初始状态对自组织演化过程的影响

从实验上系统研究了在强电场下处于介质中的大量金属小球从不同初始状态通过自组织演化为分形的过程;用Sandbox方法定量分析了最终形成的稳定树枝状分形的维数。结果表明:不同初始状态形成分形的过程完全不同,但最终的树枝状分形的维数基本相同。分析认为,小球之间的相互作用存在临界作用距离,不同初始状态相邻小球之间的平均间距不同,因而演化过程不同;而维数相同正是系统耗散相同的体现。     

利用Tracker视频分析软件测量液体黏度

在落球法测量液体黏度中利用Tracker视频分析软件捕捉分析小球下落轨迹,减小了实验中诸多不确定因素带来的测量误差,使数据处理更为直观、准确.结果表明此方法能准确测量小球的收尾速度,而且可以对现有实验内容进行扩展.     

用金属小球进行长波量子阱红外探测器的光耦合

针对实验中9.5μm峰值响应波长的n型长波量子阱红外探测器设计运用二维金属小球(铜)阵列作光耦合结构.金属小球阵列均匀填充在绝缘的胶黏剂中，基于惠更斯原理研究二维金属小球阵列体系的光耦合和光吸收，结果表明对9.5μm响应波长的长波量子阱红外探测器，采用周期为3μm，半径为0.9μm左右的金属小球阵列可以获得最佳的光耦合.优化设计后的量子效率(66%)远高于45°磨角耦合的量子效率(38%)，为实验运用金属小球阵列进行长波量子阱红外探测器的光耦合提供了基本的理论依据和详细的优化设计方案.     

小球转动对平抛实验结果的影响探讨

高中物理探究平抛物体的运动,大多采用使小球从一定高度释放沿轨道滚动后做平抛运动的装置进行相关实验.那么小球的滚动在多大程度上影响实验的结果,在什么条件下可以不考虑小球的滚动.     

利用物理仿真实验室研究绳系小球系统在复合场中运动

利用物理仿真实验室模拟了绳系小球系统在复合场中的运动,首先分别将小球从A,C点静止释放,获取了小球的速率与加速度大小随时间的变化关系图,分析原因,总结规律,随后通过不断改变小球静止释放的位置,观察小球的运动轨迹,得出小球做部分圆周运动的条件,最后计算出小球从直线到圆周运动的临界位置以及在该位置所损失的机械能.     

基于多激光光电门的液体黏度测量

本文设计了一种多激光光电门液体黏度测定仪.采用自制的铅锤校准系统和落球定位漏斗,使小球沿玻璃圆筒中心轴线下落,利用四组激光光电门计时,通过实验寻找小球匀速下落区间,可在一次落球实验中获得4组实验数据.新方法消除了传统落球法实验的弊端,提高了实验测量的效率和准确度.     

利用电磁阻尼单摆测量金属球的电导率

通过设计有无电磁阻尼作用的单摆实验,精确测定金属球的摆幅随时间的变化规律,拟合实验数据得到空气阻尼系数和电磁阻尼系数,采用对比法得出金属球的电导率.该实验可加深学生对单摆作为简谐振动理想模型的理解,也为研究梯度磁场中金属小球的电磁感应现象提供了新思路.     

电动向心力公式验证演示仪的改进

对向心力公式验证演示仪进行了改进,改进后的演示仪参照教材上验证向心力的实验方法,改用电机驱动使一质量已知的金属小球在细线带动下沿一水平面作匀速圆周运动,实验时通过更换不同材质的小球改变质量,通过调节细绳的长度或电机转速改变小球旋转半径,通过调节电机工作电压改变小球旋转角速度,利用控制变量法测出F与m、ω、R的对应关系,最后通过实验数据分析推导得出向心力公式F=mω~2R。改进后的实验装置操作方便,测量精度高,值得推广。     

利用声音传感器测量重力加速度

对平抛法测重力加速度进行了改进,选取朗威Dislab数字实验系统中的声音传感器测量小球下落时间,再计算重力加速度,此方法操作方便,易于在中学物理实验教学中实施.     

