雄县地下水多组分含量分析及水质评价

为了解雄县地区地下水水化学特征及水质现状,选取43组地下水,采用仪器分析和容量法相结合的方式对雄县地下水典型的环境项目进行测定,运用数理统计和三元相图分析了雄县地下水的主要离子特征,并运用综合评价法对地下水质量予以评价。结果表明,该类指标的方法检出限为0.001～1.30mg/L,相对标准偏差为0.30%～3.7%,pH值和偏硅酸空间变异最低(CV30%),Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)和碘化物的空间变异性最高(CV100%),水化学类型主要以HCO_3-Na型为主,水质评价结果显示研究区域地下水水质总体状况较好,多为Ⅱ类水和Ⅲ类水。研究成果对了解雄县地下水水质现状具有重要意义。     

南通海门区浅层地下水水化学特征和水质状况分析

浅层地下水作为沿海地区城镇用水中的重要组成部分,在人民生活中扮演着不可或缺的角色,研究浅层地下水的水化学特征及分布状况对饮用水安全和地下水开发利用具有重要意义。以南通市海门区浅层地下水为研究对象,在系统采集并分析浅层地下水样品的基础上,基于Schukarev分类法进行了浅层地下水类型划分,考察了pH值、总硬度、矿化度的分布特征,同时对浅层地下水水质现状和水质污染原因进行了分析。结果表明,HCO_(3)^(-)和Ca^(2+)分别是研究区浅层地下水中优势的阴、阳离子;地下水主要化学类型为HCO_(3)-Ca和HCO_(3)-Ca·Mg型;现状情况下浅层地下水水质较差,污染物主要为硝酸盐,污染区面积约719.16 km^(2)。成果可为研究区浅层地下水进一步的合理开发利用提供理论依据。     

顶空-气相色谱法测定加油站地下水中特征污染物

加油站的埋地油罐泄漏已是国际上环境污染防治领域面临的严重问题。加油站目前已成为美国地下水污染的最大污染源,截止2001年美国有超过44万个地下储油罐被确认发生渗漏[1]。地下水和土壤遭受有机污染物污染后难以清理和修复[2-3],许多有机物进入环境后对人体和生物具有致癌、致畸和致突变作用[4]。汽油添加剂甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)已对地表水、地下水、土壤及大气等环境要素构成严重污染[5-6]。然而在国内,加油站渗漏引起的土壤、岩层和浅层地下水污染问题至今还尚未被充分     

海兴地区地下水中多元素含量的测定

应用电感耦和等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定地下水中钾、钠、钙、镁、铁、锰的含量,使用分光光度法测定氟的含量,测定的相对标准偏差为0.7%-2.8%,回收率为92.1%-105.2%。结果表明,大部分地区地下水中钠和氟化物的含量均偏高,常量与微量元素的组成含量差别不大。     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定地下水中酚类物质

水体中的酚类物质主要来自焦化、煤气制造、石油精炼、木材防腐、石油化工、合成氨等工厂排出的生产废水[1],各种氯酚酸除草剂和有机磷杀虫剂的降解等。酚类物质是一种原生质毒物,对一切生活个体都有毒杀作用,能使蛋白质凝固,长期饮用被酚类物质污染的水可引起慢性积累性中毒,可抑制中     

地下水中镍的形成及与人群健康关系

以丰富的实际资料，论证了地下水中微量元素镍形成的主要控制因素及其与人群健康的关系。     

金矿地下水中砷、汞的连续测定

研究了氢化物原子荧光光谱法[1～4]连续测定金矿地下水中As和Hg的分析方法.选择了仪器的最佳工作条件,着重考察了金矿地下水中的常见元素对测定的干扰情况,并给出了干扰元素的允许存在量,方法加标回收率95.0%～107.9%.检出限分别达到:As为0.3 μg/L,Hg为0.1 μg/L.     

