The lattice Boltzmann phononic lattice solid

I present a Boltzmann lattice gas-like approach for modeling compressional waves in an inhomogeneous medium as a first step toward developing a method to simulate seismic waves in complex solids. The method is based on modeling particles in a discrete lattice with wavelike characteristics of partial reflection and transmission when passing between links with different properties as well as phononlike interactions (i.e., collisions), with particle speed dependent on link properties. In the macroscopic limit, this approach theoretically yields compressional waves in an inhomogeneous acoustic medium. Numerical experiments verify the method and demonstrate its convergence properties. The lattice Boltzmann phononic lattice solid could be used to study how seismic wave anisotropy and attenuation are related to microfractures, the complex geometry of rock matrices, and their couplings to pore fluids. However, additional particles related to the two transverse phonons must be incorporated to correctly simulate wave phenomena in solids.     

Effects of Breaking Waves on Composite Backscattering from Ship-Ocean Scene

The existence of the sea surface is bound to affect the electromagnetic(EM) scattering from marine targets. When dealing with the composite scattering from targets over a sea surface by applying high-frequency EM theories,the total scattering field can be decomposed into three parts in low sea states, namely, the direct scattering from the sea surface, the direct scattering from targets and the coupling scattering between the sea surface and targets. With regard to high sea states, breaking waves make the direct scattering from the sea surface and the coupling scattering more complicated. To solve this issue, a scattering model is proposed to analyze the composite scattering from a ship over a rough sea surface under high sea states. To consider the effect of breaking waves,a three dimensional geometric model is adopted together with Ufimtsev's theory of edge waves for the scattering from a breaker. In addition, the coupling scattering between targets and breaking waves is taken into account by considering all possible scattering paths. The simulated results indicate that the influence of breaking waves on the scattering field from the sea surface and on the coupling field is non-negligible, and the numerical results also show the effectiveness of the proposed scattering model.     

Electromagnetic backscattering from freak waves in(1+1)-dimensional deep-water

To study the electromagnetic (EM) backscatter characteristics of freak waves at moderate incidence angles, we establish an EM backscattering model for freak waves in (1+1)-dimensional deep water. The nonlinear interaction between freak waves and Bragg short waves is considered to be the basic hydrodynamic spectra modulation mechanism in the model. Numerical results suggest that the EM backscattering intensities of freak waves are less than those from the background sea surface at moderate incidence angles. The normalised radar cross sections (NRCSs) from freak waves are highly polarisation dependent, even at low incidence angles, which is different from the situation for normal sea waves; moreover, the NRCS of freak waves is more polarisation dependent than the background sea surface. NRCS discrepancies between freak waves and the background sea surface with using horizontal transmitting horizomtal (HH) polarisation are larger than those with using vertical transmitting vertical (VV) polarisation, at moderate incident angles. NRCS discrepancies between freak waves and background sea surface decreases with the increase of incidence angle, in both HH and VV polarisation radars. As an application, in the synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imaging of freak waves, we suggest that freak waves should have extremely low backscatter NRCSs for the freak wave facet with the strongest slope. Compared with the background sea surface, the freak waves should be darker in HH polarisation echo images than in VV echo images, in SAR images. Freak waves can be more easily detected from the background sea surface in HH polarisation images than in VV polarisation images. The possibility of detection of freak waves at low incidence angles is much higher than at high incidence angles.     

Is a cosmological substratum compatible with relativity?

A cosmological substratum for energy propagation is defined in terms of a hypothesis by McCrea. It has been shown that the assumption of such a substratum for a uniformly expanding universe provides a cosmological interpretation of Special Relativity, and leads further to a theory of gravitation in terms of a universal acceleration field. Following a critical discussion of the bases of General Relativity, it is suggested that the proposed substratum model and its consequences are also compatible with the General Relativistic approach, providing that this is applied in a manner which recognises the centrally directed character of gravitational fields, and hence employs harmonic coordinates as proposed by Fock. It is shown that Fock's procedure leads to results which are consistent with the assumption of a uniformly expanding cosmological substratum. Finally, it is suggested that the cosmological substratum concept is also implied by the formulation of the Robertson-Walker metric.     

