An unsteady aerodynamic formulation for efficient rotor tonal noise prediction

An aerodynamic/aeroacoustic solution methodology for predction of tonal noise emitted by helicopter rotors and propellers is presented. It is particularly suited for configurations dominated by localized, high-frequency inflow velocity fields as those generated by blade–vortex interactions. The unsteady pressure distributions are determined by the sectional, frequency-domain Küssner–Schwarz formulation, with downwash including the wake inflow velocity predicted by a three-dimensional, unsteady, panel-method formulation suited for the analysis of rotors operating in complex aerodynamic environments. The radiated noise is predicted through solution of the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings equation. The proposed approach yields a computationally efficient solution procedure that may be particularly useful in preliminary design/multidisciplinary optimization applications. It is validated through comparisons with solutions that apply the airloads directly evaluated by the time-marching, panel-method formulation. The results are provided in terms of blade loads, noise signatures and sound pressure level contours. An estimation of the computational efficiency of the proposed solution process is also presented.     

伴流场中对转桨空化初生的判定与辐射噪声预报和校验

采用空化多相流瞬态模拟和边界元数值声学计算相结合的混合方法,预报了全附体假尾后对转桨在初生空化状态下的线谱和宽带谱噪声,分析了初生空化状态下对转桨噪声谱级相对于无空化状态的增量,提出了同时从流场与声场角度判定对转桨空化初生的四个充分条件。预报值与空泡水筒噪声测量值进行了比较。多相流瞬态模拟包括非定常雷诺时均模拟、尺度适应模拟和分离涡模拟三种方法。计算结果表明,在大范围进速系数范围内预报对转桨敞水性能曲线与测量值吻合很好。尺度适应模拟(SAS)和分离涡模拟(DES)在捕捉对转桨空化脉动压力时精度相当,均能满足非定常负载噪声预报的精度要求;雷诺时均模拟(URAN S)仅对于低频负载噪声来说基本适用。空泡体积脉动诱导线谱噪声在800 Hz处的预报误差小于4 dB;在800 Hz^3 kHz频段内,预报得到1/3oct中心频率处谱级的平均误差小于1.5 dB,总声级预报误差小于2.4 dB。空化初生的充分条件为:空化面积与桨盘面面积的比值小于2%、积分力和叶梢截面压力系数分布较无空化状态基本不变且中高频段噪声谱级增加8~10 dB。较好地解决了伴流场中对转桨空化初生判定和初生空化状态下辐射噪声预报的两个技术难题,可直接服务于高速、低噪声鱼雷的设计研发。     

螺旋桨负荷噪声研究

运用非定常升力面方法和Goldstein声相似理论研究了螺旋桨的负荷噪声特性,给出了方法和理论结果的简要介绍.并运用数值计算方法对螺旋桨负荷噪声进行了计算分析,得到了一些具有工程实际意义的数值计算结果。     

电动水上飞机低噪声螺旋桨翼型优化

为降低翼型的气动噪声,以某型电动水上飞机螺旋桨所使用的RAF-6翼型为研究对象,首先通过CFD/FW-H方法计算得到翼型的升、阻力系数以及气动噪声;其次使用型函数线性叠加描述翼型的几何形状;进而,为使翼型获得设计状态下较好的声学与气动性能,由翼型的气动噪声与升阻比构成优化目标,以型函数系数为变量,以保证翼型升、阻力系数变化不超过10%为约束,使用引入响应面模型的遗传算法对翼型进行降噪优化。通过优化翼型与基准翼型的对比可知,设计状态的优化翼型气动噪声声压级降低了2.17 dB,升阻比提高1.12%,且优化翼型在小攻角状态下具有较为优异的声学与气动性能。优化结果表明,该优化方法具有一定应用价值,可为螺旋桨噪声控制研究提供参考。     

介质运动时的电磁规律

静止时线性、均匀、各向同性的介质，当它运动时变得不再各向同性，其标志是光线和波法线分离，波面形状由球面变成椭球面．本文给出了非各向同性介质与介质运动速度间的定量关系，导出了电磁波在运动介质表面反射和折射的普遍规律．并且就介质的运动方向与介质表面垂直或平行两种特殊情形进行了较为详细的分析。     

Transformation of electromagnetic radiation at moving inhomogeneities of a medium

The possibility of a significant up-conversion of the electromagnetic-radiation frequency due to its Doppler shift by ultrarelativistic nonlinear-medium inhomogeneities induced by high-intensity counterpropagating radiation pulses is analyzed. It is shown that the efficiency of parametric redistribution increases resonantly as the velocity of the inhomogeneity approaches the phase velocity of the high-frequency radiation.     

