Experimental identification of pedestrian-induced lateral forces on footbridges

This paper presents a comprehensive experimental analysis of lateral forces generated by single pedestrians during continuous walking on a treadmill. Two different conditions are investigated; initially the treadmill is fixed and then it is laterally driven in a sinusoidal motion at varying combinations of frequencies (0.33-1.07 Hz) and amplitudes (4.5-48 mm). The experimental campaign involved 71 male and female human adults and covered approximately 55 km of walking distributed between 4954 individual tests. When walking on a laterally moving surface, motion-induced forces develop at the frequency of the movement and are herewith quantified through equivalent velocity and acceleration proportional coefficients. Their dependency on the vibration frequency and amplitude is presented, both in terms of mean values and probabilistically to illustrate the randomness associated with intra- and inter-subject variability. It is shown that the motion-induced portion of the pedestrian load (on average) inputs energy into the structure in the frequency range (normalised by the mean walking frequency) between approximately 0.6 and 1.2. Furthermore, it is shown that the load component in phase with the acceleration of the treadmill depends on the frequency of the movement, such that pedestrians (on average) subtract from the overall modal mass for low frequency motion and add to the overall modal mass at higher frequencies.     

Current and efficiency of Brownian particles under oscillating forces in entropic barriers

In this study, considering the temporarily unbiased force and different forms of oscillating forces, we investigate the current and efficiency of Brownian particles in an entropic tube structure and present the numerically obtained results.We show that different force forms give rise to different current and efficiency profiles in different optimized parameter intervals. We find that an unbiased oscillating force and an unbiased temporal force lead to the current and efficiency,which are dependent on these parameters. We also observe that the current and efficiency caused by temporal and different oscillating forces have maximum and minimum values in different parameter intervals. We conclude that the current or efficiency can be controlled dynamically by adjusting the parameters of entropic barriers and applied force.     

Effect of long-range intermolecular forces on the drag of an oscillating disk and on the viscosity of gases

An experimental investigation has been made to determine the changes produced by ionization in the apparent viscosity of gases. The method used is that of the oscillating disk. In one series the gas was ionized by the gamma rays from an externally placed cesium-137 source. In the other two series of measurements the ionization was achieved with the aid of the alpha particles emitted from the surface of the oscillating disk coated with polonium 210.The measurements were made on nine gases at room temperature and in the pressure range of 1 mm Hg to 1.7 atm. The gases were: dry air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon. The experimental results showed that there is a very small change in the skin friction experienced by the disk.     

Spontaneous emergence of periodic patterns in a biologically inspired simulation of photonic structures

We simulate an evolutionary process in the lab for designing a novel high confinement photonic structure, starting with a set of completely random patterns, with no insight on the initial geometrical pattern. We show a spontaneous emergence of periodical patterns as well as previously unseen high confinement subwavelength bowtie regions. The evolved structure has a Q of 300 and an ultrasmall modal volume of 0.112 (lambda/2n)3. The emergence of the periodic patterns in the structure indicates that periodicity is a principal condition for effective control of the distribution of light.     

Crystal plasticity-based constitutive modelling of irradiated bcc structures

A constitutive crystal plasticity model is proposed and developed for the inelastic deformation of irradiated bcc ferritic/martensitic steels. Defects found in these irradiated materials are used as substructure variables in the model. Insights from lower length- and time-scale simulations are used to frame the kinematic and substructure evolution relations of the governing deformation mechanisms. Models for evolution of mobile and immobile dislocations, as well as interstitial loops (formed due to irradiation), are developed. A rate theory-based approach is used to model the evolution of point defects generated during irradiation. The model is used to simulate the quasi-static tensile and creep response of a martensitic steel over a range of loading histories.     

Numerical modelling of the radiation efficiency of asymmetrical structures

The radiation efficiency of a structural element is required by some models in order to predict its sound insulation. A common assumption is that the radiation on both sides of the element is the same. This is not true for asymmetrical structural elements like lightweight floors consisting of a beam-supported flat board. The radiation efficiency is larger on the beam side, because the beams act as exciters and increase the pressure level in the room. These different radiation efficiencies are calculated here for a two-dimensional cross-section by using finite elements and boundary elements. The obtained preliminary results illustrate that considering a single radiation efficiency can be a source of errors and that further investigation is required in order to improve predictions.     