Source bearing estimation in the Arctic Ocean using ice-mounted geophones

This paper investigates the use of geophones mounted on the surface of Arctic sea ice for estimating the bearing to acoustic sources in the water column. The approach is based on measuring ice seismic waves for which the direction of particle motion is oriented radially outward from the source. However, the analysis is complicated by the fact that sea ice supports several types of seismic waves, producing complex particle motion that includes significant nonradial components. To suppress seismic waves with transverse particle motion, seismic polarization filters are applied in conjunction with a straightforward rotational analysis (computation of particle-motion power as a function of angle). The polarization filters require three-dimensional (3D) measurements of particle motion, and apply theoretical phase relationships between vertical and horizontal components for the various waves types. In addition, the 180 degrees ambiguity inherent in the rotational analysis can be resolved with 3D measurements by considering particle motion in the vertical-radial plane. Arctic field trials were carried out involving two components. First, a hammer source was used to selectively excite the various ice seismic waves to investigate their propagation properties and relative importance in bearing estimation. Second, impulsive acoustic sources were deployed in the water column at a variety of bearings and ranges from 200-1000 m. For frequencies up to 250 Hz, source bearings are typically estimated to within an average absolute error of approximately 100.     

Cytochrom P450-Enzyminduktion bei Rauchern. Untersuchungen mit dem 13C-Coffein-Atemtest

Research carried out in the last 40 years has shown the scientific importance of groundwater circulation both in the Northern Adriatic sea bed and within the uppermost sedimentary layers of the Venice lagoon and of the Venice plain. Hydrodynamic processes are strictly controlled by a well-cemented sedimentary horizon lying under and around Venice (‘caranto’), which plays the role of regional aquitard. This layer was attributed to the subaerial cementation of the Flandrian (8–10?ka Before Present) sedimentary surface. The caranto is generalised as a continuum horizon, being an easy explanation for several environmental, hydrogeological and geotechnical problems, e.g., a base layer for landfills, a confining layer for deep aquifers and the best substratum for locating the oak wooden pile-dwelling needed to support the largest buildings.

The preservation of the isotope signal within the deep aquifers and aquiclude system records the changes in surface and groundwater characteristics and suggests the present and past recharge regimes. In this region, the heavily perturbed hydrodynamic conditions do not allow for the use of isotopic signals to derive a correct reconstruction of the present recharge. The perturbations induced by the intensive anthropogenic activity force to follow climate evolution by considering deep groundwater and pore waters. In addition, the presence of carbonatic rocks inside terrigeneous sediments affects the reconstruction of the past. Results indicate that carbonatic rocks are created by seepage, through the sediments, of gaseous carbon compounds from decaying organic layers. The gas interactions with the intra-sedimentary saline and fresh waters produce CO₂, inducing the cementation of the sediments.     

On the Influence of Asymmetry of Short Wind Waves on Statistical Characteristics of the Sea-Surface Image in Diffuse Sky Light

We develop an optical model of imaging of wind roughness on a sea surface in diffuse sky light with allowance for bound waves (parasitic capillary ripple) on the front slope of decimeter gravity waves. It is found that in the case of oblique observation, free and bound waves give different contribution to the statistical characteristics of the image of a rough sea surface.     

Dynamic processes in the Venice region outlined by environmental isotopes

Research carried out in the last 40 years has shown the scientific importance of groundwater circulation both in the Northern Adriatic sea bed and within the uppermost sedimentary layers of the Venice lagoon and of the Venice plain. Hydrodynamic processes are strictly controlled by a well-cemented sedimentary horizon lying under and around Venice ('caranto'), which plays the role of regional aquitard. This layer was attributed to the subaerial cementation of the Flandrian (8-10 ka Before Present) sedimentary surface. The caranto is generalised as a continuum horizon, being an easy explanation for several environmental, hydrogeological and geotechnical problems, e.g., a base layer for landfills, a confining layer for deep aquifers and the best substratum for locating the oak wooden pile-dwelling needed to support the largest buildings. The preservation of the isotope signal within the deep aquifers and aquiclude system records the changes in surface and groundwater characteristics and suggests the present and past recharge regimes. In this region, the heavily perturbed hydrodynamic conditions do not allow for the use of isotopic signals to derive a correct reconstruction of the present recharge. The perturbations induced by the intensive anthropogenic activity force to follow climate evolution by considering deep groundwater and pore waters. In addition, the presence of carbonatic rocks inside terrigeneous sediments affects the reconstruction of the past. Results indicate that carbonatic rocks are created by seepage, through the sediments, of gaseous carbon compounds from decaying organic layers. The gas interactions with the intra-sedimentary saline and fresh waters produce CO2, inducing the cementation of the sediments.     

