Micro-to-macro transitions for continua with surface structure at the microscale

A geometrically non-linear framework for micro-to-macro transitions is developed that accounts for the effect of size at the microscopic scale. This is done by endowing the surfaces of the microscopic features with their own (energetic) structure using the theory of surface elasticity. Following a standard first-order ansatz on the microscopic motion in terms of the macroscopic deformation gradient, a Hill-type averaging condition is used to link the two scales. The surface elasticity theory introduces two additional microscopic length scales: the ratio of the bulk volume to the energetic surface area, and the ratio of the surface and bulk Helmholtz energies. The influence of these microscopic length scales is elucidated via a series of numerical examples performed using the finite element method.     

An interface damage model accounting for in-plane effects

The present work deals with the formulation of a kinematic enriched model for cohesive interface. In fact, the interface kinematics is defined by the relative displacement occurring between the two surfaces of the interface and, even, by the strain arising in the plane of the interface. A damage model which accounts for the mode I and mode II and for the axial deformation of the interface is proposed starting from the Drucker–Prager failure criterion. A numerical procedure is developed implementing the proposed interface model into a new finite element. The nonlinear evolutive problem is solved adopting a predictor–corrector technique within the backward time integration scheme. Simple numerical simulations are presented in order to assess the features of the model. Moreover, numerical applications are carried out in order to demonstrate the ability of the proposed model in reproducing the mechanical behavior of the cohesive elements strengthened with external FRP reinforcements. Comparisons between available experimental data and numerical results obtained using the proposed model show the effectiveness of the presented formulation.     

非均匀脆性材料数值试验CA计算模型

以自动元胞机CA(Cellular Automata)理论为基础,提出了一种CA计算模型,模拟混凝土、岩石等非均匀脆性材料的开裂过程,研究分析材料的变形性质和力学性能。文中给出了空间随机杆件方向余弦常量,推导了等效杆件截面面积计算公式,并通过数值试验证明了方法的有效性。     

Critical stretch for formation of a cylindrical void in a compressible hyperelastic material

Formation of a cylindrical void in an infinitely long compressible hyperelastic cylinder under axial and radial stretches is examined. The cavitation phenomenon is viewed here as a bifurcation of a solution with a cavity from the homogeneously deformed configuration, taking place when the applied radial stretch reaches a certain critical value. This amounts to modeling the underlying phenomenon as a kind of elastic instability. A formulation of shooting-method type is presented to derive an equation which gives the critical radial stretch for a prescribed axial stretch. For a special class of hyperelastic solids, called modified Blatz-Ko material, the obtained equation leads to an explicit expression for the critical stretches and stresses. Some analytical as well as numerical calculations are carried out to explicitly obtain the critical values for cavitation. The results are summarized in the form of cavitation curves in the two-dimensional space of axial and radial stretches or stresses. Influence of the axial stretch on the critical radial stretch is discussed. Throughout the paper, the corresponding results for a spherically symmetric void formation are referred to when appropriate and compared with the cylindrical case of the present interest. It is then indicated that in the state of equitriaxial stretch, cavitation into a cylindrical shape is likely to occur at lower stretch than into a spherical one.     

The losipescu in-plane shear test: Validation on an isotropic material

The purpose of this paper is to compare the value of the shear modulus of an isotropic material (PMMA) obtained from both tensile and losipescu shear tests. A finite-element model is introduced to account for a nonuniform stress distribution in the losipescu coupon. A correction accounting for nonuniform strain values over the strain-gage section is also introduced. Rigorous statistical data processing leads to an estimation of the error between the moduli obtained by the two tests. Some points relevant to the losipescu test are reviewed, particularly concerning the sample preparation. Provided that a careful procedure is followed, excellent agreement is achieved between the shear moduli measured by the two methods.     

Near field behavior of in-plane crack extension in nonlinear incompressible material

The nonlinear theory of finite elasticity is applied to obtain the in-plane displacement and stresses in the immediate vicinity of the crack tip. Incompressibility, homogeneity, elasticity and isotropy are assumed for the material while the resultant shear stress and shear strain are assumed to follow a nonlinear hardening/softening behavior. The system of governing differential equations becomes nonelliptical when the strains are sufficiently large.     

