A new sampling format for the diagnostics of bovine infectious diseases in dried blood spots by ELISA

The detection of antibodies to bovine infectious diseases (enzootic bovine leucosis, viral diarrhea, and infectious rhinotracheitis) is performed by ELISA in dry whole blood samples obtained on porous membranes using a new sampling format. Several commercial test systems are used to diagnose the infections. The obtained data are compared to the results of the analysis of liquid samples of blood serum. The results of the analysis of dried and liquid samples are in full concordance. The new sampling format makes it possible to avoid using a cold chain for the transportation of samples to diagnostic laboratories and to simplify the storage of these samples.     

含环丙基结构的药物研究进展

环丙基的化学结构不同于直链脂肪烃和其他多元脂肪环,在药物分子的设计中经常被使用,具有增强药物的药效、增强代谢稳定性、降低脱靶作用、增强对受体的亲和力、限制多肽的水解作用、增加血脑屏障渗透率、降低血浆清除率以及改善药物的解离度(pK_a)等功效。含有环丙基结构的药物被开发用于治疗呼吸系统疾病、精神障碍类疾病、内分泌和代谢系统疾病、感染性疾病、神经系统疾病、心脑血管疾病以及肿瘤等。本文将对含有环丙基结构药物的研究进展进行综述。     

刍议常见学校传染病的预防及控制

目的调查学校传染病发生情况,为防控措施的制定提供依据。方法对2011年—2015年某地区学校传染病疫情资料进行统计分析。结果 2011年—2015年某地区共出现学校传染病26种,103例,年平均发病率为10/万,其中以呼吸道传染病居多,占52.4%;居于发病前五位的依次为手足口病、水痘、流行性腮炎、肝炎、肺结核,发病高峰期为5—6月;发病最多的是托幼机构,为52例,占50.4%,其次为小学,为26例,占25.2%。结论某地区学校传染病以呼吸道、肠道传染病为主,应进一步加强学校传染病流行季节的检测及防控。     

STING-activating drug delivery systems:Design strategies and biomedical applications

The stimulator of interferon genes(STING) shows promising clinical activity in infectious diseases and tumors.However,the lack of targeting capability and intracellular stability of STING agonists severely limits the therapeutic efficacy.Recently,drug delivery systems(DDSs) overcome these delivery barriers of STING agonists via passive or active cell targeting,prolonged blood circulation and drug release,and lysosome escape,etc.In this review,we will describe in detail how existing DDSs are designed to overcome delivery barriers and activate the STING pathway,and the current biomedical applications of STING-activating DDSs in the treatments of infectious diseases and tumors.Finally,the prospects and challenges of DDSs in STING activation are discussed.     

Application of Amperometric Immunoenzyme Sensors to the Determination of Bacterial Antigens

A new version of immunoenzyme assay for the antigens of pathogenic microorganisms Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus based on the use of amperometric sensors is proposed for their determination in diagnosing infectious diseases (tonsillitis of different severities). The best conditions for sensor operation were chosen, and the quantitative characteristics of the antibodies used and the antigen–antibody immune complexes formed. The sensors developed were tested with blood serums from ill patients, and the possibility of the differential diagnostics of diseases, at the early stages of their development, in particular, was demonstrated.     

Antibacterial,Antifungal, Antiviral,and Antiparasitic Activities of Peganum harmala and Its Ingredients: A Review

Infectious diseases have always been the number one enemy threatening health and well-being. With increasing numbers of infectious diseases, growing resistance of pathogens, and declining roles of antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases, it is becoming increasingly difficult to treat new infectious diseases, and there is an urgent need to develop new antibiotics to change the situation. Natural products tend to exhibit many special biological properties. The genus Peganum (Zygophyllaceae) has been used, for a long time, to treat cough, asthma, lumbago, hypertension, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. Over the past two decades, a growing number of studies have shown that components from Peganum harmala Linn and its derivatives can inhibit a variety of microorganisms by inducing the accumulation of ROS in microorganisms, damaging cell membranes, thickening cell walls, disturbing cytoplasm, and interfering with DNA synthesis. In this paper, we provide a review on the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic activities of P. harmala, with a view to contribute to research on utilizing P. harmala for medicinal applicaitons and to provide a reference in the field of antimicrobial and a basis for the development of natural antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.     

The role of biosensors in the detection of emerging infectious diseases

Global biosecurity threats such as the spread of emerging infectious diseases (i.e., avian influenza, SARS, Hendra, Nipah, etc.) and bioterrorism have generated significant interest in recent years. There is considerable effort directed towards understanding and negating the proliferation of infectious diseases. Biosensors are an attractive tool which have the potential to detect the outbreak of a virus and/or disease. Although there is a host of technologies available, either commercially or in the scientific literature, the development of biosensors for the detection of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) is still in its infancy. There is no doubt that the glucose biosensor, the gene chip, the protein chip, etc. have all played and are still playing a significant role in monitoring various biomolecules. Can biosensors play an important role for the detection of emerging infectious diseases? What does the future hold and which biosensor technology platform is suitable for the real-time detection of infectious diseases? These and many other questions will be addressed in this review. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of biosensors particularly in relation to EIDs. It provides a synopsis of the various types of biosensor technologies that have been used to detect EIDs, and describes some of the technologies behind them in terms of transduction and bioreceptor principles.     

