酸性介质中碘离子在铂电极上的电化学氧化行为

采用循环伏安法研究了酸性介质中碘离子在铂电极上不同电位区间, 不同酸度下的电化学反应行为. 结果表明, 当极化电位较低(小于0.6 V(vs Hg/Hg2SO4))时, 碘离子在铂电极上发生2I--2e→I2电氧化反应, 反应产物通过I2+I-=I-3被进一步溶解, 整个反应属于E-C(electrochemical-chemical)模式. 电氧化过程中可以形成碘膜, 其也可以被碘离子溶解. 当极化电位升高至0.6 V(vs Hg/Hg2SO4)或以上时, 碘离子会直接电氧化为高价态碘化合物, I-+3H2O→IO-3+6H++6e, 而析出的碘膜并不发生再氧化反应; 在电化学还原过程中, 出现了两个还原峰, 分别对应于I2、I-3的还原反应; 在无碘膜时, 碘离子电氧化过程受溶液中碘离子的液相扩散步骤控制; 碘膜形成后, 主要受碘膜中碘离子的固相扩散控制; 酸度对于碘离子的电化学氧化过程有很大的影响, 其线性极化曲线的起峰电位及电流峰值电位均随酸浓度升高而负移.     

靛蓝胭脂红-溴酸钾体系催化光度法测定微量碘

研究了在室温及0．4mol/L H2SO4介质中碘离子对KBrO3氧化靛蓝胭脂红褪色反应的催化作用,建立了一种测定微量碘的新方法。碘离子浓度在0．20－2．0μg/mL范围内与△A呈线性关系,检测限为0．14μg/mL。多数常见离子无干扰。可用于海带中微量碘的测定。     

碘离子选择电极测定S2O82-与I-反应动力学参数

水溶液中S_2O_8~(2-)氧化I~-的反应是典型的二级离子反应,常选为大学物理化学实验.但该实验一直沿用滴定法和碘钟法,因而存在着操作繁锁费时、无法确定任意时刻的反应物浓度及引入其它试剂使体系复杂等缺点. 为了克服上述缺点,本文根据离子选择电极和化学动力学原理,提出一种新的能系统地进行S_2O_8~(2-)与I~-反应动力学实验的方法,它包括反应级数、反应速度常数、反应活化能的测定以及考察离子强度、催化剂对反应速度的影响.作者采用碘离子选择电极(以下简称碘电极)电位法跟踪反应中I~-浓度的变化,可由     

分配法研究碘分子与氯离子、溴离子和碘离子的络合物

文献中碘分子与卤离子生成络合物的研究已有不少报道.但有关多卤络合物的研究均是在碘分子浓度较高的情况下以及在非水溶液中的多聚反应.我们用分配法研究了在碘分子浓度较低的情况下,碘分子与氯离子、溴离子和碘离子在水溶液中的络合反应,并用作图法处理实验数据,测定了相应的各络合物的稳定常数,表明有生成多卤络合物的可能性存在.     

微分伏安法测定微量碘

采用过量联合氧化剂高锰酸钾-次氯酸钠氧化试液中碘至IO3-,剩余的高锰酸钾和次氯酸钠用过量的亚硫酸钠反应除去,利用IO3-的电活性,建立了在四硼酸钠-吐温-80底液中的线性扫描伏安法测定微量碘的方法.优化了试验条件,研究了伏安特性.在最佳试验条件下,一阶导数峰电流与碘质量浓度在0～16 μg·L-1叫范围内呈线性关系(r=0.996 4),检出限为0.6 μg·L-1.对共存离子作了干扰试验,表明方法的抗干扰能力较强,用于食品中微量碘的测定结果的相对标准偏差(n=6)值均小于0.9%,加标回收率在97.8%至99.2%之间.     