不同衬底条件下石墨烯结构形核过程的晶体相场法研究

利用可描述气-固转变的三模晶体相场模型,在原子尺度上研究了不同衬底条件下石墨烯结构的形核过程.结果表明:无论衬底存在与否,气态原子均是先聚集为无定形过渡态团簇,随着气态原子的不断堆积和固相团簇中原子位置的不断调整,过渡态团簇逐渐转变为有序的石墨烯晶核,在此过程中,五元环结构具有重要的过渡作用;石墨烯在结构匹配较好的衬底(如面心立方(face-centered cubic,FCC)结构(111)和(110))上生长时,可形成几乎没有结构缺陷单晶石墨烯岛;在无衬底或结构匹配性较差的衬底(如FCC结构(100)面)上生长时,形成的石墨烯岛结构缺陷和晶界较多,不利于高质量石墨烯的制备.     

Finite element modelling of dielectric elastomer minimum energy structures

This paper presents an experimentally validated finite element model suitable for simulating the quasi-static behaviour of Dielectric Elastomer Minimum Energy Structure(s) (DEMES). A DEMES consists of a pre-stretched Dielectric Elastomer Actuator (DEA) adhered to a thin, flexible frame. The tension in the stretched membrane causes the frame to curl up, and when a voltage is applied, the frame returns to its initial planar state thus forming a useful bending actuator. The simulation method presented here incorporates a novel strain energy function suitable for simulating general DEA actuator elements. When compared against blocked force data from our previous work, the new model provides a good fit with an order of magnitude reduction in computational time. Furthermore, the model accurately matched experimental data on the free displacement of DEMES formed with non-equibiaxially pre-stretched VHB4905 membranes driven by 2500 V. Non-equibiaxially pre-stretching the membranes allowed control of effective frame stiffness and bending moment, this was exploited by using the model to optimise stroke at 2500 V in a hypothetical case study. Dielectric constant measurements for non-equibiaxially stretched VHB4905 are also presented.     

Effect of thermophoretic forces on the formation of ordered structures of macroparticles in a thermal plasma

The thermophoretic interaction of macroparticles and its effect on the formation of ordered structures of macroparticles in plasma was studied. It was shown that coexistence of regions with a chaotic arrangement of particles and regions of ordered structures is typical of a thermal plasma with strong interaction of the macroparticles. Computer simulation of a system of strongly interacting macroparticles, taking account of the thermophoretic interaction of the particles, was performed. The results showed that the thermophoretic attractive forces explain the form of the spatial nonuniformity associated with the grouping of particles in small domains. The experimentally obtained correlation function was very close to the correlation function obtained in the computer simulation. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 116, 1601–1615 (November 1999)     

New guidelines regarding the positioning of protective air terminations on structures using e-field modelling techniques

An important consideration in the design of any air termination system is the maximum distance at which the terminations can be placed from the “vulnerable points” on structures, i.e., typically those points that create the highest degree of electric field intensification. This paper extends a previous, preliminary analysis of the problem in three significant ways. Firstly, the height range of the air terminations has been extended by a factor of 4 with a series of additional calculations. Secondly, account is taken of the material of construction of the building on which the air terminations are installed. Thirdly, and most importantly, a field study has been carried out in a high-lightning area as real check on the model results. All of the results are compared and some quantitative guidelines are provided for the maximum distance at which air terminations should be installed from the vulnerable points of structures.     

The use of asymptotic modelling in vibration and stability analysis of structures

The use of springs with very large stiffness to model constraints in vibratory systems has been a popular approach to overcome the limitations on the choice of admissible functions in the Rayleigh-Ritz method. The maximum possible error resulting from this asymptotic modelling can be determined by using positive and negative stiffness values, or in general terms using positive and negative penalty functions. This paper illustrates how this method could be used to determine the critical loads of structures.     

