高光谱成像的机采籽棉杂质分类检测

机采籽棉杂质分类检测为调整棉花清理机械加工参数和工序提供参考依据,对提升皮棉品质具有重要意义。但由于籽棉棉层分布不均匀,使得图像检测难度增大,使用传统的检测方法无法有效检测各类杂质。采用高光谱成像方法对机采籽棉中的棉叶、棉枝、地膜和铃壳（内外）五种杂质进行分类判别检测。首先采集120个机采籽棉样本的高光谱图像,选取感兴趣区域获取平均光谱曲线。发现由于物质构成的差异,不同杂质体现出不同的吸收和反射特性,不同种类物质之间的光谱差异大于同类物质。对提取的平均光谱曲线进行主成分分析（PCA）,结果显示棉花、残膜和铃壳外与其他三类相比,有较好的聚集性和可分性,但是棉叶、铃壳内和棉枝三类相互叠加在一起,空间分布存在严重交叉重叠。以提取的平均光谱曲线为训练样本,选择线性判别分析（LDA）、支持向量机（SVM）和神经网络（ANN）三种分类判别算法,对算法参数进行寻优,并建立机采籽棉杂质分类判别模型。其中,经过LDA模型降维后的样本空间较PCA表现出了更好的聚集性和可分性,采用正则化防止过拟合,得到训练集准确率为86.4%,测试集准确率为86.2%;SVM模型的参数寻优结果为C=105,g=0.1,其训练集准确率为83.42%,测试集准确率为83.40%;ANN模型参数寻优得到隐含层数和神经元个数分别为2和17,训练集准确率为82.9%,测试集准确率为81.8%。对三种模型的分类效果和检测用时进行比较,LDA模型结果最优。通过对高光谱图像进行像素等级分类判别,结果显示棉花识别效果较好,植物性杂质都被有效检测,但是地膜和棉花存在误识别,分类效果与杂质光谱的分类判别模型结果一致。因此,采用高光谱成像技术可以快速、无损的检测和识别籽棉杂质,为棉花加工装备提供反馈参数,对棉花加工机械化和智能化有重要意义。     

Effect of magnetic impurities on energy exchange between electrons

In order to probe quantitatively the effect of Kondo impurities on energy exchange between electrons in metals, we have compared measurements on two silver wires with dilute magnetic impurities (manganese) introduced in one of them. The measurement of the temperature dependence of the electron phase coherence time on the wires provides an independent determination of the impurity concentration. Quantitative agreement on the energy exchange rate is found with a theory by G?ppert et al. that accounts for Kondo scattering of electrons on spin-1/2 impurities.     

近红外光谱法测定紫花苜蓿青贮鲜样的营养价值

应用近红外光谱技术(NIRS)直接分析新鲜饲草的营养价值,如饲草中干物质(DM),粗蛋白(CP),中性洗涤纤维(NDF),酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量,对畜牧业生产具有重要意义。鲜草中由于含有较多的水分,不易制备均一的样品和进行光谱中有用信息的提取,因此难于进行近红外光谱分析。本试验应用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS)、傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术和液氮冷冻制样技术,建立了适合于不同品种,不同生育期,不同茬次和不同青贮方法即时测定青贮苜蓿鲜样中DM,CP,NDF,ADF的模型,以期对NIRS在测定紫花苜蓿青贮鲜样品这些成分测定的可行性进行分析。所建DM,CP,NDF和ADF模型的交叉检验决定系数(R2_cv)为0.884 6～0.989 8,交叉检验标准误(RMSECV)为3.9～9.7 g·kg-1鲜重。用50个样品对模型进行外部检验,预测相关系数(r)为0.939 7～0.994 9,预测标准误为1.9～8.3 g·kg-1鲜重。结果表明： 采用适当的样品处理方法和光谱分析技术可以实现近红外光谱技术对苜蓿青贮鲜样的营养价值评定。     

