磷酸苯酯-碱性磷酸酯酶伏安酶联免疫分析新体系的研究

研究了以磷酸苯酯为底物微分脉冲伏安法测定碱性磷酸酯酶 (ALP)的方法。磷酸苯酯在ALP的催化作用下水解生成苯酚 ,苯酚在玻碳电极上 0 .70V(vs.Ag/AgCl)左右产生氧化电流 ,氧化电流随着酶浓度的增大而增大 ,借助此氧化电流可以测定ALP ,并进而可用于以ALP为标记酶的酶免疫分析。对酶催化反应条件和酶催化反应产物的测定条件进行了详细的研究 ,测定游离ALP的线性范围是 0 .0 6U/L～ 1 .0× 1 0 3U/L ,检出限为 0 .0 6U/L     

以OT为底物固体电极伏安法测定辣根过氧化物酶及其标记物的研究

以玻碳电极为工作电极研究了邻联甲苯胺(OT)为底物微分脉冲伏安法测定辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)及其标记物的方法。HRP能够催化H2O2氧化OT,其反应产物在玻碳电极上-0.58V(vs.Ag/AgCl)左右被还原产生一个灵敏的还原峰,还原峰电流随着酶浓度的增大而增大,借助此还原电流可以测定HRP,并进而可用于以HRP为标记物的酶免疫分析。对酶催化反应条件和酶催化反应产物的测定条件进行了详细的研究,在最佳实验条件下测定游离HRP的线性范围是2.0×10-9～4.0×10-8g/mL,检出限为1.6×10-9g/mL;测定游离的酶标记物(IgG HRP),稀释范围为1∶2000～1∶400000,最大稀释比为1∶400000。     

2-Carboxy-1-naphthyl phosphate as a substrate for the fluorimetric determination of alkaline phosphatase

A new substrate, 2-carboxy-1-naphthyl phosphate (CNP), was developed for the fluorimetric determination of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The product of the enzyme reaction is 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA), which is a strong fluorescent product. The amount of HNA generated is proportional to ALP activity. Optimal conditions for the determination of ALP were investigated. The linear range and detection limit for the determination of ALP are 0.01-4.8 U/L and 7.44 mU/L, respectively. This method is simple, practical and can be successfully applied to assess ALP in human serum with good accuracy and precision. The results were evaluated by comparison with a standard colorimetric assay using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as ALP substrate.     

Flow amperometric detection of indigo for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with use of screen-printed electrodes

A simple and automated methodology for a sensitive electrochemical detection of enzyme immunoassays that employ alkaline phosphatase (AP) as label has been developed. A flow injection system with programmable pump, valve and cell functions, amperometric detection of indigo and screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are responsible for the advantages of this methodology. Amperometric detection at a low potential of indigo, the product of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate 3-indoxyl phosphate (IP), is combined with a flow injection system. This incorporates in the flow cell a disposable screen-printed board provided with a graphite working electrode. No electrode pretreatment is necessary to obtain reproducible signals. The system was applied to the determination by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) of pneumolysin (PLY), a toxin related to respiratory infections. Linear calibration curves for low and high concentration ranges were obtained. These were also performed in a proteic matrix and linearity was also obtained.     

Development of an immunosensor for the determination of rabbit IgG using streptavidin modified screen-printed carbon electrodes

Voltammetric enzyme immunosensors based on the employment of streptavidin modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) for the detection of rabbit IgG, as a model analyte, were described. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) and 3-indoxyl phosphate (3-IP) were used as the enzymatic label and substrate, respectively. The adsorption of streptavidin was performed by deposition of a drop of a streptavidin solution overnight at 4 °C on the pre-oxidized surface of the SPCEs. The analytical characteristics of these sensors were evaluated using biotin conjugated to AP.The immunosensor devices were based on a specific reaction of rabbit IgG with its biotinylated antibodies, which were immobilised on the modified screen-printed carbon electrodes through the streptavidin:biotin reaction. The immunosensors were used for a direct determination of AP labelled rabbit IgG, and for free rabbit IgG detection using a sequential competitive immunoassay. A calibration curve in the range of 5 × 10⁻¹¹ to 1 × 10⁻⁹ M of rabbit IgG was obtained with a estimated detection limit of 5 × 10⁻¹¹ M (7.0 ng/ml). These immunosensors were stable for 5 months if they were stored at 4 °C.     

