A methodology for structural health monitoring with diffuse ultrasonic waves in the presence of temperature variations

Diffuse ultrasonic waves for structural health monitoring offer the advantages of simplicity of signal generation and reception, sensitivity to damage, and large area coverage; however, there are the serious disadvantages of no accepted methodology for analyzing the complex recorded signals and sensitivity to environmental changes such as temperature and surface conditions. Presented here is a methodology for applying diffuse ultrasonic waves to the problem of detecting structural damage in the presence of unmeasured temperature changes. This methodology is based upon the prediction and observation that the first order effect of a temperature change on a diffuse ultrasonic wave is a time dilation or compression. A multi-step procedure is implemented to (1) record a set of baseline waveforms from the undamaged specimen at temperatures spanning the expected operating range, (2) select a waveform from the baseline set whose temperature is the closest to that of a subsequently measured signal, (3) adjust this baseline waveform to best match the signal, and (4) calculate an error parameter between the signal and the adjusted waveform and compare this parameter to a threshold to determine the structural status. This procedure is applied to experimental data from aluminum plate specimens with artificial flaws. Probability of detection and the minimum flaw size detected are presented as a function of the size of the baseline waveform set. It is shown that a probability of detection of over 95% can be achieved with a small number of baseline waveforms.     

Ternary-material lithium-ion battery SOC estimation under various ambient temperature

Ambient temperature produces great effects on battery state-of-charge (SOC) estimation, due to the unstable estimation algorithm, the weakened traceability of battery model, and variable model parameters at various temperatures, especially lower temperatures. The widely used method based on the equivalent circuit model (ECM) offline in using different algorithm, like current integral, the extended Kalman filter (EKF), or the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), can obtain an accurate SOC estimation at room temperature, but it is difficult to guarantee the high precision at lower temperatures. To address this problem, the battery model is investigated at different temperature, and an offset item is proposed to develop the observer equation in the estimated model. Then, the square root of the Sigma points Kalman filter (SR-UKF) is applied, and on the basis of the individual model parameter-temperature table and the developed model, the high accuracy of SOC estimation is achieved. Additionally, considering the burden of original parameter modification (all model parameters modified) at various temperature which will increase the product cost and computational complexity of the battery management system (BMS), the relationship between individual model parameter and the error of SOC estimation is built, which is helpful for the simplification of parameter modification. The results indicate that the proposed method based on the developed estimated model and the simplified parameter modification can achieve an accurate, stable, and efficient SOC estimation.     

不同环境温度下蓄冷式冷藏车温度场的模拟研究

环境温度对蓄冷式冷藏车箱体内部温度场与蓄冷材料释冷过程影响较大。本文以Na Cl水溶液为蓄冷材料,通过Solidworks建立蓄冷式冷藏车的物理模型,利用Gambit对物理模型进行网格划分,并采用Ansys软件对车内温度场和蓄冷材料相变过程进行模拟计算。结果表明:随着环境温度的升高,蓄冷板释冷过程加快,释放潜热时间缩短;车箱温度稳定在较高数值,且时间较短。环境温度为303K时,蓄冷材料完全融化为盐溶液需70.2h,车厢温度稳定在293K,维持时间为73.6h。环境温度与冷板温度温差较大,换热量较大,在计算工况下,热流密度为2.75W/h。     

Thermal explosion of a reactive mixture under conditions of oscillating ambient temperature

The problem of the thermal explosion of a finite volume of a reactive material in a medium with harmonically oscillating temperature is solved in the classical formulation. A kind of resonance is shown to arise when the oscillation period is commensurate with the adiabatic induction period of thermal explosion at the mean ambient temperature. At both high and very low oscillation frequencies, the critical condition parameter and induction period are only slightly affected by ambient temperature oscillations. By contrast, at moderately low frequencies, even small-amplitude oscillations of ambient temperature can strongly influence the critical condition and, especially, induction period of thermal explosion.     

Guided waves characteristics of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The theoretical analysis of propagation of guided waves in the multi-walled carbon nanotubes is presented within the framework of the classical electrodynamics. Electronic excitations of each wall of the system are modeled as an infinitesimally thin cylindrical layer of the π-electrons, whose dynamics are described by means of the fluid theory. General expressions of dispersion relations are obtained for the electromagnetic wave with the transverse magnetic and transverse electric modes, respectively, by solving Maxwell and fluid equations with appropriate boundary conditions.     

Study of structural transition of nickel metal under temperature

A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study has been performed to investigate the structural transition of nickel metal using Pak–Doyama potential. The local atomic structure was analyzed through the radial distribution function (RDF), coordination number distribution, simplex statistics and three-dimensional visualization. It was shown that the splitting of the second peak of RDF appears when the liquid transforms to amorphous solid. This feature originated from the transformation of simplexes from strongly to weakly distorted tetrahedron type. We found that the liquid state contains a significant number of nanocrystal nuclei which strongly depend on the temperature and MD time steps. Accordingly, the simulation shows that the crystallization originated from expanding of nanocrystal nucleation process. The thermodynamic properties are also estimated through the dependence of mean-squared displacement on the MD time steps.     

