Preparation and Characterization of the Neomycin-Bonded Silica Stationary Phase for Hydrophilic-Interaction Chromatography

In this paper, a novel hydrophilic neomycin-bonded silica (Silica-NC) stationary phase for hydrophilic-interaction chromatography (HILIC) was prepared with cyanuric chloride as coupling agent. The resulting Silica-NC stationary phase was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis to prove the successful immobilization of neomycin on the surface of silica gel. A set of analytes with different properties were selected to investigate the chromatographic characteristics of the Silica-NC stationary phase under HILIC mode. The effects of mobile phase variables such as organic modifier content, ionic strength and pH values on the chromatographic behaviors of testing probes were investigated in detail. The results demonstrated that the Silica-NC phase behaved as a chromatographic packing with hydrophilic-interaction and ionic-interaction. Finally, the effective separations of nucleosides and bases, organic acids, cytokinins and sulfanilamides were achieved on the Silica-NC stationary phase under HILIC mode, indicating the excellent application potential of our developed hydrophilic Silica-NC stationary phase.     

纳米氧化锆沉积硅胶色谱固定相的制备及亲水作用色谱行为

采用液相沉积法(LPD)制备了纳米氧化锆沉积硅胶色谱固定相(ZrO₂/SiO₂), 并将其应用于亲水作用色谱分离中. 考察并比较了ZrO₂/SiO₂、 硅胶(SiO₂)和氧化锆(ZrO₂) 3种色谱固定相在不同有机调节剂比例、 不同pH值及不同盐浓度的流动相条件下的色谱行为. 结果表明, 制备的ZrO₂/SiO₂色谱柱不仅具有SiO₂色谱柱高柱效的优点, 表面沉积的纳米氧化锆还能有效屏蔽硅羟基, 有利于碱性物质的保留和分离, 表现出良好的亲水作用色谱性能. 将ZrO₂/SiO₂色谱柱用于4种脱氧核苷和5种碱性化合物的分离, 均得到了较好的效果, 展现出其作为色谱固定相良好的应用前景.     

双阳离子型离子液体和十八烷基修饰的混合模式硅胶固定相的制备及色谱性能

通过分步键合反应制备了一种咪唑基双阳离子型离子液体和十八烷基共同修饰的混合模式硅胶色谱固定相(Sil-C18-IL-C4); 采用元素分析和红外光谱对其进行了表征. 分别评价了该固定相在反相色谱模式(RPLC)、 亲水色谱模式(HILIC)和RPLC/HILIC混合色谱模式下的色谱分离性能, 并在HILIC模式下对6种碱基核苷类化合物进行分离, 考察了流动相中有机相体积分数和水相中甲酸铵浓度对分离效果的影响. 此外, 还考察了该固定相的分离重复性. 制备的Sil-C18-IL-C4固定相的元素分析结果表明, 氮元素含量为1.65%, 碳元素含量为11.16%, 氢元素含量为2.44%. 该固定相的红外光谱中, 2928和2856 cm^?1处出现了—CH的不对称和对称伸缩振动峰, 1440 和660 cm^?1处出现了咪唑环上C=C的伸缩振动峰和C=N的弯曲振动峰, 说明十八烷基和1,5-双(咪唑-1-基)戊烷均已接枝到硅胶表面. 色谱性能评价结果表明, Sil-C18-IL-C4固定相可表现出反相色谱模式和亲水色谱模式分离性能, 对6种碱基核苷类物质能够实现完全分离, 而且在一定的色谱条件下可以在单根色谱柱单次运行中实现RPLC/HILIC混合模式色谱分离, 对于处理复杂样品中的碱基核苷类化合物等亲水物质具有良好的应用潜能.     

Preparation of a stationary phase with quaternary ammonium embedded group for selective separation of alkaloids based on ion‐exclusion interaction

A stationary phase (named QA C10) with quaternary ammonium embedded between a propyl and a decyl chain was synthesized by immobilization of N,N‐dimethyldecylamine on chloropropyl–silica surface. A set of representative neutral, basic, and acidic compounds was employed to evaluate its chromatographic properties. The results illustrated that QA C10 was a mixed‐mode stationary phase possessing both hydrophobic and ionic characteristics. The QA C10 stationary phase was further used for selective separation of alkaloids from Cortex phellodendri. Under acidic condition, alkaloids could be eluted in first 8 min, while other neutral and acidic fractions were retained better on QA C10 column. Then, obtained alkaloid fraction was analyzed by LC‐MS/MS and 22 alkaloids were identified. Our study confirmed the advantages and application potential of the QA C10 stationary phase for alkaloids separation.     