原子发射法测定工业废水地下水中可溶性钾钠

工业废水地下水中的钾钠元素,通常采用原子吸收光谱法进行测定,而对仪器上所配有的原子发射光谱功能,一般使用较少.作者利用P-E 3030型原子吸收光谱仪上所提供的原子发射测定程序对其进行测定,并与原子吸收光谱测定结果进行比较,两者无显著性差异.同时利用原子吸收光谱仪的发射法功能测定钾钠元素,不需要空心阴极灯,因而更加方便、经济,充分利用了仪器功能.     

某城区地下水环境质量评价

在对某研究区进行环境调查的基础之上,质予以评价,查明研究区内地下水环境质量现状。源合理利用和规划需要提供一定的依据。对区内地下水进行了取样分析,并对地下水水为该区域地下水资源利用、环境保护、土地资     

The Influence of Non-Engineered Municipal Landfills on Groundwater Chemistry and Quality in Bloemfontein,South Africa

This study assessed the groundwater quality around two municipal solid waste landfill sites, in the city of Bloemfontein, Free State Province, South Africa. The two landfill sites are located in two contrasting geological terrains, with both lacking some basic facilities found in a well-designed landfill. A total of eight groundwater samples were collected from pollution monitoring boreholes near the two landfill sites, with five samples representing the northern landfill site and three samples representing the southern landfill site. The samples were collected in the autumn and winter seasons to assess any possible seasonal variations. They were analysed for physicochemical (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolve solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC)) and microbiological parameters (Escherichia coli, total coliform). The results of the analysis showed that the waters from both landfills were generally dominated by Ca, Mg, SO4, and HCO3 ions. Some of the major anions and cations in the water samples were above the South African National Standard (SANS241:2015) and World Health Organisation (WHO) permissible limits for drinking water. Majority of the boreholes had total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity values exceeding the SANS 241:2015 and WHO permissible limits. Piper trilinear plots for the two landfill sites showed that Ca(Mg)HCO3 water type predominates, but Ca(Mg)SO4 and Ca(Mg)Cl were also found. These water types were further confirmed with expanded Durov diagrams, indicating that that the boreholes represented a water type that is seldom found which is undergoing ion exchange, typical of sulphate contamination. From the SAR diagrams, boreholes in the northern landfill site had a high salinity hazard with only one borehole in the southern landfill site having a high salinity hazard. The geology was found to play a significant role in the distribution of contaminants into the groundwater systems in the study area. The study concluded that the northern landfill site had a poorer water quality in comparison to the southern landfill site based on the analysed physicochemical parameters. However, the southern landfill site showed significant microbial contamination, due to the elevated amount of E. coli and total coliform concentrations. The high permeability of the weathered dolerites in the northern landfill site might have enabled the percolation of contaminants into the groundwater resulting in the poorer water quality.     

The Occurrence of Pesticides in Groundwater—Results of Case-studies

Abstract

A comparative review of pesticide survey endosing 16 waterworks in the FRG tries to increase the understanding about interferences of pesticide utilization and pesticide occurrence in ground- and drinkingwater, which includes characterization of sampling points, subsurface situation, land use and pesticide application. Between 1986 and 1991, 5772 samples were measured and led to 219094 data about the occurrence of various pesticides. 5% of these analyses showed pesticide or metabolite concentrations above the particular detection limits. This result does not vary in large extent considering groups of different characterized sampling points like groundwater dominated or surface water sampling points. As the herbicide atrazine and its metabolite desethylatrazine as well as the herbicide simazine were detected most often in all samples independent whether considering groundwater und surface water samples, this fact confirms the FRG-application ban for atrazine as well as the application restriction for simazine.     

云南绥江新城供水工程区地下水地球化学环境评价

对云南省绥江县新城供水工程的地下水水化学成分作了分析。结果表明,水化学类型以重碳酸盐低矿化度淡水为主,局部地区为重碳酸硫酸盐型水;主要阳离子为Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋,阴离子为HCO3^-、SO4^2-;pH呈弱碱性（7．3～8．2）;矿化度普遍较低（〈0．5g／L）,因个别由于煤层的出现导致矿化度增大。     

镅在榆次地下水中的溶解度分析

利用自行开发的化学形态分析软件CHEMSPEC计算了镅在榆次地下水中的溶解度,同时研究了pH值、地下水成分、温度等因素对镅在榆次地下水中溶解度的影响.结果表明,pH值、总碳酸根离子浓度和温度对溶解度有显著影响;而硫酸根离子浓度、氯离子浓度对溶解度的影响可以忽略.计算表明,镅在榆次地下水中的溶解度在1.4×10-10-6.3×10-3mol·L-1之间.在25℃,pH=6.0时,总碳酸根离子浓度为1×10-5mol·L-1时,镅的溶解度最大,该值可用于镅在榆次浅层含水层中的扩散和迁移行为的偏保守预测.     