A computer model for the prediction of factory noise

A computer program which calculates noise levels around a factory floor has been written. The collection of data for input to the program, formulae used in the calculation of noise levels and output from the program are described.The program has been tested using data collected in a variety of workshops and factories. The results of two of these case studies are discussed, together with overall results for all cases considered, which show that the program can predict sound levels with a high degree of accuracy.An interactive version of the program which enables a user to see immediately how certain changes to the data will affect noise levels is also described.     

船舶螺旋桨空化噪声辐射的逆问题

本文以螺旋桨片状空泡噪声辐射理论为基础,提出一种由螺旋桨空泡噪声辐射反演船后不均匀伴流场的方法,获得了所定义的伴流场参数的马尔可夫估计。文中探讨了此逆问题解的存在性与唯一性。     

运动介质的电磁性质方程

应用电磁场张量、电磁感应张量和它们的对偶张量讨论运动介质的电磁性质方程,指出D=εE和B=μH在运动介质中不成立,给出运动介质电磁性质方程的协变形式、向量形式.     

A neural network based model for urban noise prediction

Noise is a global problem. In 1972 the World Health Organization (WHO) classified noise as a pollutant. Since then, most industrialized countries have enacted laws and local regulations to prevent and reduce acoustic environmental pollution. A further aim is to alert people to the dangers of this type of pollution. In this context, urban planners need to have tools that allow them to evaluate the degree of acoustic pollution. Scientists in many countries have modeled urban noise, using a wide range of approaches, but their results have not been as good as expected. This paper describes a model developed for the prediction of environmental urban noise using Soft Computing techniques, namely Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The model is based on the analysis of variables regarded as influential by experts in the field and was applied to data collected on different types of streets. The results were compared to those obtained with other models. The study found that the ANN system was able to predict urban noise with greater accuracy, and thus, was an improvement over those models. The principal component analysis (PCA) was also used to try to simplify the model. Although there was a slight decline in the accuracy of the results, the values obtained were also quite acceptable.     

阀门气动噪声的振声转化计算方法

采用振动与噪声转化的方法计算气体流经阀门产生的管内气动噪声。通过推导管壁振动与管内噪声的计算公式,建立了管壁振动加速度级与管内噪声级之间的转换损失数理模型,并在低频区域,通过修正的频率因子,扩展了转换损失适用的频率范围,实现了通过阀门管内气动噪声的无损伤预测。利用实验对计算模型和方法进行了验证,结果表明,预测总声级的最大误差为0.98%,在整个频域内大约有69.3%⁷8.3%的数据预测误差在±5 dB以内,因而具有较高的精度,为阀门气动噪声的计算和分析提供了新的方法。     

水下对转螺旋桨流致辐射噪声机理与预报方法*

水下对转螺旋桨流致辐射噪声的预报对于水下目标的特征提取和分类识别具有重要意义。由桨叶的旋转引起的湍流场是水下对转螺旋桨流致辐射噪声的源场。分述了水下对转螺旋桨湍流边界层脉动、旋转干涉效应和空化效应引发的水动力噪声机制和研究进展,比较了目前工程应用中的3种对转螺旋桨流致辐射噪声预报方法的特点。在分析对转螺旋桨流致辐射噪声数值预报难点的基础上,综述了对转螺旋桨流致辐射噪声计算方法的研究进展,指出间接数值模拟方法是工程中进行对转螺旋桨流致辐射噪声预报的有效方法。     

New vehicle noise emission for French traffic noise prediction

Traffic noise prediction models in France are based on vehicle noise emission values defined by the French Guide du Bruit des Transports Terrestres (Noise Guide for Ground Transport - Noise levels prediction). These emission values are suited for models addressing the noise assessments of road infrastructures and the dimensioning of acoustic protections, needing traffic noise estimations in terms of ?_Aeq over a long period of time (an hour or more).The values, obtained from measurements collected in the 70s, are updated in the publication of a new guide (Methodological Guide, Vehicle noise emissions, to be published), which addresses the road surface influence on tyre/road noise. The emission values are now expressed through the contributions of a power unit component, function of traffic speed, traffic flow type and road declivity, and of a rolling noise component, function of traffic speed and road pavement.The paper outlines the procedures followed to determine the components, gives their numerical values, and illustrates some vehicle noise emissions.     

