6110柴油机喷雾过程的多维瞬态数值模拟研究

将柴油机全体燃烧室部件(气缸盖-气缸套-活塞组)作为一个耦合体,在对耦合体进行传热数值模拟的基础上得到喷雾过程缸内计算的壁面边界条件.利用大型通用CFD软件STAR-CD及ES-ICE,在进气压缩过程多维瞬态数值模拟基础上,对6110柴油机喷雾过程进行多维瞬态数值模拟研究.通过计算,着重分析缸内两相流动,燃油喷射、雾化以及喷雾粒子的空间分布等.     

6110柴油机进气过程流动的多维瞬态数值模拟研究

柴油机进气过程中气体流动是强瞬变的非定常三维湍流运动,直接影响到充气效率、缸内气流状态及进气道和缸内壁面换热,因而也影响到燃油雾化、燃烧及有害废气生成等,对柴油机的动力性、经济性起着重要作用。因此,本文利用大型通用CFD软件STAR-CD及ES-ICE对6110柴油机进气过程的气体流动进行多维瞬态数值模拟研究,通过计算可以得到不同时刻进气道和缸内流场分布,为柴油机进气系统的优化设计提供重要的理论依据。     

内燃机进气道和缸内三维流场数值模拟

内燃机进气道及缸内气体的流动是一种十分复杂的三维湍流运动，对燃油的喷射、混和气体的形成、燃烧和排放有重要影响。利用数值模拟方法是了解气流运动、发展变化规律及气流与燃烧关系的主要手段之一。采用瞬态咬合法模拟气阀和活塞的运动，采用分块划分网格技术形成计算域的整体网格。微分方程的计算求解基于ＫＩＶＡ－３程序，加入以上子程序，计算针对四冲程柴油机的进气过程进行模拟计算。     

离心泵启动过程内部瞬态流动的二维数值模拟

为分析离心泵启动过程外部瞬态特性的内流机理,建立求解叶轮启动和加速过程泵内部非定常流动的数值模拟方法,以二维离心泵为模型进行启动过程内部流动的数值模拟研究.以绝对坐标系描述伞场流动,采用动网格方法实现离心泵启动过程中叶轮加速旋转引起的流场变形,选用人涡模拟(LES)描述湍流.分析了叶轮启动过程巾内部非定常流动结构和演化过程及其与外部瞬态特性的关系,并与准稳态假设下的流动模拟结果进行了对比分析,定性地分析了离心泵在启动过程中的瞬态效应,验证了采用动网格方法求解启动过程瞬态流动的可行性.     

离心泵瞬态操作条件下内部流动的数值模拟

为研究离心泵在瞬态操作条件下的内部非定常流动演化过程,分析外部瞬态特性的内流机理,采用滑移网格方法对快速启动过程中的离心泵内部流动进行数值模拟.建立了包含循环管路和泵在内的完整系统模型,分析了叶轮从静止到最高转速的瞬态过程的流动演化,比较了管路阻力特性对瞬态特性的影响,探讨了数值方法对求解三维瞬态流动的适应性.分析结果表明,基于非定常流动分析的瞬态外特性预测结果与实验结果能较好吻合,所采用的计算方法和得到的结果为瞬态操作条件下离心泵内部流动的诊断和优化建立基础.     

激光驱动高速金属颗粒与气体相互作用

采用激光驱动技术模拟高速运动金属颗粒与气体相互作用过程,研究高速气固两相流输运过程。采用驱动靶优化设计、激光参数调节等方法对颗粒加速过程进行控制,利用高时空分辨率、高精度瞬态实验诊断技术获取高速颗粒瞬态物理图像。通过求解三维雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程和刚体飞行六自由度动力学方程数值模拟高速单颗粒与气体混合过程,方程采用高斯−赛德尔隐式方法进行时间推进求解。研究表明,激光驱动方法能够有效地发射金属颗粒,阴影照相技术能够有效获取高速颗粒物理图像。数值模拟给出了高速颗粒与气体作用的流场参数。     

截止阀启闭过程内部瞬态流动特性

为分析截止阀启闭过程内部的瞬态流动特性,基于N-S方程和标准的κ-ε湍流模型,通过自定义函数(UDF)和C++语言编程给定阀芯的运动规律,采用动网格技术对截止阀进行了瞬态的全三维湍流数值模拟,得到阀芯在不同运动时刻的瞬态流场,阀芯在运动过程中受到的流体挤压效应是影响截止阀性能的主要原因。截止阀瞬态的全三维数值研究具有较高的可靠性,数值结果为进一步研究截止阀的性能提供重要理论依据。     