醋酸碘苯促进的氧化反应在构建2-氨基-1,3,4-噻二唑分子中的应用

报道了一种用高价碘试剂促进缩氨基硫脲分子内氧化偶联反应,能够有效地合成2-氨基-1,3,4-噻二唑类衍生物.高价碘可以作为温和的反应试剂,拥有毒性低、廉价可循环易操作的特性.该反应具有原料易制得、操作简便以及较好的底物适用性等特点.反应机理也进行了初步研究.     

流动注射-催化分光光度法测定加碘食盐中的无机总碘

根据碘酸根离子（或其它氧化态的碘）在酸性介质中先经亚砷酸还原成碘离子,再利用碘离子催化Ｃｅ（Ⅳ）－Ａｓ（Ⅲ）反应可测定碘酸根离子（或其它氧化态碘）的原理,建立了流动注射催化分光光度法测定碘酸钾或碘化钾加碘食盐中无机总碘的新方法,该法质量浓度的线性范围为０～０．５０ｍｇ／Ｌ,适合于上述两种加碘食盐１００倍稀释液的测定,质量浓度的检出限为０．０３ｍｇ／Ｌ（对应于固体食盐３μｇ／ｇ的Ｉ）。对于０．３０ｍ     

三峰三波长动力学测定微量溴和碘及其机理研究

本文利用“溴酸盐氧化溴代邻苯三酚红”为指示反应，根据溴或碘离子的浓度与指示反应速度之间的定量关系，用分光光度法扫描，动力学多波长测定微量溴或碘的含量，并对反应机理作了初步探讨。     

铑碘催化剂催化甲醇羰基化反应的IRC解析

在HF/LANL2DZ水平上, 采用能量梯度法, 研究了铑碘催化剂催化甲醇羰基化反应循环中各基元反应的反应物、中间体、过渡态、产物的几何结构, 并计算了它们势能面的变化. 通过对各基元反应过渡态的IRC解析, 证实了所得各类几何结构是甲醇羰基化铑碘催化循环反应途径上的驻点, 完整给出了循环反应过程中分子沿极小能量途径在各基元反应过程中的构型变化, 并提出了中间体构型转换在循环反应过程中的作用. 通过结构分析, 提出了顺式和反式催化循环反应两种途径之间除催化活性物顺反异构关联外, 还可以通过中间体构型转换关联, 其活化能为49.79 kJ/mol, 并且在还原消除基元反应步骤有既非顺式也非反式的情况, 证明该循环反应可能经历多个途径实现, 但无论何种途径, 碘甲烷氧化加成基元反应是整个循环反应过程的速控步骤.     

聚乙烯醇-碘复合物相互作用的单分子力谱研究

为了更加深入地研究聚乙烯醇(PVA)-碘复合物的最可能结构,利用单分子力谱技术对PVA与碘、直链淀粉与碘的相互作用进行了对照研究.实验结果显示PVA与碘离子之间并不存在类似于直链淀粉与碘离子的特殊单分子力谱信号,即：PVA与碘不能形成螺旋结构,单链模型不是PVA与碘相互作用的主要方式.本工作为进一步研究PVA-碘复合物的多链模型奠定了基础.     

Electrochemical study of Azathioprine at thin carbon nanoparticle composite film electrode

Thin carbon nanoparticle/Nafion film (CNP/N), as a novel electrode material, is formed on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode in a simple solvent evaporation process. The electrochemical behavior of Azathioprine (Aza) at the CNP/N-modified electrode is investigated in detail by the means of cyclic voltammetry. During the electrochemical reduction of Aza, an irreversible cathodic peak is appeared. Cyclic voltammetric studies indicated that the reduction process has an irreversible and adsorption-like behavior. The observed reduction peak is attributed to a four-electron process referring to the reduction of nitro group to the corresponding hydroxylamine. The prepared electrode showed an excellent catalytic activity toward the electro-reduction of Aza leading to a significant improvement in sensitivity as compared to the bare glassy carbon electrode where the electrochemical activity for this compound is very weak.     

