Submillimeter Reflection Spectroscopy of Narrow-Band Semiconductors

The information possibilities of the submillimeter reflection spectroscopy of semiconductors and semiconductor structures are discussed. Models are presented to describe the reflection spectra of semiconductors and semiconductor structures. The possibility of obtaining information on various parameters and characteristics of semiconductors and semiconductor structures by fitting theoretical spectra to experimental data is shown. An evaluation of the validity and accuracy of the information obtained is given.     

Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy of Solids

We describe state-of-the-art experimental studies of the dielectric response function of solids in a broad band ranging from ultra-low (10^-6 Hz) to optical (10¹⁵ Hz) frequencies. Attention is paid to the yet unsolved problem concerning spectral dielectric measurements in the central part (10¹⁰–10¹² Hz) of this band, which impedes matching of data obtained in radio-frequency and infrared bands. We present examples of solving this problem at the Institute of General Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences by using the submillimeter BWO spectroscopy technique. The accumulated experimental data on dielectric panoramas of various substances is summarized qualitatively.     

利用频域近红外光谱仪和磁共振谱仪测量骨骼肌能量代谢

利用频域近红外光谱技术(NIRS)可以实现生物组织光学参数的实时定量测量。由于生物组织的吸收系数与组织中的血红蛋白的合氧状态有关,使得频域近红外光谱技术可以用来无损测量肌肉组织中与能量代谢过程密切相关的氧气供应与消耗这个动态平衡过程。磷磁共振谱仪(31P-MRS)是无损检测骨骼肌能量代谢的金标准。为了研究细胞内pH值(pHi)对磷酸肌酸重新合成和氧合血红蛋白恢复过程的影响,作者利用频域NIRS和31P-MRS联合进行了健康成人的踝关节曲展(plantar flexion)实验。通过动脉阻断和长时间全力运动尽量降低肌肉组织细胞内pH值。对照结果表明,细胞环境酸化(pHi=6.42)明显地延长了运动停止后磷酸肌酸的重新合成和氧合血红蛋白的恢复过程。     

频域近红外光谱法研究生物组织内部光子传输特性

基于光子在生物组织中的辐射传输理论以及Feng模型,应用频域近红外光谱法研究生物组织中异质体位置的变化,对出射光的光强和相位变化的影响及规律。设计了一仿真实验,用牛奶代替强散射性质的生物组织,并在牛奶中放置一个高度可控的具有一定吸收系数和散射系数的小球。移动小球在牛奶中的高度,检测出射光的交流幅度AC、直流光强DC和相位延迟Phase的值,绘制小球位于不同深度时AC,DC和Phase的曲线,并探讨其变化规律。结果表明,随着小球在牛奶中深度的变化,光强AC,DC和相位Phase呈现一定的相关性;随着光源和检测器之间距离的增加,检测到的光强和相位曲线的波谷点均向右偏移;当小球偏离光源和检测器越远,对检测到的光强和相位的影响越小。验证了光子在生物组织中的传输规律,为用频域近红外光谱法进行组织光学参数的检测及组织中异质体位置的定位奠定了基础。     

Study of Preferential Solvation in Binary Mixtures by Means of Frequency-Domain Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The preferential solvation of 8-N,N-(dimethylamino)-11H-indeno[2,1-a]pyrene, Py(S)DMA, in its transient charge transfer (CT) state in binary solvents such as toluene/DMSO liquid mixtures was studied by means of frequency-domain fluorometry. The data obtained were considered within the following kinetic scheme: the preferential solvation was described by the system of consecutive reversible reactions of which each step is associated with the absorption of one DMSO molecule in the first solvation shell of the fluoresent Py(S)DMA dipolar CT molecule. The rate constants of the first two reversible elementary processes (i.e., the decay of solvation complexes of Py(S)DMA with one and two polar molecules, k _–1 = 1.1 10⁹ s^–1 and k _–2 = 1.4 10⁹ s^–1) were determined.     

