实时主动声定位系统设计*

针对在军事演习或爆炸实验中对冲击波超压传感器位置的精确定位,设计了一种实时主动声定位系统。该系统由声信号发射系统、声信号接收处理系统和无线监控终端系统三部分组成。声信号发射系统与无线监控终端以单片机STC12C5A60S2作为核心控制器,接收处理系统以ARM9系列的S3C2440作为核心控制器。发射系统发射四种已知频率的声信号,接收处理系统接收并处理收到的四种声信号,然后把处理结果反馈到无线监控终端。通过实验表明,该系统在一定条件下,能够稳定地发射、接收并处理声信号,达到实时定位目标,并在200 m范围内将定位误差控制在厘米级内。     

Fluctuations and rheology in active bacterial suspensions

We probe nonequilibrium properties of an active bacterial bath through measurements of correlations of passive tracer particles and the response function of a driven, optically trapped tracer. These measurements demonstrate violation of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem and enable us to extract the power spectrum of the active stress fluctuations. In some cases, we observe 1/sqrt[omega] scaling in the noise spectrum which we show can be derived from a theoretical model incorporating coupled stress, orientation, and concentration fluctuations of the bacteria.     

The vibration damping effectiveness of an active seat suspension system and its robustness to varying mass loading

The paper describes the simulated dynamic response of an active vibro-isolating pneumatic suspension seat. Active control of the air-spring force is used to improve its vibro-isolation properties. For the active vibration isolating system described, a triple feedback loop control system was developed and analysed. The system robustness for different load masses was investigated using the verified active seat suspension model. The Seat Effective Amplitude Transmissibility factor (SEAT) and the maximum suspension deflection were used as the seat performance indices.     

激光主动探测拼接光学系统的装调设计

介绍由两组视场为8°×6°的光学系统在水平方向拼接为视场不小于15°×6°的探测接收系统。为保证其在整个探测视场范围内的视场拼接质量和角定位精度,对该探测接收系统的装调方法及流程进行了详细设计,对各装调步骤的精度指标进行了分配。重点针对折转光路的光轴平行性、分辨率以及视场拼接的装调方法及要点进行阐述。通过对各装调步骤的精度进行严格控制,最终探测接收系统的测试结果为:焦距f ′=52.7 mm、视场15.2°×6.2°,达到设计指标要求。     

Modelling and design of a novel air-spring for a suspension seat

Air-springs used in conjunction with auxiliary volumes provide both spring stiffness and damping. The damping is introduced through the flow restriction connecting the two air volumes. This article presents a simplified model of an air-spring with an auxiliary volume derived from first principles for simulation and design of an air-spring coupled to an auxiliary volume for a suspension seat. Tests were performed on an experimental apparatus to validate the model. The simulation model of the air-spring and auxiliary volume followed the trend predicted by the literature but showed approximately 27% lower transmissibility amplitude and 21% lower system natural frequency than that obtained by tests when using large diameter flow restrictions. This inaccuracy is assumed to be introduced by the simplified mass transfer equations defining the flow restriction between air-spring and auxiliary volume. The model showed closer correlation to the experimental results when the auxiliary volume size was decreased by two-thirds of the volume actually used for the experiment. A procedure, using the developed simulation model, for the design of a prototype air-spring and auxiliary volume, is presented for application in a typical articulated or rigid frame dump truck. The goal of the study was to design a suspension seat for this application and to obtain a SEAT value below 1.1. The design was optimised by varying auxiliary volume size and flow restriction diameters for different loads. A SEAT value of less than 0.9 was achieved, clearly indicating the effectiveness of using an auxiliary volume with an air-spring as seat suspension.     

Physics of particulate flows: From sand avalanche to active suspensions in plants

Flows of granular media in air or in a liquid have been a research field for physicists for several decades. Sometimes solid, sometimes liquid, these particulate materials exhibit peculiar behaviors, which have motivated many studies at the frontiers between nonlinear physics, soft matter physics and fluid mechanics. This paper presents a summary of the recent advances in the field, with a focus on the development of continuous approaches, which make it possible to treat granular media as a complex fluid and to develop a granular hydrodynamics. We also discuss how the better understanding of granular flows we have today may help to address more complex materials, such as colloidal suspensions or some biological systems.     

鲁棒性有源头枕系统的设计方法*

为了降低舱室内休息区域乘客双耳处的低频宽带噪声,采用最优维纳滤波器的设计准则,设计出一种基于局域空间有源降噪的多通道前馈有源头枕系统。实验对比了人工头在不同位置处和不同转动角度时两通道和四通道有源头枕系统在人耳处的降噪效果;进一步地,针对人头转动时控制效果变差的情况,提出了一种低复杂度的鲁棒性算法。仿真和实验表明,通道数量增加可使该系统在人耳附近获得更大的降噪量,使用鲁棒性算法的头枕系统在人头转动时有更好的控制性能。     

Control performance and robustness of an active noise control system for uncertain primary sound fields

In this work, the control performance and robustness of an active noise control system subjected to uncertain primary sound fields are investigated. For this purpose, the performance index, residual potential energy in a desired quiet zone, is derived as a function of sound field variables, quiet zone variables, and control system variables. In the presence of uncertainty, typical measures of the robustness and performance of a control system, maximum, minimum, mean, and variance of the performance index are derived theoretically. In addition, based on the least-squares orthogonality principle, the condition for implementing the best-oriented control system, which is robust and can maximize the control performance by using a given number of control sources and sensors, is investigated. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate and verify the proposed theory.     

