Investigation of blast wave characteristics for layered thermobaric charges

The explosion of an annular charge composed of a hexogen core and a layer consisting of a mixture of ammonium nitrate and aluminum particles was studied. X-ray photography was used to trace the curvature of the shock wave in the external layer. The pressure blast characteristics and the light output of the explosion cloud were investigated using bunkers of different sizes and varying levels of the opening (the ratio of the hole surface to the total bunker surface). Overpressure peaks, the impulses of incident waves, and the impulses determined for the specified time duration were analyzed.     

Studies of the TNT equivalence of silver azide charges

Schlieren photographs and shadowgrams have been evaluated to provide the radius-time histories of the shocks generated by explosions of silver azide charges with masses in the milligram range. Series of photographs of the flow field produced by a single explosion were obtained with an image converter camera, to yield a time history of the shock trajectory. These data were used to determine the shock Mach number and subsequently the peak hydrostatic overpressure as a function of radius. The pressure-radius profile was compared with that from a unit charge of TNT to determine the TNT equivalence of silver azide as a function of peak pressure and of distance from the centre of a silver azide charge. The shock radius and time were also determined from single-shot visualizations of silver azide explosions. A new method of analysis was developed so that the charge mass and the TNT equivalence of an explosion could be derived from such a single radius-time measurement. The TNT equivalence factor for silver azide was shown to vary from 0.3 to 1.4, depending on the distance from the centre of the explosion. This agrees well with the generally reported equivalence factor of about 0.4 (Baker et al. 1983), which was probably based on the chemical composition of the material. Procedures are described by which the TNT equivalence factor can be calculated at any specified distance from a silver azide charge of known mass, or from a measurement of the shock radius and time, even when the charge mass is not known. This factor can then be used to determine the physical properties of the TNT blast wave which best describe those from the silver azide charge at the specified distance. A further result of these studies was that the scaling laws for blast waves, whose validity has been verified for charge masses ranging from a few grams to hundreds of tons, i.e., for charge masses varying over more than nine orders of magnitude, also apply for charges with masses of the order of one milligram.Received: 7 April 2003, Accepted: 1 July 2003, Published online: 5 August 2003     

TNT药柱水中爆炸近场压力轴向衰减规律

通过TNT药柱水中爆炸实验,建立了利用高速相机测量水中爆炸近场冲击波的实验方法,得到了药柱轴向的扫描图像,并对图像进行了数字化分析;利用Rankine-Hugoniot关系从冲击波的扫描轨迹求得冲击波阵面压力,并外推至冲击波的初始压力;用LS-DYNA计算了柱形装药近场压力沿轴向的衰减曲线;用锰铜压力传感器测量了冲击波的初始压力。研究结果表明,测试结果与计算结果比较符合,TNT药柱的近场轴向压力遵循指数衰减规律。     

40kg TNT当量爆炸塔的振动监测及分析

运用速度传感器和拾振器,对40 kg TNT当量爆炸塔在15、20、25和40 kg TNT炸药爆炸加载下爆炸塔旁侧实验室所在地面、屋顶以及塔顶的振动速度进行监测分析。测试结果表明:在本实验条件下实验室地面质点振动速度峰值均小于5 cm/s,振动持续时间为5~10 s,振动频率一般高于10 Hz;屋顶的竖向振动峰值是水平向的6~7倍,即存在显著的竖向振动放大效应。小波包分析表明:地面竖向振动携带的能量是水平向振动携带能量的2.5~4.0倍,质点振动信号中95%以上的能量处于0~160 Hz频带,而竖向振动中90%以上的能量集中在10~40 Hz范围。研究结果提示:6 m深隔振沟的隔振效果十分有限,在超过5 kg TNT当量的加载条件下,欲取得理想的隔振效果,应选择独立地基和隔振支座的减振设计方式。     

Free-field blast parameter errors from Cartesian cell representations of bursting sphere-type charges

The bursting sphere model is a simple approach to the numerical simulation of blast from charge detonation. It involves initializing a group of computational cells at high pressure with the correct blast energy to represent the charge volume. In this paper, a programme of numerical simulations of charge detonations in free-field air using the bursting sphere approach will be performed. This is done to investigate the errors in important blast parameters like peak overpressure and impulse that arise due to deviation of the charge shape from an ideal spherical profile when the charge is represented by a Cartesian mesh. This study will also include an assessment of the quality of error estimation for this problem based on grid refinement studies.      