Fresnel-reflection-based fiber sensor for on-line measurement of ambient temperature

A fiber sensor with a simple structure for measuring the environment temperature is presented. The sensor uses only a diode laser as light source, three couplers, two photodetectors and two sensing fiber ends with protective cladding. One of the sensing fiber ends is covered by solidified epoxy resin with a metal cover. The measurement principle is based on relative Fresnel reflective intensity. Various ambient temperatures are measured in the setup. The measured data is fitted to linear equation very well with the value of R² of 0.9982. Applying the relative technique, the errors resulted from fluctuation of light source and other influences of environment are effectively eliminated, and the stability for long time measurement can be improved.     

Polarization-dependent refractometer for discrimination of temperature and ambient refractive index

Transmission characteristics of polarization-dependent refractometer based on a surface long-period grating (SLPG) inscribed in a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) are investigated. The birefringence of SLPG produces the separation of transmission spectra for TE and TM polarization modes. We also measure the sensitivities of PCF-based SLPG to temperature and external refractive index change depending on the input polarization states. The SLPG-based sensor exhibits different temperature and ambient index sensitivities corresponding to TE and TM polarization modes. Therefore, the SLPG inscribed in D-shaped PCFs can effectively discriminate temperature and ambient index sensitivities.     

玻璃质量在线视觉检测系统光源的设计

为了实现生产线上玻璃质量的自动检测,采用机器视觉的方法对生产线上的玻璃进行缺陷检测。采集图像过程中光照方式对图像质量影响很大,为了避免由光照效果不佳对玻璃质量判断造成的干扰,保证视觉检测系统可识别不同种类的裂痕,研究了机器视觉系统中光源系统相对于生产线上玻璃的位置和光强度,解决上述问题造成的影响。分析光源系统对拍摄玻璃图像中缺陷部分和质量合格部分的相关影响,提出了一种可以检测出不同种类裂痕的光源照射方式,使其能够拍摄满足条件的高质量玻璃图像。通过样本批量测试实验证明:该光源照射方式对玻璃质量在线检测的识别准确率均为90%以上,所采集图像质量满足要求,能够准确检测出不合格产品的缺陷位置、面积大小及缺陷深度。     

Breaking wind waves as a source of ambient noise

A theoretical model for the prediction of ambient noise level due to collective oscillations of air bubbles under breaking wind waves is presented. The model uses a budget of the energy flux from the breaking waves to quantify acoustic power radiation by a bubble cloud. A shift of the noise spectra to lower frequency due to collective bubble oscillation is assumed. The model derives good estimates of the magnitude, slope, and frequency range of the noise spectra using the wind speed or height of breaking waves.     

Effect of structural relaxation on Curie temperature and magnetostriction investigated by magnetoelastic waves in metglas

Summary Magnetoelastic wave amplitude, a, was measuredvs. the temperature during thermal cycles in Metglas 2826. When the Curie temperature,T _C, has been reached, theA value vanishes due to the fall of the magnetoelastic coupling in the paramagnetic state. This allows evaluation of theT _c temperature. The latter increases after the iterated thermal treatments while the magnetic anisotropyK _u decreases. Also theA amplitude, measured at room temperature after the subsequent thermal treatments, shows an increasing behaviour. The values ofK _u ,T _c andA approach saturation after the same number of thermal cycles; this suggests that the structural relaxation produced by annealing is the microscopic mechanism governing all the three physical quantities. In particular we explain the connection betweenK _u andA by means of the longitudinal magnetostriction.

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Riassunto L'ampiezza delle onde magnetoelastiche,A, è stata misurata in funzione della temperatura eseguendo cicli termici nel Metglas 2826. Raggiunta la temperatura di Curie,T _C l'ampiezzaA si annulla a causa della transizione dell'accoppiamento magnetoelastico nello stato paramagnetico. Ciò ci mette in grado di misurare la temperaturaT _C; quest'ultima aumenta in seguito ai ripetuti trattamenti termici mentre l'anisotropia magneticaK _u diminuisce. Anche l'ampiezzaA, misurata a temperatura ambiente dopo i trattamenti termici, mostra un andamento crescente. I valori diK _u,T _c eA tendono alla saturazione dopo lo stesso numero di cicli termici; ciò suggerisce che il rilassamento strutturale prodotto dalla ricottura è il meccanismo microscopico che regola le tre grandezze fisiche menzionate. In particolare noi mostriamo cheK _u eA sono legati dalla magnetostrizione longitudinale.

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Резюме Измеряется зависимость амплитуды магнитноупругой волны,A, от температуры в течение температурных циклов в металлическом стекле 2826. При достижении температуры Кюри,T _c, величинаA обращается в нуль из-за уменьшения магнитноупругой связи в парамагнитном состоянии. Это позволяет оценить темпаратуру Кюри,T _c. Температура Кюри увеличивается после повторных температурных обработок, тогда как магнитная анизотропияK _u уменьшается. Также отмечается увеличение амплитудыA, измеренной при комнатной температуре после последовательных температурных обработок. ВеличиныK _u,T _c иA приближаются к насьщению после одинакового числа температурных циклов. Это результат предполагает, что структурная релаксация, обусловленная отжигом, представляет микроскопический механизм, определяющий все три физические величины. В частности, мы объсняем связь междуK _u иA с помощью продольной магнитострикции.