Modeling of electrochemical process in flow 3D electrode with account for distribution of flow velocity of electrolyte in electrode

A mathematical model of the electrochemical metal deposition process in a flow 3D electrode is developed with account for dynamic distribution of the flow velocity of electrolyte, metal mass, potential, porosity, conductivity, specific electrode surface area, and other characteristics in the local volume of the electrode. These characteristics of the process and electrode are considered as functions of time and coordinate within the electrode. The results of experimental studies and calculations of copper electrodeposition process from ammonium sulfate electrolyte onto cathodes of graphitized carbon fibrous materials with different conductivity are presented at different initial flow velocities of electrolyte.     

Integration of microfabricated needle-type glucose sensor devices with a novel thin-film Ag/AgCl electrode and plasma-polymerized thin film: mass production techniques

We developed an integrated array of needle-type biosensors employing a novel process of fabrication, comprising conventional semiconductor fabrication and micromachining technology. Amperometric sensing electrodes with plasma-polymerized films and a thin-film Ag/AgCl reference electrode were directly integrated on a glass substrate with thin-film process, e.g., sputtering. An enzyme was immobilized on the electrode via the plasma-polymerized film, which was deposited directly on the substrate using a dry process. The novel thin-film Ag/AgCl reference electrode showed stable potentials in concentrated chloride solutions for a long period. The plasma-polymerized film is considered to play an important role as an interfacial design between the sensing electrode and the immobilized enzyme considering that the film is extremely thin, adheres well to the substrate (electrode) and has a highly cross-linked network structure and functional groups, such as amino groups. The results showed increments of the sensor signal, probably because the plasma-polymerized film allowed a large amount of enzyme to be immobilized. The greatest advantage is that the process can permit the mass production of high-quality biosensors at a low cost.     

Comparative study of the thermodynamics and kinetics of the ion transfer across the liquid/liquid interface by means of three-phase electrodes

A comparative study of the behavior of different sorts of three-phase electrodes applied for assessing the thermodynamics and kinetics of the ion transfer across the liquid/liquid (L/L) interface is presented. Two types of three-phase electrodes are compared, that is, a paraffin-impregnated graphite electrode at the surface of which a macroscopic droplet of an organic solvent is attached and an edge pyrolytic graphite electrode partly covered with a very thin film of the organic solvent. The organic solvent contains either decamethylferrocene or lutetium bis(tetra-tert-butylphthalocyaninato) as a redox probe. The role of the redox probe, the type of the electrode material, the mass transfer regime, and the effect of the uncompensated resistance are discussed. The overall electrochemical process at both three-phase electrodes proceeds as a coupled electron-ion transfer reaction. The ion transfer across the L/L interface, driven by the electrode reaction of the redox compound at the electrode/organic solvent interface, is independent of the type of redox probe. The ion transfer proceeds without involving any chemical coupling between the transferring ion and the redox probe. Both types of three-phase electrodes provide consistent results when applied for measuring the energy of the ion transfer. Under conditions of square-wave voltammetry, the coupled electron-ion transfer at the three-phase electrode is a quasireversible process, exhibiting the property known as "quasireversible maximum". The overall electron-ion transfer process at the three-phase electrode is controlled by the rate of the ion transfer. It is demonstrated for the first time that the three-phase electrode in combination with the quasireversible maximum is a new tool for assessing the kinetics of the ion transfer across the L/L interface.     

Direct electrochemistry of uric acid at chemically assembled carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes netlike electrode

Carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) chemically assembled on gold substrate was employed as netlike electrode to investigate the charge-transfer process and electrode process kinetics using uric acid as an example. The electrochemical behavior of uric acid in carboxylated SWCNT system was investigated using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and single potential time-based techniques. The properties of raw SWCNT electrode were also studied for comparison purpose. Uric acid has better electrochemical behavior whereas ascorbic acid has no effective reaction on the carboxylated SWCNT electrode. Cyclic voltammograms indicate that the assembled carboxylated SWCNT increases more active sites on electrode surface and slows down the electron transfer between the gold electrode and uric acid in solution. The charge-transfer coefficient (alpha) for uric acid and the rate constant (k) for the catalytic reaction were calculated as 0.52 and 0.43 s(-1), respectively. The diffusion coefficient of 0.5 mM uric acid was 7.5 x 10(-6) cm2 x s(-1). The results indicate that electrode process in the carboxylated SWCNT electrode system is governed by the surface adsorption-controlled electrochemical process.     

