Active control of lifted diffusion flames with arrayed micro actuators

Active control of a lifted flame issued from a coaxial nozzle is investigated. Arrayed micro flap actuators are employed to introduce disturbances locally into the initial shear layer. Shedding of large-scale vortex rings is modified with the flap motion, and the flame characteristics such as liftoff height, blowoff limit, and emission trend, are successfully manipulated. Spatio-temporal evolution of large-scale vortical structures and fuel concentration is examined with the aid of PIV and PLIF in order to elucidate the control mechanisms. It is found that, depending on the driving signal of the flaps, the near-field vortical structures are significantly modified and two types of lifted flames having different stabilization mechanisms are realized.     

Wing box transonic-flutter suppression using piezoelectric self-sensing diagonal-link actuators

The main objective of this research is to study the capability of Piezoelectric (PE) self-sensing actuators to suppress the transonic wing-box flutter, which is a flow-structure interaction phenomenon. The unsteady general frequency modified Transonic Small Disturbance (TSD) equation is used to model the transonic flow about the wing. The wing-box structure and the piezoelectric actuators are modeled using the equivalent plate method, which is based on the first-order shear deformation plate theory (FSDPT). The piezoelectric actuators are used as diagonal-links. The optimal electromechanical-coupling conditions between the piezoelectric actuators and the wing are collected from previous work. Three main different control strategies; Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) which combines the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) with the Kalman Filter Estimator (KFE), Optimal Static Output Feedback (SOF), and Classic Feedback Controller (CFC); are studied and compared. The optimum actuators and sensors locations are determined using the Norm of Feedback Control Gains (NFCG) and Norm of Kalman Filter Estimator Gains (NKFEG), respectively. A genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique is used to calculate the controller and estimator parameters to achieve a target response.     

Active control of structural acoustic pressure in a rectangular cavity using piezoelectric actuators

Active control of structural acoustic pressure in a rectangular cavity with a flexible beam is simulated numerically. The wave equation of the acoustic pressure and the equation of motion of the beam are approximated via the series expansions, and is then expressed in state space form. The control of structural acoustic pressure and vibration of the beam was implemented by applying the optimal voltage on piezoelectric actuators through an LQR controller. Two cases of different external forces acting on the piezoelectric laminated beam are illustrated. Results demonstrate that such a control system can efficiently reduce the structural acoustic pressure.     

压电曲梁单元及其形状控制

航空航天等领域对结构形状要求非常严格,利用压电材料的逆压电效应控制结构变形是现代空间结构形状控制中一个很好的选择。本文基于一般曲梁单元,推导了空间压电曲梁单元的方程表达式,主体壳结构与压电单元之间利用约束方程连接。在此基础上进一步采用最小二乘法得到了压电控制单元上的最优电压,实现了压电曲梁单元的变形控制。数值算例表明了...     

Disturbance rejection-based robust control for micropositioning of piezoelectric actuators

Precise control of piezoelectric actuators used in micropositioning applications is strongly under the effect of internal and external disturbances. Undesired external forces, unmodelled dynamics, parameter uncertainties, time variation of parameters and hysteresis are some sources of disturbances. These effects not only degrade the performance efficiency, but also may lead to closed-loop instability. Several works have investigated the positioning accuracy for constant and slow time-varying disturbances. The main concern is controlling performance and also the presence of time-varying perturbations. Considering unknown source and magnitude of disturbances, the estimation of the existing disturbances would be inevitable. In this paper, a compound disturbance observer-based robust control is developed to achieve precise positioning in the presence of time-varying disturbances. In addition, a modified disturbance observer is proposed to remedy the effect of switching behaviour in the case of slow time variations. A modified Prandtl–Ishlinskii (PI) operator and its inverse are utilized for both identification and real-time compensation of the hysteresis effect. Experimental results depict that the proposed approach achieves precise micropositioning in the presence of estimated disturbances.     

Exact deflection solutions of beams with shear piezoelectric actuators

Exact deflection models of beams with n actuators of shear piezoelectric are developed analytically. To formulate the models, the first-order and higher-order beam theories are used. The exact solutions are obtained with the aid of the state-space approach and Jordan canonical form. A case study is presented to evaluate the performance of the authors’ previously reported models. Through a demonstrative example, a comparative study of the first-order and higher-order beams with two shear piezoelectric actuators is attained. It is shown that the first-order beam cannot predict the beam behavior when compared with the results of the higher-order beam. Further applications of the solutions are presented by investigating the effects of actuators lengths and locations on the deflected shapes of beams with two piezoelectric actuators. Some interesting deflection curves are presented. For example, the deflection curve of a H–H beam resembles saw teeth that rotate clockwise about the central location with the increase of actuators lengths. The presented exact solutions can be used in the design process to obtain detailed deformation information of beams with various boundary conditions. Moreover, the presented analysis can be readily used to perform precise shape control of beams with n actuators of shear piezoelectric.     

