Thermal,FTIR and microhardness studies of bisthiourea-urea single crystal

Single crystals of a new nonlinear optical material, bisthiourea-urea have been grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique with a period of 4 weeks. The structure of the grown crystals was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The presence of title compound in the crystal lattice has been qualitatively determined by FTIR analysis. The mechanical properties and thermal stability of the grown crystals were evaluated by Vickers microhardness test and TG and DTG, respectively.     

Growth and characterization of cinnamic acid–urea single crystal

A single crystal of cinnamic acid–urea was grown by slow evaporation of methanol solution at room temperature. In this research, many analytical methods such as FTIR, second harmonic generation, NMR, and TG–DTA were used. The presence of title compound in the crystal lattice has been qualitatively determined by FTIR analysis. Thermal stability of the grown crystals was evaluated by TG-DTA. Incorporation of urea increases the thermal stability insuring the suitability of material for possible non-linear optical application up to 180 °C.     

Investigations on the physicochemical properties of the nonlinear optical crystal for blue green laser generation

Bisglycinehydrogenchloride (BGHC) an intriguing material for frequency conversion has been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. Their structural, optical and physicochemical properties were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, FTIR, Raman and UV-vis spectra. The title crystal has found to crystallize into noncentrosymmetric orthorhombic P2(1)2(1)2(1) space group. The material has a wide transparency in the entire visible region. It is found that the cutoff wavelength lies in the UV region. The mechanical response of the crystal has been studied using Vickers microhardness technique. The Kurtz powder second harmonic generation test shows that the compound is a prospective crystalline material for second order nonlinear optical application.     

Synthesis,crystal growth,structural, spectral,optical, thermal and dielectric studies of a new nonlinear optical material: 4-Hydroxy-l-proline-l-tartaric acid (1:1)

Single crystals of a new organic material, 4-hydroxy-l-proline-l-tartaric acid (HPTA) adduct, were grown by slow evaporation of an aqueous solution containing equimolar concentrations of 4-hydroxy-l-proline and l-tartaric acid at room temperature. Formation of new crystal has been confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The single crystal XRD analysis shows that a molecule of 4-hydroxy-l-proline and a molecule of free l-tartaric acid both of which are interlinked to each other by two types of H-bonding interactions, namely O(6)–H(6)⋯O(2) and N(1)–H(1B)⋯O(10). The title compound (HPTA) crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system with non-centrosymmetric space group P2₁. The suitability of the crystal for optical applications was studied by UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral analysis was used to confirm the presence of various functional groups in the grown crystals. The thermal stability of the compound was investigated by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the crystal were studied as a function of frequency and temperature. The fluorescence spectral analysis of the title crystal shows an indigo emission. The second order nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the crystal was confirmed by the modified Kurtz–Perry powder second harmonic generation (SHG) test.     

Spectroscopic studies on the influence of 10 mol% of glycine on nonlinear optical crystal L-valinium picrate

Nonlinear optics is a fascinating field, which plays a vital role in the emerging field of photonics and optoelectronics. A new nonlinear optical crystal of glycine mixed l-valine picrate (GVP) have been grown from saturated aqueous solution by slow evaporation method at a temperature of 36 °C using a constant temperature bath of accuracy of ±0.01 °C. The synthesized organic optical material has been purified by repeated recrystallization. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis has been made to determine the cell parameters and it confirms the crystal lattice to be orthorhombic. UV–vis-NIR spectrum have recorded for GVP crystals in the range from 190 nm to 1100 nm and it is found that the crystal has cut-off at 450 nm. Fourier transform infrared transmission has confirmed the presence of the functional group present in the title compound. The spectrum has been recorded by KBr pellet technique. The ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra have been recorded to elucidate the molecular structure of GVP crystals. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of the grown crystal have been confirmed by Kurtz–Perry method using Nd:YAG laser as source.     

Studies on the growth, optical, electrical and spectral properties of potassium pentaborate (KB5) single crystals

The bulk single crystals of nonlinear optical material potassium pentaborate (KB5) have been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique using water as solvent. The grown crystal was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The structural perfection of the grown crystals has been analyzed by high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) studies by recording rocking curve. The photoluminescence (PL), UV-vis spectral studies were performed and the optical bandgap of the material was calculated. FTIR and FT-Raman measurements enumerate the functional groups present in the compound. The factor group analysis on KB5 reveals that there are 117 vibrational optical modes. The dielectric behavior of KB5 was investigated with different frequencies and temperatures.     