浅海涌浪对表面声道声传播的影响

受海面强风和海-气相互作用影响,表面声道普遍存在于冬季海洋环境中,是一种天然有利于声传播的波导.但是海面波浪使得海表形成粗糙界面,会严重破坏这种优良性能.本文利用南海北部海区的一次冬季声传播实验数据,研究表面声道声传播特性.研究表明,海底底质对表面声道内声传播的影响较弱,当海面风较小时,涌浪造成的影响为主要原因.实验数据显示,考虑涌浪后的粗糙海面给70km远处带来了10dB的传播损失增长.因此在考察南海北部海区冬季声场特性时,不仅要考虑海面风浪的影响,更需要考虑周围海域传来的涌浪的影响.研究涌浪存在时的声传播特性对提升声纳设备在海况较差时的使用性能具有重要意义.     

Mössbauer study of two different aged rock types in the Vredefort structure, South Africa

The Vredefort Structure in South Africa was recently inscribed into the list of World Heritage sites as the oldest and largest recognised impact structure on earth. Due to upliftment of more than 30 km of the Archaean basement core and subsequent exposure of the deeply eroded central portion of the crater a unique opportunity exists to study rocks of the crust, especially those that have undergone recrystallization due to various thermal metamorphic events over time. Two rock types occurring in the central uplifted part of the impact structure were studied. One was a typical Archaean iron formation of sedimentary origin. The other rock studied, adjacent to this much older rock, is a homogeneous, medium grained recrystallized norite of immediately pre- or post-impact age, indicating a possible mafic igneous activity related to impact. Microscopy, XRD and Mössbauer analyses were performed on both samples.     

Scattering of decimetric acoustic waves from the sea’s surface

The influence of the sea’s surface slopes caused by wind waves whose wavelength exceeds that of the Bragg components on the backscattering of acoustic radiation is discussed. The analysis is performed for long waves whose wavelengths are greater than 1.5 m. The study is based on the data of full-scale measurements of the sea’s surface slopes. Expressions relating the backscattering coefficient to the statistical characteristics of the sea’s surface slopes caused by long waves are presented.     

On the origin of the inverted-barometer effect at subinertial frequencies

Summary An analytical model, simulating the frictionless response of the sea contained in a rotating, rectangular channel of arbitrary width to air pressure waves travelling at varying directions, is developed. Since planetary atmospheric waves are of primary interest as forcing agents, a solution is found for subinertial frequencies. For an atmospheric wave travelling along a channel whose width is close to the Rossby deformation radius, the model predicts sea levels and currents organized in two coastal waves and a geostrophic current system prevailing in mid-basin. The right-hand coastal wave is more pronounced than the left-hand wave. The structure is coupled to the atmospheric wave, and is resonantly driven when the phase velocity of the forcing wave approaches the Kelvin wave velocity. Along the coasts a quasi-static adjustment occurs under off-resonant conditions. When the atmospheric wave is moving across the channel at a sharp angle, the response of the sea is enhanced for the apparent along-channel velocities below those of free shallow-water waves, due to reflections at channel boundaries. For the atmospheric wave that travels at right angle across the channel, the resonance is not possible, and the sea level undershoots a simple inverted-barometer response. Both travelling and standing waves appear in the channel. In the narrow-channel limit only a standing wave remains, with a nodal line in the middle of the channel. In the central part of the channel the currents are almost geostrophic at very low frequencies. The model is used to interpret some aspects of the response of the Mediterranean Sea to planetary-scale atmospheric forcing. In particular, it is shown that resonant transfer of energy from the atmosphere to the sea is most unlikely, since planetary atmospheric waves are rather slow and they travel along the main axis of the Mediterranean basin.     

Wave interaction in acoustic resonators with and without hysteresis

Nonlinear interaction of counterpropagating waves in solids is considered by using a general approach taking into account only the cumulative (resonant) nonlinear perturbations giving a nonzero contribution over the period and, consecutively, potentially able to significantly modify the linear solution. Different stress-strain relations are addressed, including those with hysteresis which serve as basic models for the recent acoustic experiments with rock and metals. An important case of the interaction of counterpropagating waves with close amplitudes in a high-Q resonator (bar) with hysteresis is specially addressed and compared with the case of a ring resonator.     

采用混合模型数值模拟从深海到浅海内波的传播

在南海东沙岛附近, 从MODIS遥感图像发现内波传播是从深海经陆架坡再到浅海, 由于深海和浅海环境条件的差异以及传播模型的适用条件不同, 因此 不能采用同一模型模拟内波的传播, 需用两种模型来分别模拟内波在深海和浅海中的传播. 采用差分法, 首先用非线性薛定谔方程模拟了深海内波的传播, 然后用EKdV方程模拟了内波在浅海中的继续传播. 模拟结果与实际的MODIS遥感内波图像相符合, 并与应用单一模型模拟结果相比, 混合模型模拟该海区的内波传播更接近遥感实测, 表明了混合模型的合理性.     