Damping the vibrations of a rectangular plate with piezoelectric actuators

The paper addresses the active damping of nonstationary vibrations of a hinged rectangular plate with distributed piezoelectric actuators. The problem is solved by two methods: (i) the classical method of balancing the fundamental vibration modes by applying the appropriate potential difference to the actuator and (ii) the dynamic-programming method that reduces the problem to an algebraic Riccati equation. The results produced by both approaches are presented and compared __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 78–84, February 2008.     

Postbuckling of FGM plates with piezoelectric actuators under thermo-electro-mechanical loadings

A postbuckling analysis is presented for a simply supported, shear deformable functionally graded plate with piezoelectric actuators subjected to the combined action of mechanical, electrical and thermal loads. The temperature field considered is assumed to be of uniform distribution over the plate surface and through the plate thickness and the electric field considered only has non-zero-valued component E_Z. The material properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents, and the material properties of both FGM and piezoelectric layers are assumed to be temperature-dependent. The governing equations are based on a higher order shear deformation plate theory that includes thermo-piezoelectric effects. The initial geometric imperfection of the plate is taken into account. Two cases of the in-plane boundary conditions are considered. A two step perturbation technique is employed to determine buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling behavior of perfect and imperfect, geometrically mid-plane symmetric FGM plates with fully covered or embedded piezoelectric actuators under different sets of thermal and electric loading conditions. The effects played by temperature rise, volume fraction distribution, applied voltage, the character of in-plane boundary conditions, as well as initial geometric imperfections are studied.     

Postbuckling analysis of axially-loaded laminated cylindrical shells with piezoelectric actuators

A compressive postbuckling analysis is presented for a laminated cylindrical shell with piezoelectric actuators subjected to the combined action of mechanical, electric and thermal loads. The temperature field considered is assumed to be a uniform distribution over the shell surface and through the shell thickness, and the electric field is assumed to be the transverse component E_Z only. The material properties are assumed to be independent of the temperature and the electric field. The governing equations are based on the classical shell theory with von Kármán–Donnell-type kinematic nonlinearity. The nonlinear prebuckling deformations and initial geometric imperfections of the shell are both taken into account. A boundary layer theory of shell buckling, which includes the effects of nonlinear prebuckling deformations, large deflections in the postbuckling range, and initial geometric imperfections of the shell, is extended to the case of hybrid laminated cylindrical shells. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the compressive postbuckling behavior of perfect and imperfect, cross-ply laminated cylindrical thin shells with fully covered or embedded piezoelectric actuators under different sets of thermal and electric loading conditions. The effects played by temperature rise, applied voltage, shell geometric parameter, stacking sequence, as well as initial geometric imperfections are studied.     

考虑压电驱动元件布局的作动器拓扑优化设计

工程中常需要设计各种各样的作动器以满足一定的驱动要求。本文采用拓扑优化的方法设计以压电材料为驱动的作动器。通过拓扑描述方法和RAMP（Rational Approximation of Material Properties）材料插值模型相结合的建模方式,建立了压电驱动元件布局与柔性机构构型协同设计的优化模型;以电压的...     

Electro-elastic analysis of fiber-reinforced multilayered cylindrical composites with integrated piezoelectric actuators

Based on the electro-mechanical coupling theory and the laminate elasticity theory, an electro-elastic solution is obtained for the fiber-reinforced cylindrical composites with integrated piezoelectric actuators when subjected to mechanical and electrical loadings. The hybrid composite is composed of three parts: internal piezoelectric actuator, fiber-reinforced laminated interlayer, and external piezoelectric actuator. The general solution in each piezoelectric smart layer is obtained by introducing three undetermined constants, and the general solutions in the fiber-reinforced laminated interlayer are obtained by means of the state-space method. The mechanical behaviors of the hybrid fiber-reinforced cylindrical composites are investigated. The illustrative examples show that the fiber’s angle, the stacking sequence as well as the applied electric loading strongly affect the physical fields in the fiber-reinforced multilayered cylindrical composites.     

Precise tracking control of piezoelectric actuators based on a hysteresis observer

In this paper, a precise tracking control method for piezoelectric actuators based on a hysteresis observer is considered. A nonlinear observer to estimate the hysteretic nonlinearity in the piezoelectric actuator is designed, and then the hysteretic nonlinearity is compensated for by a feedforward control. The proposed observer is easy to design and has better performance compared to the previous work presented in the literature. A feedback controller is also designed to track reference signals. A numerical simulation is presented to verify the method proposed.     

基于周期拼装的平面压电作动器结构拓扑优化

具有狭长形状的压电作动器有利于输出较大的位移,而采用周期拼装方式实现这类结构则具有制造成本相对较低的优点.本文提出了基于周期拼装的平面压电作动器结构拓扑优化设计的数学模型.其中,以位移输出点作功最大化为设计目标,考虑了材料体积和控制能耗约束,对结构基体材料和压电材料的分布以及控制电压的分布进行优化设计.本文给出了结构响...     