Crystal growth, spectral, optical, and thermal characterization of glycyl-l-alanine hydrochloride (GLAH) single crystal

A new semi-organic nonlinear optical material glycyl-l-alanine hydrochloride (GLAH) was grown successfully by slow evaporation solution growth method. The solubility of GLAH was estimated for a wide range of temperatures. Large size single crystal of size 15?×?9?×?6?mm³ was grown at room temperature. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction study which confirms that the grown crystal is monoclinic in nature with the space group P2₁. The molecular weight of the title compound was estimated by mass spectrometry. Functional groups and the modes of vibrations were identified by FT-IR spectral analysis. The UV?Cvisible spectral study reveals that the percentage of optical transmission of the sample is very high in the entire visible and UV regions. The second harmonic generation of the crystal was confirmed by the Kurtz and Perry technique. The hardness of the sample was tested by microhardness test which shows that the grown crystal belongs to the soft category of materials. The thermal stability of the compound was studied by TG?CDTA analyses which indicate that the crystal is thermally stable up to 248.6?°C.     

Growth and studies of thiourea urea magnesium chloride (TUMC) single crystals

A new semi organic Non-linear optical (NLO) crystal thiourea urea magnesium chloride (TUMC) was grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. Good quality single crystals were grown within 20?days. The FTIR spectrum of title compound was recorded and vibrational assignments were made. The recorded UV?Cvis spectrum shows the optical transmission property of the crystal. The Second harmonic generation (SHG) of TUMC crystal was tested by Kurtz?CPerry method using Nd:YAG laser and the result confirms that the grown crystal exhibits NLO property. To analyse the thermal stability of the crystal TG/DTA analysis were made. Detailed structural analysis of the compound is under progress.     

非线性光学材料──水草酸铵

一水草酸铵（简称ＡＯＭ）是一种优良的电光晶体￣［１］。文献￣［１，２］报道了该晶体的晶体结构，化学式为（ＮＨ＿４）＿２Ｃ＿２Ｏ＿２·Ｈ＿２Ｏ，属正交晶系，Ｐ２２２空间群，晶胞参数ａ＝０．８０３５ｎｍ，ｂ＝１。０３１ｎｍ，ｃ＝０．３８０１ｎｍ，ｚ＝２。本文拟报道ＡＯＭ单晶生长，热化学分析，透过波段以及非线性光学性质的初步研究。     

Synthesis, growth and characterization of a new nonlinear optical material: 4-phenylpyridinium hydrogen squarate (4PHS)

A novel organic non-linear optical organic single crystal of 4-phenylpyridinium hydrogen squarate (4PHS) has been synthesized and successfully grown from aqueous solutions by slow evaporation solution growth method. In the present investigation the title compound has been synthesized by taking equimolar quantity of 4-phenylpyridine and squaric acid and mixed thoroughly using double distilled water as the solvent. The prepared concentrated solution was placed in an undisturbed condition, and then the solution was periodically inspected. The good quality single crystals have been harvested in a time span of 3 weeks. Then the grown crystal was characterized as single crystal XRD, differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR, UV-vis-NIR, SHG, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR analyses, respectively. The observed results from the characterization analyses show its suitability for NLO applications when compared with some of the existing organic crystals. The relative second harmonic generation of this grown crystal was found to be five times higher than that of KDP crystal. The UV cut-off wavelength and decomposition temperature of this grown crystal were also comparatively better. (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectroscopic studies were employed to elucidate the structure of the grown specimen.     

Probes on L-lysine monohydrochloride dihydrate: a semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal

L-Lysine monohydrochloride dihydrate (LLMHCl), a semiorganic potential nonlinear optically active crystal possessing large hyperpolarizability and which belongs to noncentrosymmetry class has been grown and studied. The XRD analysis shows that it belongs to the auspicious symmetric space group P2(1) with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. FTIR and FT Raman of the title crystal have been studied at room temperature. The polarization light and oriented single crystals are used to assign the lines observed in the Raman spectra of the studied material. The vibrational spectral characterization has been carried out and interpreted in the light of crystal structure data and factor group analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements have allowed identifying the C2 space group symmetry of the compound corroborating very good propensity for green emission. The optical and mechanical responses have been studied with respect to UV visible and Vickers microhardness measurements.     