对落球法液体粘滞系数测定仪定位架的改进

针对现有落球法液体粘滞系数测定仪存在的问题,对实验设备进行改进,通过电磁铁原理吸取小球,有效较少了实验操作过程中实验液体带来的污染以及外界对实验液体的污染,并且圆锥型电磁铁以及半圆形凹槽的设计精准的控制了小球的下落位置,最大可能的满足的实验原理对小球下落位置的要求,有效消除了传统仪器做实验时存在的诸多问题,保证了金属小球沿容器中心准确下落,有效提高实验操作准确性。     

树状分形结构形成过程的实验研究

对大量金属小球在强电场作用下运动形态的演化全过程用联机摄像装置进行了实时拍摄,通过用Sandbox方法计算其稳定状态的分维数,系统地研究了分维数随电压的变化关系.结果表明：在一定电压范围内金属小球聚集体通过自组织过程形成稳定的树状分形结构,其分维数随外加电压的增加而减小.该结果对研究耗散结构的形成机理和外界动力对耗散结构的形貌影响具有参考价值. 关键词： 分形生长 自组织过程 树状结构 分维数     

Microstructure and morphology of electrodeposited Ni-P alloys treated by high energy surface mechanical attrition

Fully amorphous Ni-P layer electrodeposited onto a Cu plate was subjected to severe plastic deformation using surface mechanical attrition treatment in a high energy SPEX 8000 shaker mill. Two series of experiments using different milling conditions (series I: 20 6.35-mm balls; series II: 100 1.59-mm balls) were carried out to explore the mechanism of the process and to investigate the structure of the developed coatings. The evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ni-P layer after the deformation process was studied by x-ray diffraction, scanning electronmicroscopy and hardness measurements. We demonstrate that the different mechanical treatments controllably influence the mechanical behavior of the Ni-P metallic glass coating. When the vial of the mill is loaded with larger balls, deformation-induced Ni₃P compound particles form in the amorphous matrix resulting in a hard (HV = 17 GPa) but non-uniform coating. In the case of milling with many small balls, the increase in the surface hardness is considerably lower (7 GPa) as a consequence of reduced impact energy.     

Cryptobaryonic dark matter

It is proposed that dark matter could consist of compressed collections of atoms (or metallic matter) encapsulated into, for example, 20 cm big pieces of a different phase. The idea is based on the assumption that there exists at least one other phase of the vacuum degenerate with the usual one. Apart from the degeneracy of the phases we only assume standard model physics. The other phase has a Higgs vacuum expectation value appreciably smaller than in the usual electroweak vacuum. The balls making up the dark matter are very difficult to observe directly, but inside dense stars may expand absorbing the star and causing huge explosions (gamma ray bursts). The ratio of dark matter to ordinary matter is expressed as a ratio of nuclear binding energies and predicted to be about 5.     

The effect of aging time and calcination temperature on the magnetic properties of α-Fe/Fe3O4 composite

Composites of α-Fe/Fe₃O₄ having dimensions in the range of 100–150 nm have been prepared by disproportion method. The structure and morphology are investigated by XRD and TEM. XRD shows that the metal has got the BCC structure. TEM shows balls of metallic iron about 100-nm-wide stuck to magnetite grains. Magnetic measurement shows that the sample aged for 3 h and calcined at 200 °C has the maximal saturation magnetization corresponding to the highest concentration of α-Fe in the final sample.     

High frequency ultrasonic detection of C-crack defects in silicon nitride bearing balls

A non-destructive testing method for silicon nitride bearing balls based on ultrasonic resonance spectroscopy is proposed here. Through the theoretical study of their elastic vibrations, it is possible to characterize the balls using a vibration mode that is similar to surface wave propagation. The study of the influence of C-crack defects on the resonances of Rayleigh modes is presented here. These C-cracks are typically formed by impacts between balls during finishing or handling. They are frequently found on the surface of silicon nitride bearing balls and these C-cracks decrease the rolling contact fatigue life considerably. This kind of defect is difficult to detect because the C-shaped surface crack is very small and narrow (500 μm × 5 μm), and its depth does not exceed 50 μm. The proposed methodology can both excite spheroidal vibrations in the ceramic balls and detect such vibrations over a large frequency range. In particular, high frequency vibrations are considered because these are similar to the surface waves propagating in the cortical zone of the ceramic balls and consequently they can be used to detect C-crack defects.     