采用混合模型数值模拟从深海到浅海内波的传播

在南海东沙岛附近, 从MODIS遥感图像发现内波传播是从深海经陆架坡再到浅海, 由于深海和浅海环境条件的差异以及传播模型的适用条件不同, 因此 不能采用同一模型模拟内波的传播, 需用两种模型来分别模拟内波在深海和浅海中的传播. 采用差分法, 首先用非线性薛定谔方程模拟了深海内波的传播, 然后用EKdV方程模拟了内波在浅海中的继续传播. 模拟结果与实际的MODIS遥感内波图像相符合, 并与应用单一模型模拟结果相比, 混合模型模拟该海区的内波传播更接近遥感实测, 表明了混合模型的合理性.     

Investigation of EM scattering from electrically large sea surface with breaking wave at low grazing angles

According to the high-resolution radar data, backscattering scattering from sea surfaces may give rise to super events of strong scattering and large Doppler offsets for horizontal (HH) polarization at low grazing angles (LGA), which are usually considered to be caused by breaking waves. In this paper, the mesoscale breaking wave model is introduced to account for the contribution of breaking waves, which can be responsible for sea spikes and high Doppler shift. The backscattering radar cross-section (RCS) from a single breaking wave is computed and the scattering from sea surfaces is analyzed by a composite surface scattering model, in which the phase factor of every facet is modified by the capillary waves. By using the slope criterion, the spatial distribution of the breaking waves is obtained. At the same time, the RCS of sea surfaces with breaking waves is calculated and the results agree with measured data well at LGA for HH polarization. Considering the Bragg phase velocity, orbital motion of facets and wind drift, the Doppler spectrum of sea surface with breaking wave is simulated, and when compared with the result without breaking wave, there is a good improvement for HH polarization, and for the vertical polarization, the revision is little, which are agreeable with the results of recent researches.     

Modeling the spectrum of infrasonic hydroacoustic radiation generated by the sea surface under storm conditions

Generation of infrasonic radiation into a water medium by sea surface waves is analyzed. The analysis is carried out for the situation in which the infrasound is generated by surface waves with frequencies close to those of dominant waves. The presence of two wave systems on the sea surface is assumed: swell and wind waves. It is shown that if the frequencies of spectral peaks of wind waves and swell diverge by 20%, the maximum value of the radiation spectrum decreases by approximately 40% (if the general directions of the two wave systems are oriented strictly towards each other). A deviation of the general directions of the two wave systems from the opposite direction by 45° leads to a decrease in the maximum value of the radiation spectrum by more than two times.     

利用反射光谱研究砂岩风化与排氮作用——以江西龙虎山为例

近期,《Nature》、《Science》等世界顶级期刊揭示了地表岩石与全球氮循环的相互作用,认为岩石是氮素的重要储库,其风化排氮是生态系统氮素的主要来源之一,对局部乃至全球氮循环具有重大影响。陆地地表岩石分布面积75%是沉积岩,丹霞地貌是受沉积岩风化侵蚀作用形成的重要地貌类型之一,研究丹霞地貌沉积岩的风化与排氮作用对深入了解全球氮循环过程具有重要意义。以江西龙虎山丹霞地貌出露的红色砂岩为研究对象,在系统的野外样品采集工作基础上,利用偏光显微镜、ASD光谱仪和碳氮分析仪对样品的矿物组成、光谱曲线和氮素含量进行鉴定和测量。结果表明：龙虎山砂岩主要为长石砂岩,颗粒矿物为长石和石英,胶结物以铁质、钙质为主,次为泥质;砂岩的化学风化类型主要有胶结物溶蚀和颗粒矿物水化两种,其中胶结物溶蚀以铁质溶蚀为主,溶蚀后岩石的光谱曲线在902 nm处（Fe3+的特征吸收波段）的吸收指数下降,而颗粒矿物水化则主要体现为长石向粘土矿物转变,水化后岩石的光谱曲线在2 210 nm处（粘土Al-OH的特征吸收波段）的吸收指数上升。针对同一件样品,已被化学风化的部分与未被风化的部分相比,其氮元素含量有所下降,且氮元素含量与2 210 nm处的吸收指数存在一定的负相关系（R2=0.802 6）,说明岩石风化有助于氮排放;针对不同样品,氮元素含量与2 210 nm处的吸收指数相关性很差（R2=0.025 6）,说明岩石矿物组成与结构差异对岩石初始氮含量和吸收指数产生影响,从而降低两者间的相关性。以上研究说明,反射光谱为砂岩风化程度检测与氮排放研究提供了一种重要的技术手段,但研究时必须注意岩性的一致性。