Numerical study of blast characteristics from detonation of homogeneous explosives

A new robust numerical methodology is used to investigate the propagation of blast waves from homogeneous explosives. The gas-phase governing equations are solved using a hybrid solver that combines a higher-order shock capturing scheme with a low-dissipation central scheme. Explosives of interest include Nitromethane, Trinitrotoluene, and High-Melting Explosive. The shock overpressure and total impulse are estimated at different radial locations and compared for the different explosives. An empirical scaling correlation is presented for the shock overpressure, incident positive phase pressure impulse, and total impulse. The role of hydrodynamic instabilities to the blast effects of explosives is also investigated in three dimensions, and significant mixing between the detonation products and air is observed. This mixing results in afterburn, which is found to augment the impulse characteristics of explosives. Furthermore, the impulse characteristics are also observed to be three-dimensional in the region of the mixing layer. This paper highlights that while some blast features can be successfully predicted from simple one-dimensional studies, the growth of hydrodynamic instabilities and the impulsive loading of homogeneous explosives require robust three-dimensional investigation.     

低温和低压环境下炸药爆炸冲击波的传播特性

针对高海拔或高空的低温、低压环境对炸药爆炸冲击波传播的影响,利用量纲分析理论和AUTODYN有限元软件,研究了低温、低压及海拔高度对炸药爆炸冲击波参量（峰值超压、比冲量和波阵面运动轨迹）的影响规律,建立了相应的计算公式,并通过数值模拟和实验数据进行了对比验证。结果表明,该计算公式可以有效预测低温和低压环境下炸药爆炸冲击波参量。环境压力降低,爆炸冲击波峰值超压和爆炸远场（比例距离Z>0.2 m/kg1/3）比冲量减小,冲击波传播速度增大。环境温度降低,冲击波比冲量增大,传播速度降低,峰值超压影响不大。海拔高度在0～9 000 m范围内,每升高1 000 m冲击波峰值超压和爆炸远场比冲量分别平均降低约3.9%和3.2%。海拔升高,爆炸近场冲击波传播速度升高,爆炸远场冲击波传播速度则降低。高海拔环境下低压对冲击波峰值超压和比冲量的影响大于低温,爆炸近场冲击波传播速度取决于低压的影响,爆炸远场冲击波传播速度取决于低温的影响。     

多次爆破荷载作用下大荒沟小净距隧道围岩岩体位移响应

以丹东-通化高速公路大荒沟隧道进行的爆破振动监测数据为依据,采用FLAC-3D软件,分析了多次爆破荷载作用下大荒沟隧道小净距段围岩位移响应规律。根据爆破振动监测数据,考虑了竖向和横向质点运动在爆破荷载作用下的耦合效应,模拟左、右洞在6次爆破开挖下的隧道围岩位移响应,同时进行小净距隧道围岩岩体疲劳损伤声波监测,将爆破振动模拟结果和工程实测岩体疲劳损伤声波监测结果进行比较。分析表明：随着爆破循环开挖的进行,围岩处于稳定状态,在排除爆破加载左洞及右洞先后顺序的影响后,岩体损伤及围岩位移偏移以间柱为对称面呈现一定的对称性。同时,随着爆破掘进进行,隧道围岩监测处距爆破中心距离增大,测点处爆破应力波的强调度降低,围岩岩体疲劳损伤及位移偏移增量减少并最终趋于稳定。     

舱内爆炸角隅汇聚反射冲击波超压特性研究

为研究密闭舱室内爆角隅汇聚反射冲击波超压特性,利用缩比模型进行了某典型舱室内爆试验,得到远离角隅、两面角隅和三面角隅处的冲击波载荷,结合数值模拟研究了3种特征位置处冲击波传播规律及载荷特征。研究结果表明:远离角隅处壁面反射冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,反射冲击波以球面波传播;距两面角隅一定范围内冲击波超压曲线呈现双峰结构,两面角隅冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,角隅汇聚反射冲击波以椭球状传播;距三面角隅一定范围内冲击波超压曲线呈现多峰结构,三面角隅冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,角隅汇聚反射冲击波以球面波传播;在合理假设条件下,根据量纲分析及数值模拟结果,得到首次冲击时角隅汇聚反射冲击波载荷经验计算公式。     

快速加载下TNT材料中绝热剪切带的细观研究

本文对快加载后的国产ＴＮＴ材料，采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察，研究了其显微组织，结果表明：在快速加载条件下材料中有绝热剪切带生成。剪切带在细观上的表现形式为：（１）以应变高度集中，晶粒剧烈扭曲为特征的细观组织形貌；（２）在局部区域，晶粒被急剧拉长，形成粗亮而边界清晰的剪切带。在快速加载条件下ＴＮＴ材料中绝热剪切带的产生同时取决于应变和应变切带。在快速的加载条件ＴＮＴ材料中绝热剪切带的产生同时决于应     