Mechanism of Enhanced Dielectric Properties of SiC/Ni Nanocomposites

Dielectric properties of SiC/Ni nanocomposites prepared by a simple and facile electroless plating approach at X band are investigated. Compared to the original SiC nanopartieles （SiCp）, the real part of the permittivity, ε＇, and the dielectric loss tangent tang δe of SiC/Ni nanocomposites are clearly enhanced by about 31% and 33%, respectively. The effective equations for complex permittivity of SiC/Ni nanoeomposites are proposed. We also calculate ε＇ and tan δe of SiC/Ni nanoeomposites and the calculated results are well consistent with the measured data.     

基于频域近红外光谱法的生物组织光学参数的检测与三维重构

生物组织的光学特性参数与组织的各种生理、生化以及病理过程密切相关。光学特性参数的检测与三维重构可以在一定程度上了解组织的内部结构及特性。基于频域近红外光谱法,使用美国ISS公司的频域近红外光谱检测系统,采用多光源多检测器技术,将830 nm的激光经过调制后,照射进放置了具有一定吸收系数和散射系数的异质体小球的牛奶中,检测出射光的光强和相位,然后应用光学扩散层析成像技术,通过计算含有异质体小球的牛奶的光学参数,重构出了牛奶中异质体的具体位置。实验结果表明,利用频域近红外光谱法得到的出射光的光强和相位信息,能够较准确地计算出牛奶及异质体小球的吸收系数和散射系数等组织光学参数,并可进一步定位出牛奶中异质体小球的位置。因此,可以考虑将该方法应用在分析及定位水果病变等农产品品质检测领域。     

Dielectric Spectroscopy as a Method for Testing Thin Vanadium Dioxide Films

Technical Physics - We have analyzed the dielectric spectra of thin (1200 Å) films of vanadium dioxide, a material with strong electron–electron correlations. We have tested both undoped...     

Dielectric Properties of Ferroelectric Nanocomposites Based on KD2PO4

Russian Physics Journal - The temperature dependences of the dielectric permittivity ε' and dielectric loss tangent tgδ have been studied for KD2PO4 embedded into the pores of the...     

Effective Dielectric Properties of Au-ZnS and Au-ZnO Plasmonics Nanocomposites in the Terahertz Regime

Composite materials based on plasmonic nanoparticles allow building metamaterials with very large effective permittivity （positive or negative）. Moreover, if clustered or combined with other nanoparticles, it is also possible to generate effective magnetic permeability （positive or negative）, and an ad-hoc design would result in the generation of double negative materials, and therefore backward wave propagation. In this work, the optical properties such as the effective permittivity, permeability and refractive index of Au-ZnS and Au-ZnO nanocomposites in a broad frequency range are studied. The enhancement is attributed to energy transfer from ZnS or ZnO to Au followed by a large local electromagnetic field on or near the surface of the Au nanoparticles. Local surface plasmon resonance could be the key＂ reason for this enhancement. The surface plasmon, in response to changes in the refractive index of the local environment, also depends on the type of metal through the bulk plasma wavelength and the nano-particle compositions and geometry.     

Exciton-Boson Formalism in the Theory of Laser-Excited Semiconductors and Its Application in Coherent Four-Wave-Mixing Spectroscopy