3‐Indoxyl Phosphate as an Electrochemical Substrate for Horseradish Peroxidase

In this work 3‐indoxyl phosphate (3‐IP), an alkaline phosphatase substrate, is demonstrated to be a suitable substrate for horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP catalyzes the oxidation of 3‐IP in presence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) generating the product indigo blue, which is an aromatic heterocycle compound insoluble in aqueous solutions. This product was easily converted into its soluble parent compound indigo carmine (IC) (by addition of fuming sulfuric acid to the reaction media) which has a reversible voltammetric peak at the formal potential of ?0.15 V (vs. Ag pseudo‐reference electrode) when a screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE) is used. Parameters that influence the enzymatic reaction, such as pH, temperature, substrate concentration and reaction time have been optimized. Moreover, the enzyme apparent kinetic constants (V_max, K_M) for both substrates (3‐IP and H₂O₂) have been calculated. Indirect measurements of HRP activity in solution were carried out not only by cyclic voltammetry but also using amperometric detection in a flow system. The detection limits were 6.86×10^?12 and 5.68×10^?12 M, respectively. Thus, 3‐IP is the first substrate that could be used for alkaline phosphatase (AP) and HRP, the most common enzymatic labels in affinity assays.     

Simple and rapid catalytic spectrophotometric determination of superoxide anion radical and superoxide dismutase activity in natural medical vegetables using phenol as the substrate for horseradish peroxidase

The coupling reaction of 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) with phenol using the superoxide anion radical ( ) as oxidizing agent under the catalysis of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was studied. Based on the reaction, produced by irradiating vitamin B₂ (V_B2) was spectrophotometrically determined at 510 nm. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the relationship between A ₅₁₀ and concentration was linear in the range 9.14×10^–6–1.2×10^–4 mol L^–1. The detection limit was determined to be 1.37×10^–6 mol L^–1. A possible reaction mechanism was discussed. The effect of interferences and surfactants on the determination of was also investigated. The proposed method was applied to determine superoxide dismutase activity in garlic, scallion, and onion with satisfactory results.     

4-Amino-1-naphthylphosphate as a substrate for the amperometric detection of alkaline phosphatase activity and its application for immunoassay

Immunosensors and biochemical array detection systems based on electrochemical transducers have many advantages such as low detection limit, fast response, simple design and ease of miniaturization. However, further development of such sensors will depend on the availability of suitable substrates that can be converted by a labeling enzyme to an electrochemically active product. Here, we report the synthesis of 4-amino-1-naphthylphosphate and it’s application as a new substrate for alkaline phosphatase. The electrochemical and enzymatic properties of this compound were investigated and compared with the properties of other aromatic 1,4-dihydroxy and 1,4-hydroxy-amine derivatives. The product of the enzyme reaction was 4-aminonaphthol, which was rapidly converted in the presences of air to 1,4-iminonaphthoquinone. This compound could then be detected in an amperometric flow injection assay (AFIA) with −200 mV versus Ag/AgCl potential application. The analytical range for mouse IgG, in an alkaline phosphatase amplified sandwich immuoassay with amperometric detection, was 0.01-100 μg ml⁻¹.     

Electrochemical characteristics of a platinum electrode modified with a matrix of polyvinyl butyral and colloidal Ag containing immobilized horseradish peroxidase

A new hydrogen peroxide biosensor was constructed, which consisted of a platinum electrode modified by a matrix of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and nanometer-sized Ag colloid containing immobilized horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and using Co(bpy)₃³⁺ as mediator in the hydrogen peroxide solution. The electrochemical characteristics of the biosensor were studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The modified process was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The HRP immobilized on colloidal Ag was stable and retained its biological activity. The sensor displays excellent electrocatalytic response to the reduction of H₂O₂. Analytical parameters such as pH and temperature were also studied. Linear calibration for H₂O₂ was obtained in the range of 1×10^–5 to 1×10^–2 M under optimized conditions. The sensor was highly sensitive to H₂O₂, with a detection limit of 2×10^–6 M, and the sensor achieved 95% of steady-state current within 10 s. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity, selectivity and stability.     

Electrochemical behaviour of triclosan at a screen-printed carbon electrode and its voltammetric determination in toothpaste and mouthrinse products

Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of triclosan (2,2,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether) at a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). It was found that a single anodic peak occurred over the pH range 6.0–12.0; this peak was considered to result from an irreversible oxidation reaction at the phenolic moiety. A plot of E_p versus pH was constructed and from the break point a pK_a value of 7.9 was obtained, thus agreeing with the literature value. Detailed voltammetric studies were performed at pH 10, where the analyte exists as an anion. It was demonstrated that, at an initial potential of 0 V, the anion underwent electrosorption prior to electrochemical oxidation. The oxidation reaction appeared to involve a one-electron transfer, as deduced from a calculated n_a value of 0.5; the same value was obtained at pH 7.0. In contrast to triclosan, triclosan monophosphate was found to be electrochemically inactive when subjected to voltammetry under the stated conditions.

The electrochemical oxidation of triclosan at a SPCE was exploited for its determination (0.3%) in commercial toothpaste and mouthrinse products using differential pulse voltammetry. The recovery and precision data indicated that this approach may have application in routine quality control analysis.     