脑神经退行性疾病中的有机化学-朊病毒(疯牛病)中的蛋白物理有机化学和自由基化学

通过关于“普里昂”蛋白病毒疾病的已有临床、医学生理、免疫和化学等方面的现象，讨论了朊病毒当中的部分蛋白氧化损伤和蛋白自由基化学本质。     

Electrolyzed Water and Its Pharmacological Activities: A Mini-Review

Electrolyzed water (EW) is a new type of cleaning and disinfecting agent obtained by means of electrolysis with a dilute sodium chloride solution. It has low cost and harm to the human body and is also friendly to the environment. The anode produces acidic electrolyzed water (AEW), which is mainly used to inhibit bacterial growth and disinfect. The cathode provides basic electrolyzed water (BEW), which is implemented to promote human health. EW is a powerful multifunctional antibacterial agent with a wide range of applications in the medicine, agriculture, and food industry. Studies in vitro and in vivo show that it has an inhibitory effect on pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Therefore, EW is used to prevent chronic diseases, while it has been found to be effective against various kinds of infectious viruses. Animal experiments and clinical trials clearly showed that it accelerates wound healing, and has positive effects in oral health care, anti-obesity, lowering blood sugar, anti-cancer and anti-infectious viral diseases. This review article summarizes the application of EW in treating bacteria and viruses, the prevention of chronic diseases, and health promotion.     

A molecular docking simulation study on potent inhibitors against Rhizoctonia solani and Magnaporthe oryzae in rice: silver-tetrylene and bis-silver-tetrylene complexes vs. validamycin and tricyclazole pesticides

Structural Chemistry - Rice, well known as the most important staple food source worldwide, is highly susceptible to many infectious diseases, especially rice sheath blight caused by fungus...     

致病菌与糖的特异性识别及其分析应用研究

致病菌往往通过凝集素-糖特异性识别来实现对宿主细胞的粘附,进而感染宿主组织,引起病变。因此,研究致病菌与糖的特异性识别有利于进一步了解感染性疾病的致病机制,为致病菌的特异性检测和感染性疾病的治疗提供新的策略。该文总结了致病菌-糖特异性识别的相关机制机理;介绍了目前主要的研究方法和技术,特别评述了荧光光谱、表面等离子体共振、电化学阻抗谱及石英晶体微天平等技术在该研究中的应用现状,并对这4种技术与微流控芯片平台的结合进行了探讨;针对致病菌检测特异性差、耐药性严重等难题,重点综述了致病菌-糖的特异性识别在细菌分离、富集、检测、鉴别、生物膜抑制及抗菌糖类药物筛选方面的应用。最后对致病菌-糖特异性识别基础和应用研究进行了展望。     

Microfluidic designs and techniques using lab-on-a-chip devices for pathogen detection for point-of-care diagnostics

Effective pathogen detection is an essential prerequisite for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Despite recent advances in biosensors, infectious diseases remain a major cause of illnesses and mortality throughout the world. For instance in developing countries, infectious diseases account for over half of the mortality rate. Pathogen detection platforms provide a fundamental tool in different fields including clinical diagnostics, pathology, drug discovery, clinical research, disease outbreaks, and food safety. Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices offer many advantages for pathogen detection such as miniaturization, small sample volume, portability, rapid detection time and point-of-care diagnosis. This review paper outlines recent microfluidic based devices and LOC design strategies for pathogen detection with the main focus on the integration of different techniques that led to the development of sample-to-result devices. Several examples of recently developed devices are presented along with respective advantages and limitations of each design. Progresses made in biomarkers, sample preparation, amplification and fluid handling techniques using microfluidic platforms are also covered and strategies for multiplexing and high-throughput analysis, as well as point-of-care diagnosis, are discussed.     

Organoids as host models for infection biology – a review of methods

Infectious diseases are a major threat worldwide. With the alarming rise of antimicrobial resistance and emergence of new potential pathogens, a better understanding of the infection process is urgently needed. Over the last century, the development of in vitro and in vivo models has led to remarkable contributions to the current knowledge in the field of infection biology. However, applying recent advances in organoid culture technology to research infectious diseases is now taking the field to a higher level of complexity. Here, we describe the current methods available for the study of infectious diseases using organoid cultures.Subject terms: Biological models, Adult stem cells     

基于纳米材料的电化学免疫传感器在传染性病原体POCT中的应用

传染性病原体POCT对于及时有效控制传染病尤为关键。相比于传统检测方法,基于电化学免疫传感器的传染性病原体检测具有快速、灵敏、准确、易于小型化和集成化等优势,尤其适用于传染病POCT。新兴的纳米材料因其独特的理化性质可用于修饰传感器界面或作为生物分子的固载基质以及信号标记物等,有助于构建出高选择性和高灵敏度的电化学免疫传感器。在本文中,我们着重阐述了不同结构的纳米材料修饰的电化学免疫传感器在传染性病原体POCT检测中的应用,进一步介绍了基于纳米材料的电化学免疫传感器与不同检测技术联用在传染性病原体POCT中的应用,并对其发展前景做出了展望。     