非均质固体炸药冲击起爆的物质点法

将点火增长方程引入到物质点法中,编制了相应的计算程序MPM-SDT,并求解了冲击起爆问题.通过与传统算法和实验结果的比较,验证了物质点法应用于冲击起爆问题的可行性.物质点法避免了Lagrange法的网格畸变缠结和Euler法的对流误差.最后,对钨、铜、钢等材料破片撞击屏蔽炸药问题进行了多组数值模拟.3种材料对屏蔽炸药的...     

非均质材料热传导问题的扩展有限元法

针对非均质材料,提出了以导热系数为基本参数的热传导扩展有限元法。划分网格时不需要考虑材料界面的存在,因此网格的形成可以大大地简化,且可以获得高质量的网格。不含材料界面的单元,其温度场函数将退化为常规有限元的函数。含材料界面的单元,采用基于水平集的加强函数加强常规温度的近似,加强函数用于模拟界面。数值算例结果体现了该方法...     

Dynamical properties of heterogeneous surface layers. capillary wave scattering

The dynamics of a heterogeneous liquid surface constituting a two-dimensional disperse system is considered. One of the surface phases (the dispersed phase) forms circular regions of diameter comparable with the characteristic length of the mechanical disturbances within the continuous disperse medium. Inhomogeneous boundary conditions for the Navier-Stokes equations with a discontinuity on the surface phase contact line are formulated. Special attention is paid to the conditions on this line. An approximate method of solving the surface wave diffraction problem and the results for the case of transverse surface wave scattering are described. It is shown that if the wavelength is close to the dimensions of the two-dimensional dispersed particles and their concentration is sufficiently high, the energy of the scattered waves may exceed that dissipated in the vorticity layer. Thus, a new nonclassical mechanism of surfactant action on capillary wave damping is possible.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 129–137, January–February, 1991.     

Pre-kinking of a moving crack in a magnetoelectroelastic material under in-plane loading

A constant moving crack in a magnetoelectroelastic material under in-plane mechanical, electric and magnetic loading is studied for impermeable crack surface boundary conditions. Fourier transform is employed to reduce the mixed boundary value problem of the crack to dual integral equations, which are solved exactly. Steady-state asymptotic fields near the crack tip are obtained in closed form and the corresponding field intensity factors are expressed explicitly. The crack speed influences the singular field distribution around the crack tip and the effects of electric and magnetic loading on the crack tip fields are discussed. The crack kinking phenomena is investigated using the maximum hoop stress intensity factor criterion. The magnitude of the maximum hoop stress intensity factor tends to increase as the crack speed increases.     

Dynamic behaviour of a thin laminated plate embedded with auxetic layers subject to in-plane excitation

The dynamic modelling of a simply-supported thin laminated plate subject to in-plane excitation is established based on the classic shear theory and von Kármán nonlinear theory. The method of multiple scales is used to determine an approximate solution for the system. According to solvability conditions, the nonlinear modulation equations arising from the principal parametric resonances are obtained and two possible nontrivial solutions are performed. To analyze the nonlinear dynamic response of the plate embedded with auxetic layers, 5-layered sandwich plate, in which two auxetic elastic layers are alternatively sandwiched between three positive Poisson’s ratio (PPR) elastic ones, is presented. The natural frequency of model (m, n) shows an increase with respect to the absolute value of Poisson’s ratio. Particularly, the amplitude-frequency responses of the laminated plate subject to principal parametric resonance are analyzed for different values of Poisson’s ratio. Moreover, it can be found that for model (m, n), there must be some certain value or interval of negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR), which, results in zero response effect, in other words, the in-plane excitation will be ineffective for this model when the Poisson’s ratio just lies at such a value or interval. Furthermore, it can also be observed that the certain interval of Poisson’s ratio becomes wider with the increase of damping.     

Non-linear theories of beams and plates accounting for moderate rotations and material length scales

The primary objective of this paper is to formulate the governing equations of shear deformable beams and plates that account for moderate rotations and microstructural material length scales. This is done using two different approaches: (1) a modified von Kármán non-linear theory with modified couple stress model and (2) a gradient elasticity theory of fully constrained finitely deforming hyperelastic cosserat continuum where the directors are constrained to rotate with the body rotation. Such theories would be useful in determining the response of elastic continua, for example, consisting of embedded stiff short fibers or inclusions and that accounts for certain longer range interactions. Unlike a conventional approach based on postulating additional balance laws or ad hoc addition of terms to the strain energy functional, the approaches presented here extend existing ideas to thermodynamically consistent models. Two major ideas introduced are: (1) inclusion of the same order terms in the strain–displacement relations as those in the conventional von Kármán non-linear strains and (2) the use of the polar decomposition theorem as a constraint and a representation for finite rotations in terms of displacement gradients for large deformation beam and plate theories. Classical couple stress theory is recovered for small strains from the ideas expressed in (1) and (2). As a part of this development, an overview of Eringen׳s non-local, Mindlin׳s modified couple stress theory, and the gradient elasticity theory of Srinivasa–Reddy is presented.     