爪式流体机械工作过程的三维数值模拟

分析了爪式流体机械的吸气、压缩、排气和混合过程的工作特性,对爪式流体机械工作过程中具有移动边界、包含啮合点和封闭工作腔的气体三维非定常可压缩流动进行数值模拟;得到各个时刻工作腔内的压力场、温度场和速度场的分布规律;得到吸气和排气过程中,吸气口处和排气口处的气体速度场变化规律。针对现有带尖点的爪式转予的不足,构建了一种新型圆弧爪式转子,改善了爪式转子的密封性能、受力变形和吸气性能,扩展了爪式流体机械的应用领域.     

绕翼型加速流动的数值模拟-加速度的影响

对绕30°攻角NACA 0015翼型的不可压缩加速流动进行了二维数值模拟,采用有限体积法计算了水道中4种不同加速度下绕翼型的非定常流动,最终稳定的流速都为100 mm/s,对应雷诺数为8000.给出了详细的瞬态流动结构、升力系数以及流动的演化过程,重点分析了加速度对流动结构的影响.计算结果表明启动过程和完成启动后的绕翼型流动结构复杂,其流动分离现象也明显区别于稳态过程自生和自维持的分离流动,具有明显的瞬态效应,并且启动加速度大小对流动结构和发展、漩涡强度等都有直接影响.     

基于详细化学反应机理的DME发动机三维湍流燃烧模拟

采用基于详细化学反应机理的三维湍流燃烧数值模拟,研究直喷柴油机燃用二甲基醚(DME)的伴有化学反应的流动燃烧现象.模拟预测的缸内压力随曲轴转角的变化及NO排放浓度与实验相符.分析了计算所得的曲轴转角随缸内流场速度、温度和组分浓度的分布历程,结果表明甲醛在低中温下相对稳定,随着温度的升高,氧化反应加速进行,而由于流动及壁面传热等效应,甲醛作为不完全燃烧产物存在于排气中.     

利用可调谐激光吸收光谱技术的柴油机排放温度测试研究

针对D4114B型柴油机排放尾气中的CO2气体开展测量研究,计算分析气体的体积分数以及温度。文中以可调谐半导体激光器吸收光谱(Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy,TDLAS)技术原理为基础,利用MATLAB中SIMULINK库中的各个模块,模拟尾气测量的实际过程。仿真结果显示,在模拟柴油机排放环境下,待测量气体CO2的温度仿真相对误差为0.03%。利用船用D4114B型柴油机进行验证实验,在其排气管上增添可视化窗口并安装相应测试系统,利用以半导体为工作介质的可调谐激光器作为激光光源,开展尾气排放中CO2气体温度的在线测试研究,测试相对误差小于4%。由上述研究结果可知,本文中利用SIMULINK搭建的模型所测得的温度值与实际柴油机尾气排放过程中的温度相差较小,因此,其仿真结果能够对柴油机排气测温提供一定的参考。     

6106柴油机性能研究及优化

本文利用内燃机工作过程数值模拟软件GT-Power,对6106柴油机工作过程进行了数值模拟计算.通过计算,分析了供油提前角、配气相位等参数对柴油机性能的影响,并将计算结果与实验值进行了比较,验证了计算的准确性.优化后的结果为柴油机的优化设计提供理论依据.     

Soot particle size modelling in 3D simulations of diesel engine combustion

The present work is focused on multi-dimensional simulations of combustion in diesel engines. The primary objective was to test, in a diesel engine framework, a soot particle size model to represent the carbon particle formation and calculate the corresponding size distribution function. Simulations are performed by means of a parallel version of the KIVA3V numerical code, modified to adopt detailed kinetics reaction mechanisms. A skeletal reaction scheme for n-heptane autoignition has been extended, to include PAH kinetics and carbonaceous particle formation and consumption rates: the full reaction set is made up of 82 gas species and 50 species accounting for the particles, thus the complete reaction scheme comprises 132 species and 2206 reaction steps. Four different engine operative conditions, varying engine speed and load, are taken into account and experimentally tested on a single cylinder diesel engine fuelling pure n-heptane. Computed particle size distribution functions are compared with corresponding measurements at the exhaust, performed by a differential mobility spectrometer.

A satisfying agreement between computed and measured combustion profiles is obtained in all the conditions.

A reasonable aerosol evolution can be obtained, yet in all the cases the model exhibits the tendency to overestimate the number of particles within the range 5–160 nm. Moreover calculations predict a nucleation mode not detected by the available instrument. According to the simulations, the total number and size of the nascent particles would not depend on the operative conditions, while the features of the larger aggregates distinctly vary with the engine functioning.     