Factor Analysis for Assigning Sources of Groundwater Pollution

Abstract

Factor Analysis (FA) is applied to tentatively establish either jhe sources of pollution in the groundwater in a delimited zone in Catalonia which has been polluted by permeation with non-controlled wastewaters or the groundwater evolution with time in this area. Three types of chemical analysis were considered: general parameters indicating the chemical quality of water, inorganic micropollutants and organic micropollutants. These analyses were carried out with forty-five samples collected in three different periods, and eleven parameters were considered. From the final solutions of the FA method applied several factors were retained for the different sampling periods and these factors were related to different sources of pollution. FA has proved to be more useful when punctual pollution incidents takes place rather than when groundwater evolution with time is studied.     

宁波市饮用水中重金属污染物镉健康风险评价

对宁波市区内36个监测点的饮用水中Cd的质量浓度进行了调查研究,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对各区饮用水中Cd所引起的健康风险度作了初步评价。结果表明,宁波市区镉的平均质量浓度范围为0～3.2μg/L;通过饮水途径所引起的致癌健康风险中Cd在邱隘的致癌风险最大(8.7×10-6.a-1),但低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平(5×10-5.a-1)。由于邱隘地区饮用水中的镉风险度相对较高,因此应优先对其进行管理。总体来说,Cd的个人年风险在10-6水平,所以宁波市通过饮水所引起的慢性镉暴露不会对暴露人群引起健康危害。     

雎水流域的水化学特征及其地表水与地下水的相互转化

为了解特定流域的水化学特征及其运移和转化的历史,为水资源科学管理提供依据,分析了小流域雎水河的水化学特征。结果表明:(1)雎水河流域主要是大气降水补给的地矿化度的溶滤水。(2)雎水河全线都是地下水补给地表水。(3)部分泉点矿化度相对较高与SO24-较高有关,可能是因为流经了含煤地层。     

Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment of Metals and Nitrogen Compounds in Drinking Water from an Urban Area Near a Former Non-Ferrous Ore Smelter

The quality and potential health risk of drinking waters in Medias, a town near a former non-ferrous ore smelter in Romania, was assessed using the drinking water quality index (DWQI), hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard quotient (THQ). A total of 29 water samples collected from 26 wells and 3 springs used as drinking water sources, located in near proximity to agricultural, industrial or household contamination sources, were characterized. The obtained results indicated high NO₂^?, NO₃^?, Cd and Mn levels that exceeded the corresponding maximum allowable concentrations. According to the DWQI values, only 10% of water sources have acceptable quality, while 21% are threatened, and 69% have poor- quality. The health risk assessment suggested a high risk for NO₃^? for more than 72% of the drinking waters HQ_NO3^??>?1.0 but no risk for metals and NO₂^? (HQ_metals< 1.0; HQ_NO2^?< 1.0).     

宁波市饮用水中重金属铁锌铜健康风险度评价

对宁波市区内36个样点的饮用水中Fe,Zn,Cu的质量浓度进行了调查研究,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对各区饮用水中Fe,Zn,Cu所引起的健康风险度作了初步评价。结果表明,宁波市区Fe,Zn,Cu的平均质量浓度范围分别为Fe 35~809μg/L,Zn51~1 147μg/L,Cu 14~98μg/L;通过饮水途径所引起的非致癌健康风险中Zn在邱隘(样点)的致癌年风险最大(1.7×10-5),但低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受年风险水平(5×10-5),Cu,Fe的年风险水平(10-8~10-9)均远低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平。因此与Fe,Cu相比,Zn为主要的风险污染物,应进行优先管理。