Micromechanics of a model heterogeneous material system under compressive loading

Compressive loading is often encountered in mining and mineral processes during the comminution of ore bearing minerals, or alternatively, in the wear-resistant materials used in the comminution circuit. A common thread joining many of the engineered materials used predominantly under compressive loading is the presence of a high modulus secondary phase, either fiber or particulate, embedded within a lower modulus matrix phase (i.e., a brittle heterogeneous material). To improve their toughness, an imperfect or a less-than-coherent interface is often strived for in the manufacture of many heterogeneous materials. To better understand the complex behavior of these materials, a model heterogeneous material system was developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. In this work, moiré interferometry was used to map the micromechanical displacements on the surface of the model system. Uniaxial and biaxial compressive loading was applied to a model system consisting of a PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) plate having a precision ground steel rod as the cylindrical reinforcement. Moiré patterns revealed that two dominant phenomena occur along the interface: (1) frictional slip/stick and (2) a form of semi-cohesive bonding or mechanical locking. These observations were subsequently confirmed by nonlinear finite-element simulations of the model heterogeneous system. Experimental and numerical results show that the imperfect interface plays an important role in the micromechanical behavior of these model systems.     

A continuum model accounting for defect and mass densities in solids with inelastic material behaviour

In this paper the analysis of structures with inelastic material behaviour is considered taking into account the evolution of defects and changes in mass density. The underlying kinematical concept of an oriented continuum is general enough to describe the micro- and macrobehaviour of material bodies appropriately. Based on the logical and consistent variational arguments for a Lagrangian functional the dynamic balance laws, boundary and transversality conditions, all related to the evolution of defect density and mass changes, are derived for macro- and microstresses of deformational as well as of configurational type. The adopted procedure, which formally leaves the balance laws unaltered, leads to the additional balance law for changes in defect density and additional boundary conditions for the changes in mass and defect densities. Driving forces or affinities, associated with the evolution of defect and mass densities, and a generalization of the J-integral representing the thermodynamic forces on defects are obtained. A nonlocal constitutive model accounting for changes in the defect density is presented.     

基于XFEM与自适应网格的非均质材料裂纹扩展模拟

针对含有间断的非均匀材料的断裂问题,本文将虚节点多边形单元的形函数引入到扩展有限元（XFEM）中,提出了一种基于四叉树结构的动态网格细化方法,该方法可对间断面附近单元实现可调控的多层级细化,特别是对于裂纹扩展问题,可实现裂尖附近单元的动态网格细化与粗化。基于以上网格细化方法,本文提出了针对非均匀材质裂纹扩展问题的计算方法VP-XFEM。为验证算法的准确性与计算效率,针对含有孔洞及材料界面的断裂问题,本文给出了相应的算例。结果显示,与传统的一致性网格的XFEM相比,VP-XFEM能够明显改善计算精度与计算效率。     

A semi-automated in-plane loader for materials testing

A universal testing machine is described for applying general in-plane loading as combinations of tension or compression, shear and in-plane rotation. It is composed of three computer-controlled hydraulic actuators connected to a movable head free to execute translation and rotation motions. Test specimens 1 in.×1.5 in. (25 mm×38 mm) are loaded through hydraulic grips for which the gripping pressure can be programmed. Other components include a mechanical specimen loader, a video digitizer for defining the specimen geometry, and a computer system that controls the test and gathers and stores the test data. A large number of tests can be conducted inexpensively over a broad range of loading conditions in this system, as opposed to the more generally available complex loading systems for which specimen costs are higher and testing time considerably longer. With rather limited changes, the system could be fully automated. The system has been used to characterize the fracture behavior of a series of carbon/epoxy composites over a broad range of in-plane loads.