螺旋桨空化噪声连续谱仿真算法

螺旋桨空化噪声连续谱由大量空泡随机崩溃所辐射噪声叠加而成。据此,考虑到空泡初始崩溃时刻的随机性和各空泡辐射噪声频谱的相似性,对四种情况空化辐射噪声连续谱特性分别进行了理论分析表明,可依据空泡半径和初始崩溃时间的统计性质,采用蒙特卡罗方法对空化噪声连续谱波形进行仿真建模,模型参数为空泡半径期望值、差异度和随机度,分别相应于确定辐射噪声的基准波形、各空泡噪声频谱相似程度和大量空泡的随机崩溃过程。该方法输入参数物理意义明确,控制简单,能较好地仿真空化噪声连续谱的特性,仿真结果与理论分析吻合较好。     

舰船螺旋桨空泡噪声的数理模型

探讨舰船螺旋桨空泡噪声指数衰减型随机脉冲序列的理论模型。据此理论模型,导得螺旋桨空泡噪声谱的表达式。结果表明,螺旋桨空泡噪声由连续谱和离散线谱组成。螺旋桨空泡噪声线谱的相对幅值取决于声脉冲前沿出现时刻的随机摆幅。高频时线谱成分趋于零,低频段线谱成分甚大于相应的连续谱成分。高频段连续谱随频率的平方而下降,低频段连续谱随频率的平方而上升,在某一较低频率处出现谱峰。上述螺旋桨空泡噪声谱特性的理论结果和实际观测数据之间具有很好的一致性。     

Recovering the acoustic Green's function from ambient noise cross correlation in an inhomogeneous moving medium

We study long-range correlation of diffuse acoustic noise fields in an arbitrary inhomogeneous, moving fluid. The flow reversal theorem is used to show that the cross-correlation function of ambient noise provides an estimate of a combination of the Green's functions corresponding to sound propagation in opposite directions between the two receivers. Measurements of the noise cross correlation allow one to quantify flow-induced acoustic nonreciprocity and evaluate both spatially averaged flow velocity and sound speed between the two points.     

A rail noise prediction model for the Tehran-Karaj commuter train

Rail noise prediction models enable consideration of different scenarios for the optimal management of noise prevention and mitigation. This project is aimed at developing an equation that enables computation of L_A,max for the Tehran-Karaj commuter train, a type of Diesel-Electric Locomotive. The form of the proposed model is derived from equations for predicting L_A,max for a single locomotive pass-by, proposed in the manual prepared by Harris Miller Miller & Hanson Inc. for the US Federal Transit Administration, and in the French rail noise prediction model. The algorithm for predicting L_A,max for the Tehran-Karaj commuter train has been developed on the basis of the 50 measurements from 5 locations at distances of 25 m, 35 m, 45 m, 55 m, and 65 m from the centre of the track and at a height of 1.5 m. In the field measurements, the reference distance and the reference vehicle speed have respectively been set equal to 25 m and 80 km per hour. The reference L_A,max, length and the speed correction coefficients have been estimated from the field measurements and have been found to be 86.2 dB(A), 11.3, and 18.4 respectively. The fitness test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) and regression analysis indicate satisfactory results.     

CAA broadband noise prediction for aeroacoustic design

The current status of a computational aeroacoustics (CAA) approach to simulate broadband noise is reviewed. The method rests on the use of steady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulation to describe the time-averaged motion of turbulent flow. By means of synthetic turbulence the steady one-point statistics (e.g. turbulence kinetic energy) and turbulent length- and time-scales of RANS are translated into fluctuations having statistics that very accurately reproduce the initial RANS target-setting. The synthetic fluctuations are used to prescribe sound sources which drive linear perturbation equations. The whole approach represents a methodology to solve statistical noise theory with state-of-the-art CAA tools in the time-domain. A brief overview of the synthetic turbulence model and its numerical discretization in terms of the random particle-mesh (RPM) and fast random particle-mesh (FRPM) method is given. Results are presented for trailing-edge noise, slat noise, and jet noise. Some problems related to the formulation of vortex sound sources are discussed.