Cucurbit(6)uril immobilized on silica: A novel high‐performance liquid chromatographic stationary phase

In the present study, one of the new generation of host molecules, cucurbit(6)uril (CB(6)), was immobilized onto silica (CB(6)/SiO₂) by a sol–gel approach. CB(6)/SiO₂ was characterized by NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. It was used as a high‐performance liquid chromatographic stationary phase and its chromatographic performance was systematically investigated with different types of analytes as probes. The results revealed that the CB(6)/SiO₂ stationary phase exhibited weak hydrophobic and strong hydrophilic properties. Hence, the variables for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, including components and pH of the mobile phase, were further investigated to explore the retention mechanism of this CB(6)/SiO₂ stationary phase. For less polar analytes, both hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions could contribute to the retention, while for polar analytes, hydrophilic interaction may be predominant. Compared to the tetraethoxylsilane‐coated SiO₂ stationary phases, the CB(6)/SiO₂ stationary phase exhibited a different retention behavior toward basic analytes with excellent stability. It is a novel promising hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography stationary phase.     

Characterization of a Cellulose Trisphenylcarbamate/1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate Mixture as GC Stationary Phase: Thermodynamic Parameters and LSER Methodology

A novel cellulose trisphenylcarbamate/1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [CTPC/[OcMIM]BF₄] gas chromatographic stationary phase was prepared and characterized utilizing thermodynamic parameters and LSER methodology. The results revealed that the interaction model of each probe molecule on the CTPC/[OcMIM]BF₄ stationary phase was invariable within the temperature range studied because of an excellent linear relationship between lnk and 1/T for each probe molecule. The chromatographic retentions of all probe molecules on the CTPC/[OcMIM]BF₄ stationary phase were enthalpy-driven processes. The main interaction forces of the stationary phase with probe molecules are hydrogen bonding interactions, dispersive interactions and dipole–dipole interactions. Moreover, the contribution of each interaction is in the order of hydrogen bonding interaction > dispersive interaction > dipole–dipole interaction. The mixture of CTPC and [OcMIM]BF₄ used as capillary gas chromatography stationary phase had high column efficiency and good film-forming ability, which was suitable for the separation of both nonpolar and polar compounds. Particularly the separation efficiencies of aromatic amines on CTPC/[OcMIM]BF₄ are superior to those on the commercial SE-54 column.

     

Characterization of a Cellulose Trisphenylcarbamate/1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate Mixture as GC Stationary Phase: Thermodynamic Parameters and LSER Methodology

A novel cellulose trisphenylcarbamate/1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [CTPC/[OcMIM]BF₄] gas chromatographic stationary phase was prepared and characterized utilizing thermodynamic parameters and LSER methodology. The results revealed that the interaction model of each probe molecule on the CTPC/[OcMIM]BF₄ stationary phase was invariable within the temperature range studied because of an excellent linear relationship between lnk and 1/T for each probe molecule. The chromatographic retentions of all probe molecules on the CTPC/[OcMIM]BF₄ stationary phase were enthalpy-driven processes. The main interaction forces of the stationary phase with probe molecules are hydrogen bonding interactions, dispersive interactions and dipole–dipole interactions. Moreover, the contribution of each interaction is in the order of hydrogen bonding interaction > dispersive interaction > dipole–dipole interaction. The mixture of CTPC and [OcMIM]BF₄ used as capillary gas chromatography stationary phase had high column efficiency and good film-forming ability, which was suitable for the separation of both nonpolar and polar compounds. Particularly the separation efficiencies of aromatic amines on CTPC/[OcMIM]BF₄ are superior to those on the commercial SE-54 column.     

The role of β-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin in the secondary chemical equilibria associated to the separation of β-carbolines by HPLC

The use of cyclodextrins (CDs) in HPLC as mobile phase additives provides a flexible alternative for the separation of chemically related compounds because these separations can be performed on conventional columns and are economically advantageous over the use of chiral stationary phases. The present paper describes the influence of the presence of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβ-CD) on the separation of the β-carboline alkaloids norharmane, harmane and harmine. The nature of the stationary phase (reverse phases C₁ and C₁₈) affects the chromatographic separations and also the stability of the inclusion complexes that are developed. The changes in the proportion of the organic solvents at constant concentration of CDs (3 mM for β-CD and 15 mM for HPβ-CD) modify the retention factors (k′) for all alkaloids studied. The nature of the organic solvent in the mobile phase also changes the chromatographic parameters. The logarithm of the capacity factor (k′) is linearly increased with the proportion of water in the hydro-organic mobile phase (ethanolic or methanolic) but the slopes obtained vary depending on the CD added to the mobile phase. The role of competitive equilibria, i.e., chromatographic distribution and inclusion complexes formation is discussed. This paper was presented at XIIIth International Cyclodextrin Symposium. Torino, Italy, May, 14–17, 2006     