磷酸可待因在Nafion修饰玻碳电极上的伏安行为研究及测定

用循环伏安法和微分脉冲吸附伏安法对磷酸可待因在Nafion修饰玻碳电极上的伏安行为进行了研究。结果表明在 0 .1mol/LHCl底液中 ,磷酸可待因在 + 1 .0 6V处 (vs.SCE)产生一良好的氧化峰 ,磷酸可待因浓度在 5 .0× 1 0 - 7～2 .5× 1 0 - 5mol/L范围内与峰电流呈线性关系 ,检出限为 1 .3× 1 0 - 7mol/L。并分别对其单方药和复方药制剂进行了测定     

Electrochemical studies of o-tilidine as a hydrogen donor substrate for peroxidase and its application in enzyme immunoassay

A highly sensitive electrochemical method is described for assay of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) using o-tilidine as substrate. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit for HRP is 2.5 mU/l and the calibration range is from 5.0 to 1000 mU/l. The relative standard deviation of 11 measurements is 6.3% for 10.0 mU/l HRP. This new electrochemical system was further combined with an indirect enzyme immunoassay using direct antigen-coating format for the detection of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The results show an improved sensitivity over the traditional o-phenylenediamine (OPD) spectrophotometric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Using this technique, a minimum detectable level of 2.0 ng/ml of purified CMV and 1:12500 dilution of CMV in infected leaf extractions can be achieved.     

Detection of zeptomolar concentrations of alkaline phosphatase based on a tyrosinase and horse-radish peroxidase bienzyme biosensor

A bienzyme biosensor based on tyrosinase and horse-radish peroxidase is described in a flow injection analysis and cyclic voltammetry for measurement of phenol. Tyrosinase and horse-radish peroxidase were immobilized on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode by bovine serum albumin and glutaric dialdehyde. Phenol was oxidized by tyrosinase and horse-radish peroxidase via catechol to o-quinone in the presence of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The o-quinone was reduced to produce catechol (the substrate recycling) on the electrode surface. The enhanced sensitivity of the bienzyme electrode to phenol was observed in the flow injection system comparing with tyrosinase and horse-radish peroxidase monoenzyme electrodes. The mechanisms for enhanced amperometric response to phenol of bienzyme electrode were discussed. The biosensor was used to detect alkaline phosphatase (ALP). A detection limit of 1.4×10⁻¹⁵ M ALP (140 zmol/100 μl) was obtained after 1 h incubation with phenyl phosphate.     

The Modification of Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrodes with Amino Group and Its Application to Construct a H2O2 Biosensor

Electrooxidation of thionine on screen‐printed carbon electrode gives rise to the modification of the surface with amino groups for the covalent immobilization of enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The biosensor was constructed using multilayer enzymes which covalently immobilized onto the surface of amino groups modified screen‐printed carbon electrode using glutaraldehyde as a bifunctional reagent. The multilayer assemble of HRP has been characterized with the cyclic voltammetry and the faradaic impedance spectroscopy. The H₂O₂ biosensor exhibited a fast response (2 s) and low detection limit (0.5 μM).     

以邻苯二胺为底物固体电极方波伏安法检测辣根过氧化物酶及其标记物

以玻碳电极为工作电极,研究了邻苯二胺(OPD)为底物伏安法检测辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)及其标记物的方法。HRP能够催化H_2O_2氧化OPD,其反应产物在玻碳电极上于-0.42V(vs.Ag/Agcl)左右产生一个灵敏的还原峰,峰电流随着HRP浓度的增大而增大,借助此还原电流可以测定HRP,并进而可用于以HRP为标记物的电化学酶免疫分析。用方波伏安法对酶催化反应条件和酶催化反应产物的测定条件进行了详细的研究,在最佳条件下测定游离HRP的线性范围是1.0×10~(-10)～4.0×10~(-9)g/mL,检出限为8.5×10~(-11)g/mL;对游离的酶标记物(IgG-HRP)的测定最大稀释比为1:2000000。     

Development of an automatic multi-channel ink-jet ejection chemiluminescence system and its application to the determination of horseradish peroxidase

In this work, an automatic multi-channel ink-jet for chemiluminescence (CL) analysis was developed. The four-channel ink-jet device was controlled by a home-made circuit. Differing from the classic flow injection CL, the whole procedure for CL analysis was automatically completed on a hydrophobic glass side. CL reaction of luminal and hydrogen peroxide for the determination of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was selected as an application to automatic CL analysis platform. All solutions delivered by different channels were precisely ejected to the same position of the glass slide for the CL analysis. The consumption of reaction solution was reduced to nanoliter level. The whole CL analysis could be completed in less than 4 min, which was benefited from the prompt solution mixing in small size of droplet. The CL intensity increased linearly with HRP concentration in the range from 0.01 to 0.5 μg mL⁻¹. The limit of detection (LOD) (S/N = 3) was 0.005 μg mL⁻¹. Finally, the automatic CL system could also be used for the detection of HRP in HRP–protein conjugates, which showed its practical application in immunoassay.     