靶等离子体真空紫外光谱研究

本文叙述了在靶等离子体实验装置上做的真空紫外区(500—2000)光谱实验。分析和研究了等离子体光谱,杂质成分、杂质来源和等离子体喷枪的发射机制。     

新疆长绒棉辐射效应的谱学研究

用¹³C CP/MAS NMR谱、ESR谱和质子弛豫时间等方法,研究了经γ射线在室温下辐照后新疆长绒棉纤维的辐射效应. 结果表明随着辐照剂量的增加,长绒棉纤维内的自由基浓度明显的增大,并产生了多种自由基的混合物. 由辐照前后的长绒棉纤维的¹³C CP/MAS NMR谱可以得出,随着辐射剂量的增加,C1峰的谱宽趋向增宽,表明了自由基存在的位置. 各类弛豫时间的改变则反映出长绒棉纤维内部聚集态结构和大分子链运动随辐射剂量的变化.     

Mobility of electrons upon scattering by a multicomponent correlated system of impurity centers

A system that contains two sorts of impurity centers spatially distributed in a random way is considered. Not all impurities of the first sort are ionized, and all the impurities of the second sort are ionized. Spatial correlations in the system of impurity ions of the first sort are investigated under conditions when the correlation radius of an impurity ion is limited from above due to a deficit of neutral impurities. The influence of randomly spatially arranged small-sized donors (impurities of the second sort) on correlations in the system of impurity ions is analyzed. The equations for describing the effect of small-sized donors on correlations in the system of impurity ions are obtained. The electron mobility at zero temperature is calculated by the example of HgSe: Fe (the correlated system of impurity centers consists of iron atoms and small-sized donors whose concentration is higher than the Mott concentration).     

Skew scattering of the electrons by Ce impurities in La

Low temperature measurements of the Hall effect in lanthanum containing cerium impurities show, in addition to the ordinary Hall effect, a contribution (nearly) proportional to the magnetization of the cerium magnetic moments. We ascribe this contribution to skew scattering by the cerium impurities. The asymmetry of the scattering can result from the mixing of the conduction band and impurity wave functions for impurities having orbital magnetism.     

硅纳米结构晶体管中与杂质量子点相关的量子输运

在小于10 nm的沟道空间中,杂质数目和杂质波动范围变得十分有限,这对器件性能有很大的影响.局域纳米空间中的电离杂质还能够展现出量子点特性,为电荷输运提供两个分立的杂质能级.利用杂质原子作为量子输运构件的硅纳米结构晶体管有望成为未来量子计算电路的基本组成器件.本文结合安德森定域化理论和Hubbard带模型对单个、分立和耦合杂质原子系统中的量子输运特性进行了综述,系统介绍了提升杂质原子晶体管工作温度的方法.     

The Ratio of Particle Flux of the Hydrogen to Carbon on Divertor Configuration in HL-2A Tokamak

Interactions of plasma with the walls lead to particle release by various mechanisms and the amount of impurities in the plasma core limits the performance of the device. It is very important to get the particle fluxes for understanding the releasing mechanisms of impurities. The spectroscopic measurements to determine the impurity influx from localized surfaces in tokamak plasma is described in detail in Ref. Determined the origin of the chromium influxes by this method in ASDEX during ICRF heating were reported in Ref.     

近红外高光谱成像的微破损棉种可视化识别

优质棉种是全面推广棉花精量播种技术的基础。采用近红外高光谱成像技术实现微破损棉种可视化识别,为棉种精选设备的研制奠定理论基础。以未破损和微破损两类棉种各540粒作为样本(其中405粒作为建模集,135粒棉种作为预测集),分批采集874~1 734 nm范围的样本高光谱图像,提取光谱数据并去除首尾两端明显噪声保留955~1 659 nm范围内光谱为棉种样本的光谱。首先使用Kennard-Stone(KS)算法进行样本划分,并通过平滑算法Savitsky-Golay(SG)对光谱进行预处理。采用二阶导数光谱(2nd spectra)方法、连续投影算法(SPA)和主成分载荷(PCA-loading)方法分别选取10,14和11个特征波长。基于全部光谱数据和特征波长建立偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)模型、K最邻近(KNN)模型和支持向量机(SVM)模型,SPA-PLS-DA模型取得了较好的结果,建模集和预测集的鉴别率分别为91.50％和90.33％。基于SPA-PLS-DA模型分别对未破损样本和微破损样本及其混合样本图像进行识别,取得了较好的识别结果,微破损棉种的识别率达90%以上。结果表明,结合近红外高光谱成像和图像处理技术,能够实现微破损棉种的可视化识别。     