Bulk size crystal growth,spectral, optical,luminescence, thermal,mechanical, and dielectric properties of organic single crystal

Single crystal of 2-[2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-1-methylstilbazolium iodide (4MESI) was grown by the slow evaporation method. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the formation of the title crystal. The density of the grown crystals was measured, and it was compared with theoretically calculated value. The FTIR and powder XRD of 4MESI were performed at room temperature. The different types of proton present in the crystal structure have been confirmed by NMR spectroscopic study. UV–Vis–NIR spectral studies reveal that 4MESI crystals are good optical transparency in the entire visible region. The photoluminescence spectrum of 4MESI shows violet and blue emission. Thermal stability and behavior of the grown crystal have been investigated by TG and DTG analysis. It shows that the grown crystal has melting point at 243 °C. Mechanical hardness of the grown crystals was estimated by Vickers microhardness tester. The grown crystals were also characterized by chemical etching and dielectric studies, and the results are discussed in detail.     

Crystal growth, structural, optical, spectral and thermal studies of tris(L-phenylalanine)L-phenylalaninium nitrate: a new organic nonlinear optical material

Tris(L-phenylalanine)L-phenylalaninium nitrate, C(9)H(12)NO(2)(+)·NO(3)(-)·3C(9)H(11)NO(2) (TPLPN), a new organic nonlinear optical material was grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution growth at room temperature. The grown crystals were subjected to powder X-ray diffraction and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies to confirm the crystalline nature and crystal structure. The modes of vibration of different molecular groups present in TPLPN have been identified by FTIR spectral analysis. The presence of hydrogen and carbon in the grown crystal were confirmed by using proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analyses. The optical transmission spectral study establishes good transmitting ability of the crystal in the entire visible region. The thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA) were carried out to understand the thermal stability of the sample. The nonlinear optical property of the compound observed using Kurtz powder second harmonic generation test assets the suitability of the grown material for the frequency conversion of laser radiation of Nd:YAG.     

Synthesis, growth, thermal, optical and mechanical properties of 2-Aminopyridinium 4-methylbenzoate Dihydrate

Organic NLO material of 2-Aminopyridinium 4-methylbenzoate Dihydrate (2A4M) was synthesized using 2-Aminopyridinium and 4-methylbenzoic acid as starting materials. Single crystals of 2A4M were grown by the slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature using water as a solvent. The grown crystal was characterized by single crystal XRD to confirm the crystal system and lattice parameters. From the optical studies the optical band gap and the refractive index of the material are found to be 2.9 eV and 1.40 at 1200 nm. Functional groups of the crystallised material were confirmed by FTIR vibrational spectrum. Thermal behaviour of the title compound was studied using thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA). The initial weight loss is found up to 125°C, which corresponds to 13.2% i.e. presence of 2 mole of water in the lattice. The grown crystal was subjected to Vickers hardness test and the brittleness index, fracture toughness, yield strength were estimated. The etching studies reveal the growth pattern and dislocations present in the grown crystal. The second harmonic generation (SHG) behaviour of 2A4M was tested by Kurtz-Perry powder technique. The relative SHG efficiency of 2A4M is found to be 3.03 times that of the reference material KDP.     

Growth, thermal, and optical properties of l-asparagine monohydrate NLO single crystal

Single crystal of l-asparagine monohydrate (LAM), organic nonlinear optical material has been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to identify the cell parameters. FT-IR analysis was used to estimate the qualitative presence of the amino acids in the grown crystal. Anisotropy properties like thermal and dielectric properties were studied on the grown crystal. The sample was thermally stable up to 125 °C. Also various thermodynamic properties were calculated and reported for the first time. Optical properties such as optical absorption, second harmonic generation, photoluminescence and photoconductivity analysis were also studied on the grown crystal. Optical absorption studies showed a lower UV cut-off of 225 nm. The SHG efficiency of the sample was seven times higher than that of KDP. Photoluminescence study confirms the suitability of the material for the generation of blue radiation. Multilayer plate-like pattern of growth was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The photoconductivity study confirms that the LAM crystal has negative photoconducting nature.     