Sugar Analogues with Basic Nitrogen in The Ring as Anti-Infectives

1. INTRODUCTION

Infectious diseases have remained a serious problem for society and concerned government organisations. Due to the dramatic increase of international transport of goods and passengers, dangerous microbial species and infectious diseases can be rapidly distributed over large distances. According to estimations by the World Health Organisation (WHO), nearly 50,000 people are killed by infectious diseases daily. After having been kept at bay for decades, tuberculosis has returned to claim over three million lives per year. In addition, approximately thirty new infectious diseases such as Legionnaire's disease, HIV, or borreliosis have emerged during the past two decades.¹ Furthermore, long-known species, for example mycobacteria, the causative agents of such diseases as tuberculosis and leprosy, have acquired a high level of resistance to most commonly employed anti-infective agents. Because of the abundance of pathogenic microorganisms, a tremendous fraction of the pharmaceutical market is devoted to anti-infective drugs. Of a $73 billion total global market of chiral drugs, antibiotics are the largest fraction ($20 billion) closely followed only by cardiovascular therapeutics ($17.5 billion).¹     

Astaxanthin and its Effects in Inflammatory Responses and Inflammation-Associated Diseases: Recent Advances and Future Directions

Astaxanthin is a natural lipid-soluble and red-orange carotenoid. Due to its strong antioxidant property, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immune modulation, astaxanthin has gained growing interest as a multi-target pharmacological agent against various diseases. In the current review, the anti-inflammation mechanisms of astaxanthin involved in targeting for inflammatory biomarkers and multiple signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT, Nrf2, NF-κB, ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK, and JAK-2/STAT-3, have been described. Furthermore, the applications of anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin in neurological diseases, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, hepatic and renal diseases, eye and skin disorders, are highlighted. In addition to the protective effects of astaxanthin in various chronic and acute diseases, we also summarize recent advances for the inconsistent roles of astaxanthin in infectious diseases, and give our view that the exact function of astaxanthin in response to different pathogen infection and the potential protective effects of astaxanthin in viral infectious diseases should be important research directions in the future.     

A Comprehensive Review on the Benefits and Problems of Curcumin with Respect to Human Health

Curcumin is the most important active component in turmeric extracts. Curcumin, a natural monomer from plants has received a considerable attention as a dietary supplement, exhibiting evident activity in a wide range of human pathological conditions. In general, curcumin is beneficial to human health, demonstrating pharmacological activities of anti-inflammation and antioxidation, as well as antitumor and immune regulation activities. Curcumin also presents therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In this review article, we summarize the advancements made in recent years with respect to curcumin as a biologically active agent in malignant tumors, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), hematological diseases and viral infectious diseases. We also focus on problems associated with curcumin from basic research to clinical translation, such as its low solubility, leading to poor bioavailability, as well as the controversy surrounding the association between curcumin purity and effect. Through a review and summary of the clinical research on curcumin and case reports of adverse effects, we found that the clinical transformation of curcumin is not successful, and excessive intake of curcumin may have adverse effects on the kidneys, heart, liver, blood and immune system, which leads us to warn that curcumin has a long way to go from basic research to application transformation.     

Isolation of a potent anti-MRSA sesquiterpenoid quinone from Ulmus davidiana var. japonica

A highly potent anti-MRSA sesquiterpenoid has been isolated from Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, which has been traditionally used to treat infectious diseases in Korea. This naturally occurring antibiotic was identified as mansonone F (1). This compound has been found to be highly active specifically against MRSA and showed an MIC range of 0.39-3.13 microg/ml which is comparable to that of vancomycin.     

Comparison of PCR and ELISA methods for the detection of bovine leucosis in dried blood spots

PCR and ELISA methods for the detection of bovine leucosis in dried blood spots on porous membranes were compared. Dry samples were analyzed through real-time PCR, using several diagnostic test systems. Nineteen and 20 samples were identified as positive by PCR and ELISA, respectively. Fourteen of these samples were identified as positive by both methods. When using PCR and ELISA, 26 samples were identified as positive for leucosis, which amounted to 47% of the total number of tested samples. The results of the analysis of dried and native samples were in good agreement. The obtained results showed that whole blood sampling in the form of dried spots applied on membrane can be used as a convenient and reliable way to obtain dry samples of biological fluids with the purpose of screening herds for infectious diseases, in particular for bovine leucosis.     

传染性单核细胞增多症患儿微量元素分析

为探讨微量元素与传染性单核细胞增多症的关系,对30例传染性单核细胞增多症患儿及30例健康儿童进行了全血6种微量元素检测分析。结果表明,传染性单核细胞增多症患儿的全血锌、铁含量低于健康儿童(P0.05),而血铜、钙、镁、铅等无明显变化。提示传染性单核细胞增多症患儿部分微量元素含量存在异常。