Instabilities and pattern formation in active particle suspensions: kinetic theory and continuum simulations

We use kinetic theory and nonlinear continuum simulations to study the collective dynamics in suspensions of self-propelled particles. The stability of aligned suspensions is first analyzed, and we demonstrate that such suspensions are always unstable to fluctuations, a result that generalizes previous predictions by Simha and Ramaswamy. Isotropic suspensions are also considered, and it is shown that an instability for the particle stress occurs in that case. Using simulations, nonlinear effects are investigated, and the long-time behavior of the suspensions is observed to be characterized by the formation of strong density fluctuations, resulting in efficient fluid mixing.     

Active pneumatic vibration isolation system using negative stiffness structures for a vehicle seat

In this paper, an active pneumatic vibration isolation system using negative stiffness structures (NSS) for a vehicle seat in low excitation frequencies is proposed, which is named as an active system with NSS. Here, the negative stiffness structures (NSS) are used to minimize the vibratory attraction of a vehicle seat. Owing to the time-varying and nonlinear behavior of the proposed system, it is not easy to build an accurate dynamic for model-based controller design. Thus, an adaptive intelligent backstepping controller (AIBC) is designed to manage the system operation for high-isolation effectiveness. In addition, an auxiliary control effort is also introduced to eliminate the effect of the unpredictable perturbations. Moreover, a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) model is utilized to estimate the optimal gain of the auxiliary control effort. Final control input and the adaptive law for updating coefficients of the approximate series can be obtained step by step using a suitable Lyapunov function. Afterward, the isolation performance of the proposed system is assessed experimentally. In addition, the effectiveness of the designed controller for the proposed system is also compared with that of the traditional backstepping controller (BC). The experimental results show that the isolation effectiveness of the proposed system is better than that of the active system without NSS. Furthermore, the undesirable chattering phenomenon in control effort is quite reduced by the estimation mechanism. Finally, some concluding remarks are given at the end of the paper.     

Control techniques for millimeter-wave active arrays

Control techniques for millimeter-wave active arrays are considered. In addition to voltage control, optical and quasi-optical approaches are discussed as analog control techniques. Digital control techniques discussed include on/off switching arrays and designs with superimposed device and/or grid structures for multi-bit capability. A quasi-optical Q switch, capable of high peak power pulse generation, is discussed as an example application of these techniques.     

A model for phase transitions in a system of rod-like colloidal suspensions

The present paper describes an extension of the Maier-Saupe theory of liquid crystals to a system of charged interacting rods and shows that nematic to isotropic transitions can also be induced by increasing the charge on the rods. The effects of length of rod, concentration of salt and the volume fraction on the phase diagram are described. The concept of the charge-induced isotropic phase is described, and it is argued that the structure is expected to be glassy. Evidence to support these conclusions from the existing literature is presented.     

Optical design and active optics methods in astronomy

Optical designs for astronomy involve implementation of active optics and adaptive optics from X-ray to the infrared. Developments and results of active optics methods for telescopes, spectrographs and coronagraph planet finders are presented. The high accuracy and remarkable smoothness of surfaces generated by active optics methods also allow elaborating new optical design types with high aspheric and/or non-axisymmetric surfaces. Depending on the goal and performance requested for a deformable optical surface analytical investigations are carried out with one of the various facets of elasticity theory: small deformation thin plate theory, large deformation thin plate theory, shallow spherical shell theory, weakly conical shell theory. The resulting thickness distribution and associated bending force boundaries can be refined further with finite element analysis.     

Multi-physics design of microvascular materials for active cooling applications

This paper describes a framework for the design of microvascular polymeric components for active cooling applications. The design of the embedded networks involves complex and competing objectives that are associated with various physical processes. The optimization tool includes a PDE solver based on advanced finite element techniques coupled to a multi-objective constrained genetic algorithm. The resulting Pareto-optimal fronts are investigated in the optimization of these materials for void volume fraction, flow efficiency, maximum temperature, and surface convection objective functions.     

Permittivity of suspensions

The permittivity of a suspension treated as a system of hard spheres is calculated in the Born approximation. The structure of the suspension is described by the Percus-Yevick correlation function. The permittivity of the system under consideration is expressed through a nonlocal susceptibility whose spatial extension is determined by the form factor of suspension particles and the characteristic value of the structure factor. It is shown that the permittivity of the suspension mixture is characterized by a spatial dispersion that manifests itself already in the first order of the perturbation theory. It is demonstrated that the concentration dependences of the extinction length and the transport length calculated from the obtained data on the permittivity tensor exhibit substantially nonlinear behavior. Within the range of applicability of the theory, the results obtained are in agreement with available experimental data.     

Control of Q-switched mode locking by active feedback

It is demonstrated that Q-switching dynamics in mode-locked lasers can be controlled by use of an active feedback loop. Analytic design rules for the feedback loop are presented. Suppression of Q-switched mode locking in a diode-pumped, passively mode-locked Nd:YVO(4) laser is shown experimentally and numerically.     

激光主动照明光学系统设计

为提高跟踪测量系统对暗弱目标的探测能力,设计一套自动化激光主动照明光学系统,对跟踪测量视场范围进行主动辅助照明。该系统在0.2~5 km距离处的照明直径均为10 m,计算出其在-20℃及+45℃的温度调焦量,照明仿真结果表明系统照明不均匀性15%。通过研究系统像差对照明均匀性的影响,以及对设计的调光组进行分析,得到调光组移动量与照明距离之间的理论关系,表明自动调节调光组位置即可实现不同照明距离处的均匀照明。设计和分析结果表明,该主动照明系统能够自动调节调光组位置,实现跟踪测量视场内的均匀照明,有利于跟踪测量系统对于暗弱目标的探测。