Spectroscopic studies of interactions involving horseradish peroxidase and Tb3+

The spectroscopic properties of interactions involving horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and Tb(3+) in the simulated physiological solution was investigated with some electrochemical and spectroscopic methods, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), circular dichroism (CD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and synchronous fluorescence (SF). It was found that Tb(3+) can coordinate with oxygen atoms in carbonyl groups in the peptide chain of HRP, form the complex of Tb(3+) and HRP (Tb-HRP), and then lead to the conformation change of HRP. The increase in the random coil content of HRP can disturb the microstructure of the heme active center of HRP, in which the planarity of the porphyrin cycle in the heme group is increased and then the exposure extent of the electrochemical active center is decreased. Thus Tb(3+) can inhibit the electrochemical reaction of HRP and its electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of H(2)O(2) at the Au/Cys/GC electrode. The changes in the microstructure of HRP obstructed the electron transfer of Fe(III) in the porphyrin cycle of the heme group, thus HRP catalytic activity is inhibited. The inhibition effect of Tb(3+) on HRP catalytic activity is increased with the increasing of Tb(3+) concentration. This study would provide some references for better understanding the rare earth elements and heavy metals on peroxidase toxicity in living organisms.     

Manufacture and evaluation of carbon nanotube modified screen-printed electrodes as electrochemical tools

Carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH) dissolved in a mixture of DMF:water were used to modify the surfaces of commercially available screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). The morphology of the MWCNT-COOH and the modified SPEs was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. SEM analysis showed a porous structure formed by a film of disordered nanotubes on the surface of the working electrode.The modification procedure with MWCNT-COOH was optimised and it was applied to unify the electrochemical behaviour of different gold and carbon SPEs by using p-aminophenol as the benchmark redox system. The analytical advantages of the MWCNT-COOH-modified SPEs as voltammetric and amperometric detectors as well as their catalytic properties were discussed through the analysis, for instance, of dopamine and hydrogen peroxide. Experimental results show that the electrochemical active area of the nanotube-modified electrode increased around 50%. The repeatability of the modification methodology is around 6% (R.S.D.) and the stability of MWCNT-COOH-modified SPEs is ensured for, at least, 2 months.     

Automated flow immunoassay for detection of food allergen using anion-exchange resin and alkaline phosphatase conjugated immunoglobulin G

A novel automated flow immunoassay system is developed for the detection of wheat protein as a food allergen. A polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody was isolated from serum of a rat with a wheat allergy, then reductively treated using dithiothreitol and covalently coupled to alkaline phosphatase. This conjugate was used in a non-competitive binding assay. The automated system was equipped with an immunoreaction column, an anion-exchange column, a luminescent reaction column and a photodetector. Antibody–antigen complexes were separated from their free conjugate on the basis of a difference in isoelectric point (pI) by an anion-exchange column. This simple technique permits the assay of wheat-protein allergen in 25 min with a reliable detection limit of 5 μg/ml. The anion-exchange column was regenerated by occasional elution with N-methylpiperazine buffer (pH 5.0) containing 0.5 M NaCl, to remove free conjugate. Free conjugate recovered in this manner could be reused up to four times without significant decrease in sensitivity of the immunoassay.     

Evaluation of non-specific binding suppression schemes for neutravidin and alkaline phosphatase at the surface of reticulated vitreous carbon electrodes

Non-specific binding (NSB) of high-molecular-weight proteins onto electrode surfaces can complicate the application of electroanalytical techniques to clinical and environmental research, particularly in biosensor applications. We present herein various strategies to modify the surface of reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) electrodes to suppress non-specific binding of biomolecules onto its surface. Non-specific binding and specific binding (SB) of two enzyme conjugates, neutravidin-alkaline phosphatase (NA-ALP) and biotinylated alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP), and also neutravidin itself, were studied using hydroquinone diphosphate (HQDP) as an enzyme substrate for ALP inside the pores of RVC electrodes that had been subjected to various modification schemes. The extent of NSB and SB of these biomolecules inside RVC pores was assessed by measuring the initial rate of generation of an electroactive product, hydroquinone (HQ), of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction, using linear scan voltammetry (LSV) for HQ detection. Electrodes functionalized with phenylacetic acid and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) showed low NSB and high SB (when biotin capture ligands were included in the modification scheme) in comparison with unmodified electrodes and RVC electrodes modified in other ways. A simple sandwich bioassay for neutravidin was performed on the RVC electrode with the lowest NSB. A concentration detection limit of 52 ± 2 ng mL⁻¹ and an absolute detection limit of 5.2 ± 0.2 ng were achieved for neutravidin when this assay was performed using a 100 μL sample size.