Molecular Structure of a Chromatographic Chiral Selector Based on a Terguride Derivative

The structure of (+)1-(3-allylpropyl)-(5R,8S,10R)-N,N-diethyl-N-[6-methylergolin-8-yl]urea, C₂₂H₃₃N₄O (allyl-terguride), has been determined as part of a study on the chiral recognition mechanism of ergot alkaloids when they are used as the chiral stationary phase for the separation of racemic mixtures in liquid chromatographic methods. At the pH of the solution used for the crystallization, the molecules of allyl-terguride are protonated at N(6). All bond distances and angles are in the expected ranges. In the asymmetric unit one hydroxide ion is present. Hydrogen bonds join molecules of allyl-terguride in pairs along the b axis, connecting O(2) of the hydroxide ion to O(1) of one molecule and to N(2) and N(6) of another.     

Study on the chromatographic behavior of water-soluble vitamins on p-tert-butyl-calix[8]arene-bonded silica gel stationary phase by HPLC

In this paper, the chromatographic behavior of some water-soluble vitamins was studied on a new p-tert-butyl-calix[8]arene-bonded silica gel stationary phase (CABS, 5 μm particle size, the bonded amount 0.071 mmol g⁻¹) by using vitamin standards as probes for HPLC. The comparative study of the separation of these compounds was done by using CABS and ODS as stationary phases under the same chromatographic conditions. The better separation of six vitamins including: B₁, B₂, B₆, B₁₂, C, and nicotinic acid (B₅), on CABS can be achieved by using isocratic mode with methanol-phosphate buffer (25:75, (v/v)) as mobile phase within 20 min. The results show that the calix[8]arene-bonded phase exhibits high selectivity for water-soluble vitamins. We found that the elution order of B₂ (12.08 min) and B₁₂ (16.42 min) on CABS was very different from that of B₁₂ (7.76 min) and B₂ (18.47 min) on ODS, which indicate that different retention mechanisms exist in the chromatographic processes of the two stationary phases. According to the chromatographic data, it can be concluded that various chromatographic retention mechanisms are responsible for the separation of above compounds on CABS, such as hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding interaction, and π-π interaction. The new packing has two advantages over ODS. On one hand, the polar and ionized analytes, such as C and B₅, exhibited stronger affinities to CABS because of hydrogen bonding interaction. On the other hand, the retention of B₂ and B₁₂ became shorter on CABS with weaker hydrophobicity in comparison with ODS. The new material exhibits the promising application in the separation of water-soluble vitamins.     

Polar-copolymerized approach based on horizontal polymerization on silica surface for preparation of polar-modified stationary phases

A new approach for preparation of polar-modified reversed-phase liquid chromatography stationary phases was developed by using horizontal polymerization technique on silica surface, which was defined as “polar-copolymerized” approach. Based on this new approach, a representative polar-copolymerized stationary phase composed of mixed n-octadecyl and chloropropyl (C18–C3Cl) was synthesized. The resulting stationary phase named C18HCE was characterized with elemental analysis and solid phase ¹³C and ²⁹Si NMR, which proved the chemistry of polar-copolymerized stationary phases. Chromatographic evaluation and application of the C18HCE were also investigated. The results of preliminary chromatographic evaluation demonstrated that the C18HCE stationary phase exhibited 100% aqueous mobile phase compatibility, low silanol activity. In addition, the application results demonstrated that the C18HCE had superior separation performance in alkaloids separation at acidic conditions compared to some commercial stationary phases.     