SQUID sensor application for small metallic particle detection

High-Tc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is an ultra-sensitive magnetic sensor. Since the performance of the SQUID is improved and stabilized, now it is ready for application. One strong candidate for application is a detection system of magnetic foreign matters in industrial products or beverages. There is a possibility that ultra-small metallic foreign matter has been accidentally mixed with industrial products such as lithium ion batteries. If this happens, the manufacturer of the product suffers a great loss recalling products. The outer dimension of metallic particles less than 100 μm cannot be detected by an X-ray imaging, which is commonly used for the inspection. Ionization of the material is also a big issue for beverages in the case of the X-ray imaging. Therefore a highly sensitive and safety detection system for small foreign matters is required. We developed detection systems based on high-Tc SQUID with a high-performance magnetic shield. We could successfully measure small iron particles of 100 μm on a belt conveyer and stainless steel balls of 300 μm in water. These detection levels were hard to be achieved by a conventional X-ray detection or other methods.     

Effects of surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) on a rough surface of AISI 316L stainless steel

Surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) improves mechanical properties of metallic materials through the formation of nanocrystallites at their surface layer. It also modifies the morphology and roughness of the work surface. Surface roughening by the SMAT has been reported previously in a smooth specimen, however in this study the starting point was a rough surface and a smoothening phenomenon is observed. In this paper, the mechanisms involved in the surface smoothening of AISI 316L stainless steel during the SMAT are elucidated. The SMAT was conducted on a specimen with a roughness of R_a = 3.98 μm for 0–20 min. The size of milling balls used in the SMAT was varied from 3.18 mm to 6.35 mm. The modification of subsurface microhardness, surface morphology, roughness and mass reduction of the specimen due to the SMAT were studied. The result shows the increasing microhardness of the surface and subsurface of the steel due to the SMAT. The impacts of milling balls deform the surface and produce a flat-like structure at this layer. Surface roughness decreases until its saturation is achieved in the SMAT. The mass reduction of the specimens is also detected and may indicate material removal or surface erosion by the SMAT. The size of milling ball is found to be the important feature determining the pattern of roughness evolution and material removal during the SMAT. From this study, two principal mechanisms in the evolution of surface morphology and roughness during the SMAT are proposed, i.e. indentation and surface erosion by the multiple impacts of milling balls. A comparative study with the results of the previous experiment indicates that the initial surface roughness has no influence in the work hardening by the SMAT but it does slightly on the saturated roughness value obtained by this treatment.     

Nonconservation of Energy and Loss of Determinism I. Infinitely Many Colliding Balls

An infinite number of elastically colliding balls is considered in a classical, and then in a relativistic setting. Energy and momentum are not necessarily conserved globally, even though each collision does separately conserve them. This result holds in particular when the total mass of all the balls is finite, and even when the spatial extent and temporal duration of the process are also finite. Further, the process is shown to be indeterministic: there is an arbitrary parameter in the general solution that corresponds to the injection of an arbitrary amount of energy (classically), or energy-momentum (relativistically), into the system at the point of accumulation of the locations of the balls. Specific examples are given that illustrate these counter-intuitive results, including one in which all the balls move with the same velocity after every collision has taken place.     

Non-destructive testing of ceramic balls using high frequency ultrasonic resonance spectroscopy

Although ceramic balls are used more and more for bearings in the aerospace and space industries, defects in this type of ceramic material could be dangerous, particularly if such defects are located close to the surface. In this paper, we propose a non-destructive testing method for silicon nitride balls, based on ultrasonic resonance spectroscopy. Through the theoretical study of their elastic vibrations, it is possible to characterize the balls using a vibration mode that is similar to surface wave propagation. The proposed methodology can both excite spheroidal vibrations in the ceramic balls and detect such vibrations over a large frequency range. Studying their resonance spectrums allows the balls’ elastic parameters be characterized. Ours is an original method that can quickly estimate the velocity of surface waves using high frequency resonances, which permits surface and sub-surface areas to be tested specifically. Two applications are described in this paper. Both use velocity measurements to achieve their different goals, the first to differentiate between flawless balls from different manufacturing processes, and the second to detect small defects, such as cracks. Our method is rapid and permits the entire ceramic ball to be tested in an industrial context.     

A new interpretation for orthofermions

In this article we introduce a simple physical model which realizes the algebra of orthofermions. The model is constructed from a cylinder which can be filled with some balls. The creation and annihilation operators of orthofermions are related to the creation and annihilation operators of balls in certain positions in the cylinder. Relationship between this model and topological symmetries in quantum mechanics is investigated.