梯度折射率棒透镜的色差估计

对梯度折射率(GRIN)棒透镜色差的影响因素进行了研究,在玻璃光学性质计算模型的基础上建立了梯度折射率棒透镜色差估计函数与基础玻璃性能、交换离子对性质和参与交换的离子数量之间的关系。对Na+/Li+,K+/Cs+和K+/Tl+交换制备的梯度折射率棒透镜的色差进行了计算,结果表明,GRIN棒透镜的色差评价函数主要取决于基础玻璃和交换离子的性质,而与参与交换的离子数量无关。     

Multistep ion exchange processes of gradient refractive index rod lens

A mathematical model for research on the refractive index profile (RIP) of multistep ion exchange processes (IEPs) of gradient refractive index rod lenses (GRINs) is established by the different initial condition and boundary condition, based on the Fickian diffusion equation. GRIN rod lenses have been fabricated using the three-step IEPs. Research results indicate that the experimental deviations of refractive index (DRI) are in good agreement with the theoretical data. The DRI of three-step IEPs is superior to the one- and two-step IEPs and smaller than 10(-5).     

折射率渐变透镜的数值设计

传统折射率渐变透镜的设计要求初级馈源天线具有稳定的相位中心,这就限制了透镜的应用范围。为拓宽透镜的应用范围,提出了一种折射率渐变透镜的数值设计方法,通过对馈源天线的极化电场离散采样获得相位信息,并据此设计透镜,随后用金属短线结构的新型人工电磁材料来实现这种透镜。这种设计方法简单灵活,对馈源天线没有限制。以经典矩形贴片天线为例,比较了贴片天线和透镜天线的回波损耗和远场方向图,结果表明运用这种方法设计的透镜使贴片天线的增益提高了2 dB,口径效率从62%提高到了99%。     

折射率渐变透镜的数值设计

传统折射率渐变透镜的设计要求初级馈源天线具有稳定的相位中心,这就限制了透镜的应用范围。为拓宽透镜的应用范围,提出了一种折射率渐变透镜的数值设计方法,通过对馈源天线的极化电场离散采样获得相位信息,并据此设计透镜,随后用金属短线结构的新型人工电磁材料来实现这种透镜。这种设计方法简单灵活,对馈源天线没有限制。以经典矩形贴片天线为例,比较了贴片天线和透镜天线的回波损耗和远场方向图,结果表明运用这种方法设计的透镜使贴片天线的增益提高了2 dB,口径效率从62%提高到了99%。     

透镜偏振像差分析

本文对轴上物点发出的光束经透镜后的偏振像差进行了定量分析。     

基于梯度折射率透镜的关节镜光学系统设计

关节镜是一种用于观察关节内部结构、诊治关节疾患的内窥镜。利用梯度折射率透镜质量轻、体积小、像质好的优点,运用Zemax软件设计了一款结构简单的关节镜光学系统,可用于1/10＂CCD关节内窥镜成像。系统具有60视场角,F数为6, 工作距离从～5 mm,各视场的调制传递函数(MTF)在125 lp/mm时达到0.2以上,分辨率达到4 m,且各组态点列图均小于艾里斑半径。光学结构总长204 mm,最大镜头口径小于4.6 mm,根据关节镜的使用特点,系统满足使用要求。     

Anamorphic gradient index (GRIN) lens for beam shaping

In this short communication we are reporting a new kind of rod lens with toric power with moderately large power difference. These rods can be directly used in coupling power from a semiconductor laser to optical fiber or in free space communication to convert the beam shape. This rod may directly be butt-jointed to the laser, which may attract many application scientists. Moreover, anamorphic power in a GRIN lens can be generated by proper selection of geometry of the substrate for ion exchange. This may lead to a new kind of optical system that needs further exploration.     

High-speed varifocal imaging with a tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction lens

Fluidic lenses allow for varifocal optical elements, but current approaches are limited by the speed at which focal length can be changed. Here we demonstrate the use of a tunable acoustic gradient (TAG) index of refraction lens as a fast varifocal element. The optical power of the TAG lens varies continuously, allowing for rapid selection and modification of the effective focal length at time scales of 1 mus and shorter. The wavefront curvature applied to the incident light is experimentally quantified as a function of time, and single-frame imaging is demonstrated. Results indicate that the TAG lens can successfully be employed to perform high-rate imaging at multiple locations.     

The measurement of refractive index profile and aberration of radial gradient index lens by using imaging method

In this article, through the linear fit of objective distance and reciprocal of magnification in different imaging locations, we use imaging method to measure the central refractive index n(0) and focusing constant α of radial gradient index (GRIN) lens and obtain 10⁻³ measurement accuracy of n(0). At the same time, under distortion, the fourth-order refractive index coefficient and aberration of GRIN lens are derived.     

Multiscale Bessel beams generated by a tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction lens

A beam that resembles a Bessel beam on two scales is generated using a tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction (TAG) lens. The minor scale of the TAG-generated Bessel beam is nondiffracting and self-healing. The major scale of the beam diffracts while still forming a Bessel pattern due to the specific geometry of the TAG lens. The acoustic and optical theory behind the TAG lens is outlined, and the experimental beam itself is presented. The major and minor rings are explained, and the TAG beam is compared with both axicon-generated and conventionally focused Gaussian beams.     

Pupil-segmentation-based adaptive optical correction of a high-numerical-aperture gradient refractive index lens for two-photon fluorescence endoscopy

The intrinsic aberrations of high-NA gradient refractive index (GRIN) lenses limit their image quality as well as field of view. Here we used a pupil-segmentation-based adaptive optical approach to correct the inherent aberrations in a two-photon fluorescence endoscope utilizing a 0.8 NA GRIN lens. By correcting the field-dependent aberrations, we recovered diffraction-limited performance across a large imaging field. The consequent improvements in imaging signal and resolution allowed us to detect fine structures that were otherwise invisible inside mouse brain slices.     