By the use of a bosonization transformation and group-theoretical arguments, the Hamiltonian of an electron–hole–photon system in a laser-excited direct two-band semiconductor is transcribed into that of an exciton–photon system with the particle spins rigorously taken into consideration. It is shown that the third-order optical nonlinearities in the spectral region below the band edge have their microscopic origin in two-exciton correlations, which are expressed in terms of the effective exciton–exciton and anharmonic exciton–photon interactions. The dependence of the interparticle interactions on the spin states of quasiparticles is behind the polarization dependence of the semiconductor nonlinear optical response. On the example of the system of heavy hole excitons in quantum wells, grown from compounds with the zinc blende type of symmetry, it is demonstrated that the effective exciton–exciton interaction in two-exciton states with nonzero total spin is repulsive, while in zero-spin states it is attractive, which may result in the biexciton formation. The derived Heisenberg equations of motion for the exciton and biexciton operators form the basis for a theoretical study of the coherent four-wave-mixing in GaAs and ZnSe quantum wells. It is readily apparent from the equations that in different polarization configurations the coherent four-wave-mixing is generated by different ingredients of two-exciton Coulomb correlations: in the co-circular configuration, it is the interexciton repulsion, in the cross-linear configuration, the formation of the biexciton and its coupling to excitons, and in the collinear configuration, both of them jointly. The obtained expressions for the time-resolved and frequency-resolved four-wave-mixing signals adequately describe the main characteristics and various details of wave mixing phenomena, including a biexciton signature in the appropriate polarization configurations. Results of the work clarify the microscopic mechanism of the polarization dependence in coherent four-wave-mixing spectroscopy in semiconductor quantum wells.     

Polymer Dynamics in Polyurethane/clay Nanocomposites Studied by Dielectric and Thermal Techniques

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS), and thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) techniques were employed to investigate glass transition and polymer dynamics in nanocomposites of polyurethane (PU) and organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) (weight fraction 0%–15%) prepared by solution casting. The PU matrix was obtained from oligo(oxytetramethylene glycol) of molar mass 1000 g/mol, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine as chain extender. Wide-angle X-ray scattering confirmed the formation of partly exfoliated structures at low MMT content. DSC, DRS, and TSDC show, in agreement with each other, that a fraction of polymer makes no contribution to the glass transition and to the corresponding α relaxation, whereas the rest exhibits similar glass transition dynamics as the pure matrix. This fraction of immobilized polymer reaches a maximum at about 5 wt% MMT. Effects of MMT on the microphase-separated structure of PU are negligible, as indicated by the study of glass transition and interfacial dielectric polarization/relaxation. No effects of MMT on the local, secondary γ and β relaxations were observed. Mechanical properties show a maximum improvement at about 5 wt% MMT, in good correlation with morphology and dynamics.     

Exciton Spectroscopy of Semiconductors by the Method of Optical Harmonics Generation (Review)

Nonlinear optical phenomena are widely used for the study of semiconductor materials. The paper presents an overview of experimental and theoretical studies of excitons by the method of optical second and third harmonics generation in various bulk semiconductors (GaAs, CdTe, ZnSe, ZnO, Cu₂O, (Cd,Mn)Te, EuTe, EuSe), and low-dimensional heterostructures ZnSe/BeTe. Particular attention is paid to the role of external electric and magnetic fields that modify the exciton states and induce new mechanisms of optical harmonics generation. Microscopic mechanisms of harmonics generation based on the Stark effect, the spin and orbital Zeeman effects, and on the magneto-Stark effect specific for excitons moving in an external magnetic field are considered. This approach makes it possible to study the properties of excitons and to obtain new information on their energy and spin structure that is not available when the excitons are investigated by linear optical spectroscopy. As a result of these studies, a large amount of information was obtained, which allows us to conclude on the establishing of a new field of research—exciton spectroscopy by the method of optical harmonics generation.     

Dielectric Spectroscopy of Strongly Correlated Electronic States of Vanadium Dioxide

The thermal evolution of the conductivity of a VO₂ film and database-obtained band gap E_g of film nanocrystallites is traced in the temperature range of –196°C < T < 100°C (77 K < T < 273 K); the level position of donor impurity centers is determined to be E_d = 0.04 eV. It is shown that energy E_g decreases from 0.8 to ～0 eV with an increase in temperature in the range of 273 K < T < 300 K, which is caused by the narrowing of the energy gap due to correlation effects and considered as the temperature-extended Mott “insulator–metal” electron phase transition with the monoclinic lattice symmetry retained. The subsequent jump in the symmetry from monoclinic to tetragonal with a further increase in temperature is considered as the Peierls structural phase transition, the temperature of which is in the vicinity of 340 K and determined by the size effects, nonstoichiometry of VO₂ film nanocrystallites, and degree of their adhesion to the substrate.     

Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Loss Angle in Disordered Semiconductors in the Terahertz Frequency Range

Frequency dependence of the real part of the conductivity σ₁(ω) in the region of the transition from almost linear (s < 1) to quadratic (s ≈ 2) can indicate a change in the conduction mechanism (the transition from the variable-range to the fixed-range hopping with increasing frequency); in this case, the sharpness of the change in the slope of the frequency characteristic is related to the dependence of the preexponential factor of the resonance integral on the intercenter distance in the pair. The frequency dependence of the imaginary part of the conductivity σ₂(ω) has no kink in the vicinity of the transition frequency ωcr, remaining almost linear. A large dielectric loss angle |cotγ| = |σ₂|/σ₁ can indicate that the imaginary part of the conductivity at ω < ω_cr is defined by the larger zero-phonon contribution in σ₂^res the region of weak variation in the loss angle γ(ω), which significantly exceeds the relaxation contribution σ₂^res.     

聚合物及其混合物的太赫兹介电性质测定与分析方法

聚合物材料因其对太赫兹波的高透过率以及良好的塑形能力在太赫兹研究中扮演了重要的角色,由于材料的介电特性直接关系着折射率、极化率等重要性质,不同的应用场合通常需要材料呈现出特殊的太赫兹介电响应,一方面可以选取不同的聚合物材料,另一方面可以通过多种聚合物的混合实现材料介电性质的调制。聚合物材料合理的选取和设计建立在材料太赫兹介电精确表征之上,然而利用太赫兹时域光谱系统(THz-TDS)对聚合物材料进行透射式太赫兹介电表征时,材料内部空气孔隙的存在会影响表征结果的复现性,同时也会影响共混聚合物介电性质的分析和预测。因此以Landau, Lifshitz, Looyenga(LLL)模型为基础提出了考虑空气影响的介电分析模型,并选取了在太赫兹研究中广泛使用的聚合物材料聚乙烯(PE)和聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)对模型的有效性和稳定性加以验证,展开了两种材料单质和混合物两方面的介电分析。在太赫兹波透射样品之后的相位变化信息中提取出样品的介电常数,同一种物质制备的样片间太赫兹介电谱存在明显差异,使用包含气隙影响的LLL模型处理实验数据后,样品介电常数中空气的介电影响被移除,从而得到了两种材料的本征介电常数,在此基础上,使用测得的本征介电常数和混合物样品中两种材料的体积占比信息代入包含气隙影响的LLL模型计算得到了不同配比混合物的太赫兹介电常数的模拟值,并与THz-TDS实验获取的实验值进行了对比。利用所提出的有效介质模型,聚乙烯和聚四氟乙烯在10～40 cm-1波段内移除空气影响后的平均介电常数为2.315±0.003（±0.13%）和2.109±0.003（±0.14%）,在不同重量、不同厚度的单组份样品间模型测定的聚合物介电常数保持了良好的重复性,在对混合物的太赫兹介电性质测定与分析中,利用模型计算的混合物介电常数模拟值与THz-TDS测定的介电常数实验值保持了高度线性相关,其相关系数为0.964 3,全局相对误差为1.08%,体现了模型的可靠性。提出的介电分析模型可以扩展到更多的高分子材料单质及其混合物的太赫兹介电性质表征中,对太赫兹波段的共混聚合物材料设计具有参考价值。     

BESⅢ RPC宇宙线测试系统

北京谱仪(BESⅢ)采用阻性板室(Resistive Plate Chambers)作为其muon探测器, 总使用面积达1200m². 为保证探测器的质量, 每一块阻性板室都要求通过宇宙线测试. 宇宙线测试系统使用3个流光管室作为其触发和寻迹系统, 其空间分辨可达2—3mm, 覆盖面积约4m², 测试系统可同时测量8块RPCs. 最后, 还报道了RPC的初次测试结果.