High performance liquid chromatography with cyclodextrin and calixarene macrocycle bonded silica stationary phases for separation of steroids

β-Cyclodextrin, p-tert-butyl-calix[8]arene and chloropropyl bonded silica stationary phases have been prepared and were applied at the same time to develop a chromatographic procedure to separate steroids. In order to select the best type of stationary phase for the analysis, similar preparation processes of the two kinds of macrocycle stationary phases with the same spacer were adopted respectively. The chromatographic behaviors and retention mechanisms of the two kinds of macrocycle stationary phases for steroids were systematically studied and compared with those of chloropropyl bonded silica and ODS. The effect of mobile phase variables, such as methanol content, pH value of buffer, ionic strength and buffer composition on chromatographic behaviors was investigated. The results showed that the retention mechanisms of the four stationary phases for steroids were obviously different, and excellent separation was achieved on β-cyclodextrin bonded silica stationary phase (β-CD-BS), as a consequence of the structure and the properties of the stationary phase. The retention process on β-CD-BS exhibited inclusion complexation, hydrogen-bonding and weak hydrophobic interaction, while for p-tert-butyl-calix[8]arene bonded silica stationary phase (CBS), π-π and hydrogen-bonding besides hydrophobic interaction played an important role.     

C18-磺酸基双改性液相色谱固定相的制备与评价

以十八烷基三氯硅烷和3-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷为改性剂,采用一锅法对硅胶表面加以修饰,进一步将巯基氧化制备成C18-磺酸基双改性液相色谱固定相.在优化的反应条件下得到了十八烷基和磺酸基摩尔比为3∶7的固定相,分别采用扫描电镜、元素分析、红外光谱对固定相的形貌和特征加以表征.针对制备的固定相,在不同的分离模式下,系统考察其色谱分离性能.在反相色谱模式下,成功分离了5种烷基苯化合物;在亲水模式下,分离了3种核苷;进一步应用于牛血清白蛋白酶解产物的分离,得到了较好的结果.实验结果表明,制备的混合模式固定相同时具有多种分离机理,在分离复杂样品、调整选择性方面具有潜在的优势.     

High-performance liquid chromatography of sulfonamides and quinolones on p-tert-butyl-calix[6]arene-bonded silica gel stationary phase

The high-performance liquid chromatographic behavior of some sulfonamides and quinolones was studied on a p-tert-butyl-calix[6]arene-bonded silica gel stationary phase. The effect of mobile phase variables such as methanol content, ionic strength and pH on their chromatographic behavior was investigated. The retention behavior of sulfonamides on the stationary phase was compared with that on both Zorbax C₁₈-bonded silica gel and γ-(ethylenediamino)propyltriethoxylsilane-bonded silica gel (diamino-bonded phase). The retention mechanism of sulfonamides and quinolones on the stationary phase was also discussed. The results indicate that the stationary phase behaves as a reversed-phase packing and its separation selectivity is much better than that of not only Zorbax C₁₈ phase but also diamino-bonded phase. Some sulfonamides and quinolones were separated on the stationary phase, but the separation of sulfonamides is far more successful.     

Molecularly imprinted monolithic stationary phases for liquid chromatographic separation of enantiomers and diastereomers

The method for preparation of molecularly imprinted monolithic stationary phase has been improved to achieve liquid chromatographic separation of enantiomers and diastereomers. By adopting low polar porogenic solvents of toluene and dodecanol and optimal polymerization conditions, the molecularly imprinted monolithic stationary phases with good flow-through properties and high resolution were prepared. Enantiomers of amino acid derivatives and diastereomers of cinchona alkaloids were completely resolved using the monolithic stationary phases. The influence of porogenic composition, monomer-template ratio and polymerization conditions on the chromatographic performance was investigated. Some chromatographic conditions such as the composition of the mobile phase and the temperature were characterized. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the molecularly imprinted monolithic stationary phase has a large through-pore structure to allow the mobile phase to flow through the column at very low backpressure. Accelerated separations of enantiomers and diastereomers were therefore achieved at elevated flow rates. Finally, the chiral recognition performance of the prepared stationary phase in aqueous media was investigated. Hydrophobic interaction, and ionic and/or hydrogen bonding interactions were proposed to be responsible for the recognition mechanism.     

Preparation of a stationary phase with s‐triazine ring embedded group for reversed phase high‐performance LC

This paper describes the synthesis and chromatographic evaluation of a new polar‐embedded stationary phase, which utilized 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine as the spacer. The resulting materials were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, and solid‐state ¹³C NMR. Empirical test mixtures were utilized to evaluate the column, and showed that it had good performance for basic compounds and high selectivity for polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Moreover, the novel stationary phase has unique property, especially in the separation of “homologous alkaloids” from natural products.     