离散效应对高强度激光三次谐波转换的影响

使用分步傅里叶变换和四阶龙格库塔法(R-K) ，对高强度激光以Ⅰ/Ⅱ类角度失谐方式，在KDP晶体中的谐波转换进行了研究，详细讨论了离散效应对三次谐波转换的影响。结果表明，离散效应不但降低了三次谐波转换效率，而且使谐波光束质量显著降低；初始入射基频光束腰半径较小时，离散效应是二次谐波转换和三次谐波转换效率降低的主要因素，失谐角对三次谐波转换的影响较小；随着束腰半径的增加，离散效应的影响逐渐减小，失谐角对三次谐波转换的影响逐渐增加。     

Chromatic aberration of the gradient lens

Chromatic aberration of a thin solid gradient lens is analysed by means of the Hartmann dispersion relation. From the analysis it follows that it is possible to obtain optical elements with the opposite chromatic aberration to that of classical lenses. These elements may be utilised, for example, for the reduction of the chromatic aberration of classical lenses.     

Aberration correction of a single aspheric lens with particle swarm algorithm

In order to design a single aspheric lens to meet the requirements of spherical aberration, the particle swarm algorithm is applied to the aberration correction for a single aspheric lens. A mathematical model is constructed, and a program code is developed. Merit functions in an optical system are employed as fitness functions, which combined coefficients of a higher order polynomial equation, a reciprocal of radius of curvature, the conic constant, thicknesses among lens surfaces and refractive indices regarding an optical system. By using this function, the automatic correction of spherical aberration is carried out. The example for a single aspheric lens design using particle swarm algorithm shows that PSO as a tool of the spherical aberration correction for a single aspheric lens is simple and effective, and easy to find a series of good design results. The asphere's more complex surface profile can reduce or eliminate easily spherical aberration at different incidence heights at one time. The automatic design and analysis of a single aspheric lens using this method from the view of a particular optical design problem are presented.     

Measurement of gradient refractive index profile of crystalline lens of fisheye in vivo using optical coherence tomography

We report the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for noninvasive measurement of the refractive index profile of a crystalline lens of a fisheye. The approach exploits the fact that OCT provides a direct measurement of the optical path of the light traveled through the medium. The gradient refractive index profile for the crystalline lens was retrieved by iterative fitting of the optical path calculated by the ray tracing method with that experimentally measured using OCT. The estimated error in refractive index is approximately 1%. The measured gradient refractive index and Matthiessen’s ratio (ratio of focal length to lens radius) are in good agreement with the previously reported values. PACS 42.62.Be; 42.30.-d; 42.30.Wb; 07.60.Vg     

Holographic shift multiplexing by using rod lens array referencing

We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally a shift multiplexing method for holographic data storage by using a rod lens and rod lens array (RLA). RLA referencing provides a simple and effective way to increasing the holographic storage density. The sidelobe intensity is reduced to 0.3% and multiple holograms are proven to be stored with a spatial separation of 1.2 μm without crosstalk.     

Nonspherical LED packaging lens for uniformity improvement

Light emitting diode (LED) has more advantages compared with a traditional incandescent light bulb and a fluorescent lamp, such as small size, low quantity of heat, long life, low power consumption, fast response, plain packaging and ease of develop ment of a frivolous short product. A methodology is proposed to improve the uniformity of the LED illumination system. As a light source in a backlight unit (BLU), the requirement for optical characteristics of a LED is different from highly directional conventional ones. New diffused-type LEDs need to be developed to fulfill the requirement of the BLU industry. A non-spherical lens is designed to optimize uniformity, and a great improvement in uniformity from 28.4 to 64% is demonstrated. In the future, it may used in an LED display to improve the unevenness of illumination.     

低色差GRIN棒透镜制备工艺的研究

熔制了含Li+硅酸盐玻璃,玻璃的棒料在NaNO3熔盐中进行离子交换后得到了梯度折射率(GRIN)棒。采用干涉法测得了GRIN棒的折射率分布曲线。实验结果表明:通过所述的工艺,可以获得直径达5mm的GRIN棒,其折射率分布曲线与双曲正割曲线接近。分析表明GRIN棒的轴向色差评价函数值约为0 6～0 7%。     

Fabrication of gradient refractive index ball lenses

The theoretical model of the Maxwell fish eye sphere lens has long been regarded as an absolute optical instrument without practical application since it was proposed. But the study on the theory of Maxwell fish eye micro-spherical lens shows that at certain condition it has fine image formation ability and coupling efficiency. Based on the Fick's diffusion equations, the distribution function of refractive index of gradient refractive index (GRIN) ball lenses is derived. Lithium-containing silicate glass is fabricated and GRIN ball lenses whose diameters are from 0.3 to 3.0 mm are made by ion exchange and the sagging method in sodium nitrate. Radial refractive index profiles of these GRIN ball lens are measured by interferometer. Results show that the distribution of the index of refraction is a parabolic curve and in concordance with the computational consequence and its Δn is 0.0002.     

An interferometric method for refractive index profiling of planar gradient index waveguides

In this paper, we present an interferometric method to determine the refractive index profile in graded-index planar waveguides. To begin, part of the soda-lime glass substrate surface was coated with aluminum and then was immersed in molten AgNO₃ to fabricate a planar waveguide on the uncoated part of the surface. After the ion exchange, the coating was removed. Then, the sample was polished obliquely along the boundary between the ion-exchanged and non-ion-exchanged regions, to form a wedge. Thereafter, it was placed inside a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The fringe pattern was analyzed using the well-known Fourier method and the refractive index profile was determined. The sample preparation, data analysis and experimental results are presented.