Use of ultrasonic energy for intensification of the bio-preparation of greige cotton

Raw unscoured cotton contains approximately 90% cellulose and various noncellulosic impurities such as waxes, pectins, proteins, and fats. To remove these hydrophobic noncellulosics and produce a highly absorbent fiber that can be dyed and finished uniformly, the greige cotton is traditionally processed with relatively harsh and environmentally unfriendly chemicals. New bio-preparation processes that utilize highly specific enzymes instead of conventional organic/inorganic chemicals are becoming increasingly popular in the textile industry. The major shortcoming of this new technology is that the processing time is much longer than the conventional method. This limitation was overcome by use of ultrasound energy in combination with enzyme processing. The combined enzyme/ultrasound bio-preparation of greige cotton offers significant advantages such as less consumption of expensive enzymes, shorter processing time, better uniformity of treatment and a notable decrease in the amount and toxicity of the resulting textile wastewater effluents.     

Absorption and transmission spectral measurement of fiber-optic components using supercontinuum radiation

We report on broadband absorption and transmission measurements using supercontinuum sources generated in microstructured fibers. The advantages of this measurement technique include high brightness and broad bandwidth. Furthermore, the high spatial coherence of the supercontinuum source allows for efficient coupling into the device under test compared to standard light bulbs. Employing this technique, we measure the impurity absorption spectrum of Erbium-doped fibers with both low and high dopant concentration. The transmission spectra of a photonic bandgap fiber and a high-finesse fiber cavity are also characterized.     

钾硼胁迫对棉花功能叶物质成分影响的FTIR表征

钾和硼均是植物必需的营养元素,对植物的生长、发育与生理代谢等起着重要作用。棉花对钾和硼都有较高的需求量,而棉花缺钾或缺硼时有发生。以鄂抗8号品种的棉花作为研究材料,利用傅里叶变换探讨钾硼胁迫对棉花功能叶片物质成分的影响。红外光谱(FTIR)对钾硼胁迫下棉花叶片的物质成分进行研究,分析钾硼缺乏情况下叶片红外光谱的差异。结果表明：(1)缺钾处理时,1 546.86, 1 438.85, 1 153.39和1 024.17 cm-1这4个特征峰消失,且其他特征峰的相对吸光度值与正常处理相比均减小,表明缺钾时棉花功能叶片蛋白质、纤维素、可溶性糖和核糖的结构发生变化且含量降低。(2)缺硼条件下,叶片的特征峰的相对吸光度均有所升高,因而,缺硼则导致蛋白质及可溶性糖、纤维素等碳水化合物等的运输受阻而在叶片中积累。(3)钾硼同时缺乏,棉花功能叶片特征峰的位置和相对吸收强度与正常处理相比有很大差异,表现为棉花功能叶片蛋白质和可溶性糖等碳水化合物的含量升高,而核酸和多糖分子等含量下降。因此缺钾导致棉花功能叶片蛋白质、纤维素、可溶性糖和核糖结构变化的含量降低;缺硼时蛋白质及可溶性糖、纤维素等碳水化合物等在叶片中积累;缺钾缺硼时蛋白质和可溶性糖等碳水化合物含量升高,而核酸和多糖分子等含量下降。     

Impurity effect on surface states of Bi(111) ultrathin films

The surface impurity effect on the surface-state conductivity and weak antilocalization(WAL) effect has been investigated in epitaxial Bi(111) films by magnetotransport measurements at low temperatures. The surface-state conductivity is significantly reduced by the surface impurities of Cu, Fe, and Co. The magnetotransport data demonstrate that the observed WAL is robust against deposition of nonmagnetic impurities, but it is quenched by the deposition of magnetic impurities which break the time reversal symmetry. Our results help to shed light on the effect of surface impurities on the electron and spin transport properties of a 2D surface electron systems.     