Preparation and evaluation of n-octadecylphosphonic acid-modified magnesia-zirconia stationary phases for reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Three n-octadecylphosphonic acid-modified magnesia-zirconia reversed stationary phases (C₁₈PZM) are prepared via the strong Lewis base interactions between organophosphonate and magnesia-zirconia composite. And two of them are end-capped by using trimethylchlorosilane as end-capping agent in different procedures. Stability studies at extreme high pH conditions (pH 9-12) show that both the non-endcapped and endcapped columns are quite stable at pH 12 mobile phase. The reversed-phase liquid chromatographic behavior of three C₁₈PZM stationary phases are comparatively investigated in detail using a variety of basic compounds as probes. The retention of basic compounds on the three phases is studied over a wide range of pHs. And the possible retention mechanisms of basic compounds on the three stationary phases are discussed. The results show that the basic solutes retain by a hydrophobic and cation-exchange interaction mixed mechanism on three stationary phases when they are operated in eluents at pH values near to the pK_a of the Brönsted conjugate acid form of the analyte, suggesting that inherent zirconol groups on ZM are not expected to interact with bases via cation-exchange interaction at lower pH. Nonetheless, the non-endcapped phase differs markedly from the edncapped ones in retention and selectivity of basic solutes using eluents at pH 4.1, implying a complex retention mechanism at this pH. The cation-exchange sites under such conditions are more likely due to the adsorbed Lewis base anionic buffer constituents (acetate) on accessible ZM surface sites than the chemisorbed phosphonate. Although the three phases exhibit very similar chromatographic behavior with eluents at pH 10.1, and show in general satisfactory separation of basic compounds and alkaloids studied, the performance for a specific analyte, however, differs largely from column to column.     

超临界流体色谱对吴茱萸中吲哚类生物碱的快速分析

建立了超临界流体色谱快速分析吴茱萸中吲哚类生物碱的方法。以标准品混合物和复杂样品为对象比较4种色谱柱的分离效果,进行色谱柱的筛选;考察了进样体积、改性剂、添加剂、温度和背压对保留行为的影响。结果表明,进样体积对峰形影响显著;添加剂对保留时间和色谱峰形影响有限;改变改性剂能使保留时间显著改变;降低温度,升高背压,保留时间减小。经过优化,确定采用Waters ACQUITY UPC² BEH色谱柱,以甲醇为改性剂,在35 ℃柱温和2.07×10⁷ Pa背压条件下,15 min内完成复杂样品的分析。同时采用超高效液相色谱完成复杂样品的快速分析。结果表明,超临界流体色谱可用于天然产物的高效快速分析,同时该方法与超高效液相色谱在分离选择上的差异有助于天然产物分析方法的拓展。     

Reversed phase chromatographic separation of zirconium,niobium and hafnium tracers with HDEHP

Effective separation of the congeneric pair of elements, zirconium and hafnium and also niobium which was in admixtures with zirconium as daughter in its isotopic form were achieved through reversed phase column and paper extraction chromatographic procedures using di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) as the liquid exchanger. In reversed phase column chromatographic separation, the tracers,⁹⁵Zr,⁹⁵Nb and^175,181Hf, were extracted by HDEHP impregnated on kieselguhr and were sequentially eluted with 6N H₂SO₄+xN oxalic acid+H₂O₂(where x=0.1, 0.5 and 2). Similarly, in reversed phase paper chromatographic study in which a coating of HDEHP on Whatman No. 1 chromatographic paper was used as stationary phase, the mobile phase, 18N H₂SO₄+0.1N oxalic acid + H₂O₂, helped in separating the elements with favorable separation factors. Under the optimal conditions, the separation and decontamination of the elements in both methods were found to be quantitative, as verified by -spectrometric studies.     

Improved RP-HPLC Method for Analysis of Isoquinoline Alkaloids in Extracts of Chelidonium majus

A new high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for analysis of isoquinoline alkaloids in extracts of Chelidonium majus L. Samples were extracted with acidic methanol and the extracts were purified by solid-phase extraction on Supelclean LC-18 cartridges. Optimized conditions resulted in high recovery and reproducibility. Simultaneous determination of protopine, chelidonine, coptisine, sanguinarine, and berberine was performed by HPLC on a C₁₈ reversed-phase column. Use of the Luna C18(2) new-generation silica-based stationary phase and 14.7:18:67.3 (v/v) acetonitrile-methanol-30 mM ammonium formate, pH 2.80, as mobile phase resulted in excellent peak shapes. Validation proved the repeatability of the method was good and recovery was satisfactory. Lower limits of detection were 0.2 ng for coptisine, 0.4 ng for sanguinarine, and 0.5 ng, for protopine, chelidonine, and berberine.