Hybrid Crystal with SAPO-5/34 on Hydrothermal Stability for deNOx Reaction by NH3

In order to deal with the challenge of the hydrothermal deactivation of selective catalytic reduction of NO_x by NH₃(NH₃-SCR) catalyst and extend its lifetime, a novel Cu/SAPO-5/34 catalyst was prepared, and it almost maintains its deNO_x performance with a high conversion rate of 90% NO_x between 175℃ and 400℃ after under-going the rigorous treatment at 800℃ for 12 h. Thus, Cu/SAPO-5/34 is more recalcitrant to the high-temperature hydrothermal deactivation than Cu/SAPO-34. Besides, the formation of N₂O is always below 3×10^-6(3 ppm) during the whole reaction temperature, performing an advanced catalytic selectivity. The effect of high-temperature hydrothermal treatment on the morphology, structure and texture property, the acid sites, as well as the active copper species were investigated. These characterizations manifest that the optimized high-temperature hydrothermal stability is associated closely with the good structural stability over Cu/SAPO-5/34-HT, which facilitates to preserve reaction sites, and then showing the better hydrothermal stability than Cu/SAPO-34.     

Kinetic Parameters of Polymer Degradation by SAPO-37

High density poly(ethylene) has been submitted to thermal degradation alone, and in the presence of silicoaluminophosphate SAPO-37. The processes were carried out in a reactor connected on line to a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer in order to analyze the evolved products. Polymer degradation was also evaluated by thermogravimetry, from room temperature until 800°C, under nitrogen dynamic atmosphere, with multiple heating rates. From TG curves, the activation energy related to degradation process was calculated using the Flynn and Wall multiple heating rate kinetic model for pure polymer (PE) and for polymer in the presence of catalyst (PE/S37). SAPO-37 showed good selectivity for low molecular mass hydrocarbons in PE catalytic degradation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

SAPO-34催化剂上反应条件对乙烯转化制丙烯的影响

系统研究了反应条件对SAPO-34上乙烯转化制丙烯的影响.结果表明,提高空速或加大He/C2H4稀释比有利于抑制丙烯二次反应的发生,提高丙烯的选择性.升高温度导致乙烯转化率下降,甲烷和乙烷的选择性增加;在相同转化率下,丙烯选择性随温度上升而下降.乙烯在SAPO-34上的转化反应表现出明显的诱导期,且反应条件对诱导期的长短有较大影响.