The carbon impurity ohmic discharges on particle transport in the HT-7 tokamak

The line-integrated optical measurement of impurity radiation profiles for the study of light impurity transport is performed in the HT-7 tokamak. The carbon impurity line emissivity is obtained by Abel inversion. The radial transport behaviours of carbon impurities at different central line averaged electron densities ne are investigated in ohmic discharges. The diffusion coefficient Dk（r）, the convection velocity Wk（r） and the total flux of the impurity ions Fk decrease with the increase of ne, which shows a reduction in the impurity particle transport at higher electron densities.     

Direct observation of orbital magnetism in cubic solids

We present x-ray magnetic circular dichroism determinations of the orbital/spin magnetic moment ratios of dilute 3d-series impurities in Au (and Cu) host matrices. This is the first direct measurement of considerable orbital moments in cubic symmetry for a localized impurity in a bulk metal host. It is shown that the unquenching of orbital magnetism depends on a delicate balance of hybridization effects between the local impurity with the host and the filling of the 3d states of the impurity. The results are accompanied by ab initio calculations that support our experimental findings.     

光纤表面等离子体共振传感检测系统共振波长的红移

介绍了光纤表面等离子体共振传感器的制造工艺和系统组成,针对光纤传感检测系统在一定的条件下进行了多次测试,试验表明该系统在测试过程中存在红移现象.分析了发生红移的主要原因是金属薄膜内部和表层吸附了空气中的杂质.为此提出了改进镀膜工艺、测试条件和建立修正数据库已有效地减弱了系统测试中的红移现象.     

高剂量离子注入形成的非晶层重新结晶过程中杂质外扩散的物理模型

本文提出了一个杂质沉淀引起位错生成、位错-杂质相互作用、杂质原子沿晶粒间界快速扩散的模型,用以解释高剂量离子注入形成的非晶层在重新结晶的退火过程中杂质外扩散和缺陷运动现象。给出了在位错的合应力场的影响下杂质的扩散方程。以能量为80keV,剂量为10¹⁶cm^-2的Pb⁺注入Si(111)面为例,对扩散方程进行了数学物理处理,从而给出了根据实验测量推演表观扩散系数随时间变化及位错的合应力场对杂质的作用力的纵向分布的方法。实验测得的位错合应力场对杂质的作用系数α≈8.4×10^-28dyn·cm³,退火时间在5×10³sec至8.25×10³sec内,表观扩散系数D随时间的变化为一指数关系。 关键词：     

Quantum dynamics of an impurity-doped Bose-Einstein condensate system

We study the quantum dynamics of an impurity-doped Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) system. We show how to generate the macroscopic quantum superposition states (MQSSs) of the BEC by the use of projective measurements on impurity atoms. It is found that the nonclassicality of MQSSs can be manipulated by changing the number of the impurities and their interaction with the BEC. It is shown that the BEC matter-wave field exhibits a collapse and revival phenomenon which reveals the quantum nature of the BEC matter-wave field. We investigate the micro-macro entanglement between the impurities and the BEC, and find enhancement of the micro-macro entanglement induced by the initial quantum coherence of the impurity atoms.     

HT-6M托卡马克装置杂质输运

利用多道可见光谱探测系统和近紫外转镜系统测量了HT-6M托卡马克等离子体中杂质的时空分布.建立完备的杂质输运程序，数值模拟碳、氧杂质在欧姆放电时的输运行为，得出了杂质的扩散和对流系数、不同电离态杂质离子密度、辐射功率密度和有效电荷数的空间分布. 分析低混杂波电流驱动（LHCD）期间杂质行为，结果表明等离子体粒子约束、杂质约束和能 量约束提高，辐射功率和有效电荷数减小. 关键词： 托卡马克 杂质输运 扩散系数 对流系数