基于CFD-DEM的高炉风口回旋区形状和传热特性数值模拟研究

采用计算流体力学-离散单元法(CFD-DEM)耦合方法,对高炉风口回旋区进行了数值模拟研究。首先通过与实验结果对比,验证了CFD-DEM模型的正确性;然后考察了不同气速对风口回旋区形状和传热特性及颗粒接触的影响。数值模拟结果表明:风口回旋区的大小和形状均受气速影响较大,在较大进气速度下,颗粒受到的曳力大于颗粒间的摩擦阻力并破坏颗粒间的桥力,形成较大尺寸的回旋区;且颗粒之间接触力较小,形成较大的空隙结构,更有利于热气体向周围扩散以强化传热。目前考察的三种气速结果表明:当气速为11m/s时,热量向下方传递速度最快;当气速为13m/s时,热量向上方传递速度最快;而当气速为15m/s时,热量向右方传递速度最快;此外,气速越大流态化越明显,颗粒间接触越少,接触力也越小。     

浮顶式储油罐的爆炸冲击失效

通过模型实验与数值模拟结果对比,探讨了浮顶油罐在可燃蒸气云爆炸冲击作用下的变形过程和破坏机理。研究发现,罐体失稳破坏的主要原因与爆炸冲击波和油罐内液体的复合冲量作用有关,在爆炸冲击作用下浮顶油罐模型产生剧烈振动,迎爆面上部罐壁形成动应力集中现象,最终导致罐体失稳并产生内凹动力屈曲破坏。

     

连续小波变换离散化的爆炸振动特征分析

应用连续小波变换的离散化关系,针对一个改进的L-P（littlewood-paley）小波基函数,给出了一种实现频率完全分割的时频特征分析方法,并对爆炸振动时频特征进行了研究。80 kg TNT地面爆炸时地面垂向振动速度的时间能量密度分布情况表明,在质点振动峰值速度到达时刻爆炸振动的频率范围比较宽,而其他时刻的振动频率相对较为集中,时频能量分布的峰值正好对应于爆炸振动速度的峰值到达时间。基于小波变换的爆炸振动频谱特征与Fourier变换的结果具有良好的一致性。此外,还给出了利用小波变换结果建立爆炸振动随机演变理论模型的基本方法。     

单孔台阶爆破中保留岩体损伤特征的数值模拟

为了描述露天矿单孔台阶爆破中预留岩体在爆炸冲击载荷下的损伤演化特征,建立了一个各向异性的损伤模型。模拟结果表明,该损伤模型能够模拟岩石材料在冲击载荷下的损伤特征,可以为岩土工程中经历过冲击扰动作用的岩体的稳定性分析提供理论依据。     

高原环境爆炸冲击波传播特性的实验研究

在评估弹药在高原的爆炸威力时,需要考虑高海拔条件对炸药爆炸冲击波参数的影响。为研究高海拔低气压条件下的冲击波传播规律,开展了模拟海拔高度h=500, 2 500, 4 500 m等3种气压条件下的爆炸冲击波测试实验。结果表明,当环境气压每下降20%时,冲击波超压、比冲量和到达时间平均降低约9%、10%和6%。将使用Sachs因子修正后的计算结果与测试数据进行对比分析,发现该方法能较好地预测不同环境条件下的爆炸冲击波参数。进一步分析了环境温度的影响,发现初始温度升高会使到达时间提前,本文实验的温度条件对超压和比冲量的影响并不显著。该研究结果对战斗部在高海拔的爆炸威力评估具有参考意义。     

孔结构金属复合夹芯板抗爆炸冲击响应及吸能特性研究

采用有限元方法研究爆炸载荷下四边固支孔结构金属复合夹芯板的动力响应及吸能特性,给出了孔结构金属复合夹芯板的动力响应过程,得到夹芯板的变形模式,比较了孔结构金属复合夹芯板与非孔结构金属复合夹芯板的抗爆炸冲击性能,同时讨论了孔大小、间距、排布方式和面板质量分布等因素对孔结构金属复合夹芯板抗爆炸冲击性能的影响。研究结果表明,迎爆面外面板的孔设计使爆炸冲击波穿过孔洞直接作用在芯材上,增强了芯材的压缩,从而提高了夹芯板的能量吸收能力。同等面密度情况下,内外面板厚度比大于1的孔结构金属复合夹芯板变形挠度小于内外面板厚度比小于1的孔结构金属复合夹芯板。进一步研究发现,通过合理设计内外面板的质量分布,可以使孔结构金属复合夹芯板的抗爆炸冲击性能最优。     

药包群同时起爆地震场中振动峰值研究及其在边坡开挖中的应用

基于粘性岩石中爆破地震的波动能流衰减规律,探讨了药包群同时起爆产生的地震场中波动能流主导方向及其在同方向上振动峰值与爆心距的关系,获得了药包群同时起爆地震场中振动峰值分布规律,确立了药包群包络面与边坡面的夹角和边坡地震强度的关系,依此关系,对攀西高速公路边坡爆破开挖重新设计,改变药包群包络面倾角,降低了边坡震动强度,确保了边坡稳定性。