Detailed large-signal dynamic modelling of DFB laser structures and comparison with experiment

This paper describes the first general large-signal dynamic multiple-mode laser model that incorporates all the main mechanisms known to influence the dynamic behaviour of DFB laser structures with the exception of thermal effects: longitudinal mode spatial hole burning, carrier transport effects, nonlinear gain, and laser and submount parasitics. The time evolution of the output power and wavelength of all modes is predicted, and full spectra can be plotted as a function of time. The model has been extended to include an approximation to the effects of propagation down dispersive fibre, thereby allowing the simulation of filtered received eye diagrams. Detailed comparison of the model with the experimental performance of 2×/8 DFB lasers has shown good agreement, allowing the performance to be optimized, particularly with respect to longitudinal hole burning and carrier transport. The model is also applied to gain-switched operation of 2×/8 DFB structures, fast pulsing of three-section /4 DFB lasers, and the dynamic behaviour of complex coupling coefficient DFB laser structures.     

振荡摆参量过程研究

在弱调制的情况下,利用摄动方法研究了振荡摆(θ<5°)参量过程解的性质.     

Anti-optimisation for modelling the vibration of locally nonlinear structures: An exploratory study

Modelling the vibration of complex structures with uncertain nonlinearities is a significant challenge. However, nonlinearities are often spatially localised: this enables efficient linear methods to describe the behaviour of the majority of the structure and reduces the size of the nonlinear problem. This paper explores anti-optimisation as an approach to modelling uncertain nonlinearities for this class of system. The ‘worst-case’ output metric is sought by considering nonlinear forces as an external input subject to constraints that capture what is known about the nonlinearity. A systematic sequence of tests is carried out using a mass on spring system within a pair of end-stops: the results show how the anti-optimised solutions become less conservative as the constraints are increasingly restrictive. The method is applied to bending vibration of a beam within a pair of local end-stops. Anti-optimised solutions are found as a function of frequency and are compared with a Monte Carlo set of benchmark simulations. Almost all anti-optimised solutions over-predict the simulations and the overall trend of the simulations is also clearly captured. The method shows significant potential and motivates further research.     

振荡吸积盘的光变研究

理论研究指出随机振荡吸积盘可能引起活动天体的光变,然而观测数据分析表明光变中除了含有随机噪声外还存在混沌因素.将混沌因素引入到随机振荡吸积盘中,构成"混沌+随机"振荡吸积盘模型.通过分析扰动的相图,直观再现了混沌吸引子的状态.研究结果表明:在随机因素占主导时,光变混乱无序;随机因素与混沌因素相当时,光变上下起伏类似于心电图;混沌因素占主导时,光变具有一定有序性.模拟光变曲线的关联维与观测数据的关联维一致,表明模拟光变曲线与观测结果之间存在内在联系.     

衰减瓷对同轴磁控管起振过程的影响

通过建立X波段同轴磁控管模型,对起振过程进行PIC模拟,结果表明：当衰减瓷损耗角正切大于0.010时,起振过程中可能受干扰模影响,但均能正常工作;当选用损耗角正切为0.001或不具有衰减性能的材料时,磁控管可能无法正常工作。因此同轴磁控管中需要选用损耗角正切大于0.010的电介质材料。进一步对该磁控管进行冷态微波特性模拟研究,重点分析了磁控管主模、N/2-1干扰模在不同参数衰减瓷下的品质因数,模拟结果表明衰减瓷位置合理,当损耗角正切大于0.010时,对N/2-1模的吸收效果明显改善,验证了PIC模拟的结论。     

Rapidly oscillating asymptotic solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations, coherent structures, Fomenko invariants, Kolmogorov spectrum, and flicker noise

Asymptotic solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations describing three-phase coherent structures of the Taylor scale are constructed. These equations are related to topological invariants of the Liouville foliations on the three-dimensional torus into two-dimensional tori. The solutions turn out to be unstable with respect to small-scale perturbations, which finally leads to the appearance of perturbations of Kolmogorov scale. The flicker noise occurs at the corresponding frequencies.