Carbon fibre electrodes in flow potentiometric stripping analysis

The construction of carbon fibre flow electrodes suitable for use in connection with potentiometric and constant-current stripping is described, and the fibre electrodes are compared with a glassy carbon disc thin layer cell. The signal-to-background ratio is approximately 1.6 times higher for an 8–10 μm carbon fibre compared to the glassy carbon disc electrode. If an Ag/AgCl tube is used as both counter and reference electrode, the signal-to-noise ratio of the fibre electrode is approximately five times better than for a glassy carbon disc electrode with a calomel reference; the latter electrode design, however, gives slightly better precision. The dead volume and internal potential drop of the fibre electrodes are more than one order of magnitude smaller than for the glassy carbon disc electrode. Because of the simplicity of the manufacturing process and low material cost, the fibre cells can be used as disposable electrodes and the polishing process necessary in connection with glassy carbon disc electrodes can be omitted.     

旋转环-盘电极研究MnO2还原机理

目前大多数人认为二氧化锰的阴极还原是按电子-质子机理进行的．但也有人认为氧化氢氧化锰（MnOOH）并不是电子-质子机理的初级产物，而初级产物是二价锰离子，MnOOH是Mn2＋与MnO2作用的结果．早在五十年代以Cahoon为代表的人们就提出这种观点[1]；后来由于Vosburgh[2][3]问和K     

质子惰性介质中硝基苯在铂微盘电极上的电化学行为

采用循环伏安法, 以铂微盘电极为工作电极, 铂片为辅助电极, 饱和甘汞电极为参比电极, 研究了硝基苯在含有四丁基高氯酸铵(TBAP)电解质的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)有机溶液中的电化学行为, 并探讨了扫描速度和底物浓度等因素对硝基苯电化学特性的影响. 结果表明,该反应属扩散控制的准可逆反应.     

锌电极放电过程及失效机制数值分析

锌-空气电池是一种高能量的电池体系.实验表明, 在大功率工作条件下, 锌电极的材料利用率随电流密度的增加而急剧下降. 为探索其在大功率工作条件下的放电机理, 本文针对这一过程建立了一维数学模型, 通过数值求解模拟多个物理量如离子浓度、传递电流密度、电极孔隙度、固体氧化锌等在电极内部的分布变化情况, 在此基础上分析电极的性能. 数值结果分析表明, 固体氧化锌对电极内质量传输过程的限制是导致电极失效的根本原因. 其析出时间及在电极内部的集中分布位置对电极性能有显著影响; 而仅当其体积分数超过30%-35%的范围后才开始显著限制传质过程. 讨论了电极的优化措施, 模拟表明更高的溶液电导率,更大的电极孔隙度有利于增加大功率工作条件下电极的材料利用率. 但最重要的是保持电极内部氢氧根离子的浓度在一个较高的值,对于封闭式电极可以通过补液实现, 理想情况为设计一个电解液循环式的锌电极.     

酸性溶液中硝基苯在WC电极上的电化学还原

以聚四氟乙烯为粘接剂制成碳化钨(WC)电极.采用循环伏安法、线性扫描法和恒电位阶跃法研究了硝基苯在酸性溶液中WC电极上的电化学行为.实验表明:WC电极对硝基苯的还原具有较好的活性,电极过程受扩散和电化学步骤混合控制;表观活化能为23.7kJ·mol 1,其中,电化学步骤的活化能10.91kJ·mol 1.