Growth and characterization of 2-amino-4-picolinium toluene sulfonate single crystal

2-Amino-4-picolinium toluene sulfonate (2A4PTS), a new organic material, was synthesized and grown as single crystals in room temperature by slow evaporation solution growth technique using water as solvent. The crystal structure of 2A4PTS has been determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. 2A4PTS belongs to monoclinic crystal system. The molecular arrangements in the crystal were studied. The structural perfection of the grown crystals has been analysed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) rocking curve measurements. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral studies have been performed to identify the functional groups. The optical transmittance window and the lower cutoff wavelength of the 2A4PTS have been identified by UV–Vis–NIR studies. The nonlinear optical properties have been investigated by Z-scan method. The nonlinear refractive index and linear absorption coefficient of the 2A4PTS are found to be in the order of 10⁻⁸ cm²/W and 10⁻⁴ cm/W, respectively. The laser induced surface damage threshold for the grown crystal was measured using Nd:YAG laser. Thermal analysis carried out on the compound reveals that 2A4PTS is stable up to 133 °C. The microhardness test was carried out and the load dependent hardness was measured.     

Synthesis growth and characterization of l-valine nickel (II) chloride

A new semi organic nonlinear optical crystal, l-valine nickel chloride has been synthesized and good optical quality single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. The growth conditions of the crystals are studied and the grown crystals are confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction studies. The grown crystal was characterized by using powdered XRD, FT-IR, UV?CVis?CNIR, EDAX, and TG?CDTA. The crystalline nature and its various planes of reflections were observed by the powder XRD. The presence of various functional groups was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopic technique. The UV?CVis?CNIR spectrum indicates that the crystal has very good absorption in the entire visible and near IR region spectrum suggesting the suitability of the material for NLO applications. The decomposition temperatures and mass loss have been estimated from the thermogravimetric analysis.     

Growth and characterization of a new nonlinear optical crystal: [(18C6)Li][Cd(SCN)3]

Single crystals of a new nonlinear optical compound [(18C6)Li][Cd(SCN)₃][(18-crown-6-ether) lithium(I) trithiocyanate cadmium(II), CLTC], with dimension of 22 mm × 8 mm × 2 mm, were grown from aqueous solutions for the first time via evaporation technique. Solubility of CLTC has been determined for various temperatures. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) study, powder X-ray diffraction, FT-IR techniques, UV–vis, elemental analysis, EDS analyses and SHG test. Single crystal XRD study has been carried out to identify the lattice parameters and CLTC crystallizes in orthorhombic system. FT-IR studies confirm the functional groups present in the grown crystal. The mechanical properties of the grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness tester. The optical second harmonic generation effect has been measured by using the Kurtz powder technique to be 2 times as large as that of KDP (KH₂PO₄) crystal. From the optical spectrum, CLTC has good optical transmission in the entire visible region, which is an essential requirement for a nonlinear crystal.     

Spectroscopic and thermal studies of γ-glycine crystal grown from potassium bromide for optoelectronic applications

Single crystals of an organic nonlinear optical material γ-glycine have been synthesized by slow evaporation technique from aqueous solutions of α-glycine and potassium bromide at room temperature. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the growth of γ phase of glycine. The powder X-ray diffraction of the grown crystal was recorded and indexed. Functional groups present in the sample were identified by FTIR spectral analysis. The optical absorption studies show that the UV cut-off wavelength of γ-glycine is at 238 nm and has a wide transparency window. The thermal characteristics of the grown crystal were determined by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), which show the thermal stability of the grown crystals. The powder second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of γ-glycine crystals was measured by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd:YAG laser and it was found to be 2.56 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals.     

Thermal, mechanical, and optical studies of NaBr-added l-alanine crystal

The 1:1 adduct of l-Alanine and sodium bromide (l-ANaBr) crystal has been grown from aqueous solution by a slow evaporation technique. l-alanine and sodium bromide were used in the ratio 1:1 for synthesis. Characterizations were carried out to study the thermal, optical, and mechanical properties of the grown crystal. Single-crystal X- ray diffraction analysis shows that the grown crystal belongs to the monoclinic system. The crystalline nature and its various planes of reflections were observed by powder XRD analysis. Thermal studies reveal that the crystal is stable up to 113.37 °C. The chemical compositions of the grown crystal were determined by FT-IR spectral analysis. The transmittance, absorption, and reflection spectrum of l-ANaBr crystal studied using a UV–Vis spectrometer indicates that the crystal has good optical transparency. The mechanical property of the grown crystal studied using Vickers microhardness measurement reveals that the crystal is a soft material.