Prechamber and main chamber insulation effects on the performance of an IDI diesel engine coupled to power turbine

A thermodynamic simulation of a diesel engine cycle presented in this study which serves the purpose to examine the effects of insulating the main chamber and the prechamber, on the performance characteristics of a naturally aspirated, IDI (indirect injection), diesel engine. The insulation of both combustion chambers is taken into account by the corresponding rise of wall temperature, since this is the final result of insulation useful for the present study. It is found that an improvement of efficiency is achieved when insulating only the prechamber. However, when insulating the main chamber, a serious decrease of engine volumetric efficiency is observed which leads to a decrease of efficiency. The improvement in efficiency rises when a power turbine is incorporated at the engine exhaust, converting (recovering) partially the high energy of exhaust gases to mechanical power, which is transferred to the engine crankshaft via a gearbox (turbocompounding).     

Multi-lognormal soot particle size distribution for time-resolved laser induced incandescence in diesel engines

In-cylinder and exhaust soot particle size measurements were carried out using time-resolved laser induced incandescence and electrical mobility spectrometer techniques in a single cylinder optical diesel engine and multi-cylinder high-speed diesel engine. The temporal decay of the laser induced incandescence signal from a polydisperse nanoparticle ensemble of soot during transient diesel combustion is shown to be described by both a single-lognormal distribution as well as multi-lognormal size distribution. However, a multi-lognormal particle size distribution is introduced in the existing model for a comprehensive characterisation and realistic reconstruction of the size distribution. Detailed theoretical analysis of multi-lognormal size distribution along with its application to the experimentally measured soot particle size is validated in this work. These results were also qualitatively compared and independently verified by the experimental results obtained by the electrical mobility spectrometer and published transmission electron microscopy data. These findings reveal that the in-cylinder and the exhaust soot particle size distributions in engines are better represented by a multi-lognormal size distribution.     

进气加入CO2对直喷式柴油机燃烧的影响

在直喷式柴油机上研究了进气加入CO2气体对其燃烧特性以及发动机性能和排放品质的影响.研究结果表明,进气加入CO2,柴油机的混合气形成过程几乎不受CO2气体加入量的影响,主要反映在着火延迟期随着CO2加入量的增加而变长,燃烧持续期缩短,燃烧最高温度降低.同时导致柴油机的最大爆发压力和压力升高率降低,并且其出现的位置后移,充气效率下降,排气温度上升.加入CO2后,NOx排放有较大下降,HC、CO稍有增加,烟度受到的影响不大.     

The influence of the exhaust system unsteady gas flow and insulation on the performance of a turbocharged diesel engine

A comprehensive digital computer program is used to simulate the unsteady gas flow in the exhaust and inlet systems of a multi-cylinder, turbocharged, medium-high speed, four-stroke diesel engine installed at the authors' laboratory. The simulation assumes one-dimensional, time-varying gas flow in the engine pipes and incorporates numerous realistic fluid dynamic, thermodynamic and heat-transfer features. The characteristic mathematical transformation solution of the gas-flow dynamics partial differential equations is interfaced with First-Law analysis models of the cylinders main chambers and prechambers. The simulation results are compared most favourably against the engine's experimental performance results, which include mean air consumption rate, pressure histories at various locations on the exhaust system, and energy-mean temperature values at the exit of the exhaust system. The simulation results are also utilized for the determination of the various cylinders' exhaust waves intensity, as they are imposed by the design characteristics of the exhaust manifold. The plotting of relevant charts, showing the contour variation of gas pressure, temperature and Mach index against engine crank angle and pipe length, aids the correct interpretation of the observed behaviour. The detailed simulation of the fluid dynamic and heat-transfer fields in the engine exhaust system, permits an interesting parametric study of the influence of the degree of insulation of the exhaust system on the energy and exergy (availability) content of the exhaust gases before the turbocharger turbine, by coupling the above First-Law with Second-Law analysis concepts.     

旋流排气管的一维非定常流动计算

动力机械装置中广泛存在着非定常旋流流动现象．本文根据质量、动量、能量和旋流动量矩守恒方程，建立了管内非定常旋流流动的一维计算模型，并应用特征线方法推导出了其数值计算格式，是管内非定常一维流动计算的扩展．应用于一台四缸涡轮增压柴油机旋流排气管的计算，通过与实测压力波的比较，表明计算模型有较好的计算精度．