     

在线轨面伤损检测软件系统优化设计与实现

针对实际应用中轨面伤损检测系统检测速度较慢的问题,在保证检测精度的前提下,结合轨面图像特点及软件工程的思想,提出了面向算法、编程技术和存储介质3个层面的优化方法。算法优化通过重新设计算法流程,合理取舍步骤,实现算法到CPU的高效映射;编程技术优化使用多线程编程,通过并行运算充分利用处理器的多核优势;存储介质优化通过使用读写快、质量轻、能耗低、体积小的固态硬盘进行图像读写,有效地提升了硬件效率。实验结果表明,优化后平均每幅轨面图像检测耗时由17.94 ms降低到仅8.33 ms,速度提升了53.57%,在分辨率为1 mm的精度下换算成车速约为207 km/h,可以满足铁路轨面伤损在线检测需求。     

Analysis of multi-band pyrometry for emissivity and temperature measurements of gray surfaces at ambient temperature

A multi-band pyrometry model is developed to evaluate the potential of measuring temperature and emissivity of assumably gray target surfaces at 300 K. Twelve wavelength bands between 2 and 60 μm are selected to define the spectral characteristics of the pyrometers. The pyrometers are surrounded by an enclosure with known background temperature. Multi-band pyrometry modeling results in an overdetermined system of equations, in which the solution for temperature and emissivity is obtained through an optimization procedure that minimizes the sum of the squared residuals of each system equation. The Monte Carlo technique is applied to estimate the uncertainties of temperature and emissivity, resulting from the propagation of the uncertainties of the pyrometers. Maximum reduction in temperature uncertainty is obtained from dual-band to tri-band systems, a small reduction is obtained from tri-band to quad-band, with a negligible reduction above quad-band systems (a reduction between 6.5% and 12.9% is obtained from dual-band to quad-band systems). However, increasing the number of bands does not always reduce uncertainty, and uncertainty reduction depends on the specific band arrangement, indicating the importance of choosing the most appropriate multi-band spectral arrangement if uncertainty is to be reduced. A reduction in emissivity uncertainty is achieved when the number of spectral bands is increased (a reduction between 6.3% and 12.1% is obtained from dual-band to penta-band systems). Besides, emissivity uncertainty increases for pyrometers with high wavelength spectral arrangements. Temperature and emissivity uncertainties are strongly dependent on the difference between target and background temperatures: uncertainties are low when the background temperature is far from the target temperature, tending to very high values as the background temperature approaches the target temperature.     

Guided optical waves in Langmuir-Blodgett films of 22 tricosenoic acid

We present results of experiments carried out on Langmuir-Blodgett films to determine their linear optical properties. This has been achieved by exciting guided optical waves within such films, in the attenuated total reflection geometry. Our results show that multilayers of 22-tricosenoic acid behave as optically biaxial media.     

Guided waves in a monopile of an offshore wind turbine

We study the guided waves in a structure which consists of two overlapping steel plates, with the overlapping section grouted. This geometry is often encountered in support structures of large industrial offshore constructions, such as wind turbine monopiles. It has been recognized for some time that the guided wave technology offers distinctive advantages for the ultrasonic inspections and health monitoring of structures of this extent. It is demonstrated that there exist advantageous operational regimes of ultrasonic transducers guaranteeing a good inspection range, even when the structures are totally submerged in water, which is a consideration when the wind turbines are deployed off shore.     

一种改进全天自主栅格星图识别算法

栅格算法是一种较优秀的星图识别算法 ,但它要求视场中有较多的恒星 ,从而要求星跟踪器有大的视场或高的星等灵敏度。为了克服这一缺点 ,引入主星的概念 ,并在星图识别过程中加入星等信息。仿真结果表明改进后的算法只需较少的恒星就能保证算法的鲁棒性 ,且实时性得到显著改善。     

Effects of ambient gas and temperature on photo-acoustic displacement for semiconductors

The effects of the pressure of ambient gas and sample temperature on photo-acoustic displacement (PAD) were studied quantitatively using an extremely sensitive laser interferometric probe. For silicon, the PAD signal measured at atmospheric pressure increased by about 18% as compared to that obtained in a vacuum, and varied by less than 0.7% for a change in pressure of 5% around 1 atm. This effect was attributed to the decrease in refractive index of the gas adjacent to the sample. Temperature rise caused PAD to increase proportionally, and for GaAs, PAD varied 0.4% per degree. The variation of PAD with temperature was accurately explained by the temperature dependence of thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity of the sample.     

Influence of defects on structural transitions

Experiments related to the influence of defects on ordinary structural transitions or on Incommensurate phases are briefly reviewed. The reference theoretical and experimental framework of magnetic systems with frozen random field defects is also recalled.