Measurements of the stabilization zone of a lifted jet flame under acoustic excitation

The turbulence and concentration characteristics in the stabilization zone of a lifted jet flame with and without acoustic excitation are measured by a time-resolved Rayleigh scattering, a LDV, and a hot vire anemometry system together with other probes. Both amplification and suppression of the flow can be achieved by acoustic excitation. By careful comparison of the turbulence and concentration characteristics in the stabilization zone for the natural, amplification and suppression cases, it is found that the key parameters of lifted flame stabilization in the stabilization zone are the integral length scale, the F probability of the presence of a flammable premixture, and the G probability of the presence of a fluid with a temperature reaching the ignition temperature. Amplification excitation enhances the large-scale coherent vortices and the vortical entrainment, thus enhancing the length scale, theF probability, and the G probability of having a combustibltoe premixture in the stabilization zone. In this case, the flame shifts upstream to a higher gas speed location and restabilizes there. Suppression excitation shows the opposite results. Practical need calls for a new model capable of predicting the stabilization zone structure of excited lifted flames where the large length scale, theF andG probabilities are suggested to be important parameters.This research was kindly supported by the National Science Council, R.O.C., through contract NSC-82-0401-E006-193. This financial support is sincerely appreciated.     

Radially polarized functionally graded piezoelectric hollow cylinders as sensors and actuators

An axisymmetric electroelastic problem of hollow radially polarized piezoceramic cylinders made of functionally graded (FG) materials is analyzed. For the material properties of power-law profile, a closed-form solution is derived. For a general gradient variation, an analytic approach is suggested, which reduces the problem to a Fredholm integral equation. Solving the resulting equation, the response of the electroelastic field can be determined. No severe limitation is required for varying material properties in this method. Numerical results of a cylindrical FG piezoelectric tube with PZT-5H as the inner surface ceramic are evaluated, and the distribution of the radial and circumferential stresses as well as the electric potential for piezoelectric sensors and actuators are presented graphically under electric and mechanical stimuli, respectively. Our results indicate that the electroelastic response in an FG piezoceramic tube with material properties decreasing when the radius increases becomes more obvious than that with material properties increasing. Moreover, the gradient index strongly affects the stress distribution and electric response. The obtained results are helpful for the design of annular cylindrical FG piezoelectric sensors/actuators.     

层状压电陶瓷致动器中力电耦合场奇异性的数值分析

首先推导了不同压电材料界面裂纹尖端处的扇形区域内包含基本方程、裂纹面D-P边界条件和交界面处边界条件的弱形式。通过假设力电耦合位移场(位移和电势)与到裂纹尖端距离的(λ 1)次方成正比,可以得到一个分析压电材料裂纹尖端处力电耦合场奇异性的特殊的一维有限元列式。该一维有限元列式只需对扇形区域在角度方向上离散,最后的总体方程为一个关于λ的二次特征根方程。探讨了层状压电陶瓷致动器中可能出现奇异力电耦合场的部位的裂纹面边界条件及交界面处边界条件,进而将该一维有限元法进行推广,用于研究了这些部位的力电耦合场的奇异性。通过数值算例与相应的精确解的比较表明该方法是正确的,而且仅用很少单元就可以得到非常精确的结果。     

Nonlinear vibration analysis of piezoelectric bending actuators: Theoretical and experimental studies

Piezoelectric bimorph actuators are used in a variety of applications, including micro positioning, vibration control, and micro robotics. The nature of the aforementioned applications calls for the dynamic characteristics identification of actuator at the embodiment design stage. For decades, many linear models have been presented to describe the dynamic behavior of this type of actuators; however, in many situations, such as resonant actuation, the piezoelectric actuators exhibit a softening nonlinear behavior; hence, an accurate dynamic model is demanded to properly predict the nonlinearity. In this study, first, the nonlinear stress–strain relationship of a piezoelectric material at high frequencies is modified. Then, based on the obtained constitutive equations and Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, a continuous nonlinear dynamic model for a piezoelectric bending actuator is presented. Next, the method of multiple scales is used to solve the discretized nonlinear differential equations. Finally, the results are compared with the ones obtained experimentally and nonlinear parameters are identified considering frequency response and phase response simultaneously. Also, in order to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed model, it is tested out of the identification range as well.     

Finite element formulation for dynamics of delaminated composite beams with piezoelectric actuators

As a part of an effort to develop a model-supported method for detection of delaminations in composite beams with the use of time responses to external excitations, a finite element formulation for dynamics of a composite beam with delamination and attached piezoelectric actuators is developed. In this formulation account is taken of transverse shear deformation and nonlinear through-thickness variation of the longitudinal displacement. Parameters that characterize the delamination are incorporated into the formulation that makes the finite element model convenient for use in conjunction with damage identification (not discussed in the present paper). Computational predictions of frequencies show good agreement with experimental results.