真空冷却过程中真空室内温度变化的实验研究

以熟肉为实验材料,对真空冷却过程中真空室内温度变化进行了实验研究。结果发现:真空冷却过程中真空室内的温度会出现一些波动,其变化过程可以分为四个阶段:真空室内的温度从15.8℃一直降低到10.7℃;然后从10.7℃升到最高的19.1℃;随着产品温度的降低以及真空室内压力的降低,真空室内的温度从最高的19.1℃降低到最低的6.1℃;最后,由于真空室内放气阀的开启,使得真空室的温度从最低的6.1℃升高到最终的13.1℃,一直保持在真空冷却过程结束。     

导热系数的测定实验中冷却速率的测量

分析了导热系数的测定实验中冷却速率的测量方法。建议在学生实验时,采用作图与近似计算两种方法求冷却速率,可以收到较好的教学效果。     

对“不良导体导热系数测量”实验中冷却速率求法之我见

张祖寿同志在1990年第2期(《物理实验》发表的《对“不良导体导热系数的测量”实验的研究》中,提出了计算自然冷却速率的一种新方法。文中根据牛顿冷却定律推导出计算冷却速率的理论公式 dT/dτ=1/τ′(T-T_0)1n(T′-T_0)/(T_c-T_0) (1) 式中T_0为环境温度,T_c为开始计时的温度,T′为任一时刻τ′时的温度。只要测得T_c和T′即可由(1)式计算出dT/dτ|_(r=r2)·笔者对此方法持有异见。     

冷却速率对Lennard-Jones体系凝固过程中结构与动力学性质的影响

用分子动力学模拟方法研究了五种不同冷却速率对Lennard-Jones体系凝固过程中结构与动力学性质的影响。采用两种不同的方法来确定玻璃转变温度Tg,并且对结晶温度Tc、径向分布函数g(r)、均方位移函数MSD与扩散系数D、平均配位数进行比较分析。结果表明：冷却速率影响Lennard-Jones体系凝固过程中的结构。当使用足够高的冷却速率冷却时,体系发生玻璃化转变,而且冷却速率越快,玻璃转变温度越高;当冷却速率较小时,体系形成晶体,而且冷却速率越慢,结晶温度越高,结晶程度也越高。同时发现,冷却速率对扩散系数和平均配位数也有很大影响,二者在体系发生玻璃转变时都有一个缓变的过程,表明了过冷液相区的存在。     

一种简易的激光冷却和俘获87Rb原子的实验系统

介绍了一套用于Rb原子的冷却和俘获的实验装置.采用注入锁定技术,获得了波长为780 nm (单频,频率波动<2 MHz, 频率调谐范围4.5 GHz)、输出功率为60 mW的冷却光. 通过在饱和吸收上加磁场的方法,实现了冷却光的偏频(10 MHz)负失谐锁定;采用磁光阱系统,实现了原子的冷却和俘获.     

囚禁N2+离子的冷却实验

在Paul 阱中,开展了N2+离子电阻冷却和缓冲气体冷却实验。用抛出检测法精确测量离子信号的变化,提高了测量电阻冷却效果的灵敏度;用改变囚禁势的方法,测出了冷却离子的温度,观察到冷却离子的囚禁时间增加和速度分布范围减小的现象。     

沥青质溶出对清蜡速率的影响实验研究

为了开发高效低能耗清蜡技术,采用自行搭建动态清蜡实验装置研究了在不同温度条件下,沥青质溶出速率、不同沥青质质量分数下的清蜡速率,并且探究其溶出速率与清蜡速率之间的关系。研究发现：随着温度升高,沥青质从蜡层溶出速率加快;与空白实验相比,加入沥青质后清蜡速率大幅度提高;在一定条件下,沥青质的溶出质量越大,对清蜡速率的促进影响越大。本文的研究成果对热洗清蜡机理研究和工程应用具有重要指导意义。     

冷却方式对冻干脂质体药物的粒径和包封率影响的实验研究

衡量脂质体药物品质的两个重要指标是脂质体包裹药物的粒径分布和包封率,在冷冻干燥过程中脂质体药物的粒径分布和包封率会发生变化。本文通过实验研究了两种快慢不同冷却方式对脂质体药物冻干后粒径的分布和包封率的影响。     

冰盘管密度对取冷速率影响的实验研究

在变密度直接蒸发式冰盘管蓄冷特性实验台上,对高、中、低三种不同密度的冰盘管在取冷时的取冷速率进行实验研究,结果表明,高密度冰盘管较传统低密度冰盘管稳定的低温取冷时段延长近69%,取冷速率提高约97%,从而可以很好满足白天空调用电高峰期空调用冷量大而且集中的特殊要求。     

冰盘管排列密度对蓄冷速率影响的实验研究

设计了蒸发器盘管排列密度可以改变的直接蒸发冰盘管蓄冷装置,在高、中、低三种盘管排列密度情况下,进行了蓄冷槽内载冷剂在自然对流和强制对流下的静态和动态蓄冷实验,研究了盘管排列密度和蓄冷状态对蓄冷速率的影响。结果显示:高密度系统平均蓄冷速率较低密度系统提高27.9%以上,动态系统平均蓄冷速率较静态系统提高2%左右。     

真空冷却控制系统优化设计

在真空预冷装置中制冷压缩机和真空泵是主要耗能部件。根据试验中的温度或压力来控制压缩机的负荷和真空泵的开启,可以找出提高能量利用率的方法。文中硬件采用台达DVP系列PLC,软件采用台达公司的WP1208编程软件编程控制压缩机和真空泵。测试结果表明设计的控制系统运行稳定可靠,能够达到节能的目的。     

Effect of the cooling rate on plastic deformability of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass

The present work found the plastic deformability of Zr65Cu17.5Ni10Al7.5 BMG dependent on the cooling rate during the formation from the molten state alloy. The deformation behavior in the compression test of φ 2 mm Zr65Cu17.5Ni10Al7.5 BMGs as-cast or lathed from different sizes as-cast samples was characterized, and they exhibited different plastic strains. The compressive plastic strain increases with the decreasing diameter of the as-cast specimens, i.e. with increasing the cooling rate. It is suggested that free volume content in the BMGs, which is related to the cooling rate during the rapid solidification, could play an important role in the deformation process of the BMGs.     

冷速压力对玻璃化温度和径向分布函数的作用

采用分子动力学的模拟方法计算了水在依次降温,中间充分弛豫的降温过程以及同时对直接降温到某个温度,未足够弛豫的过程的径向分布函数(radial distribution function,RDF)曲线。在依次冷却方式下,选取了5种压力以研究压力对玻璃化温度和径向分布函数的影响;在每个温度段选取了5种冷速以研究依次冷却方式下不同温度段的冷速对径向分布函数的影响。同时对两种降温方式的结果进行了比较。结果表明:降温均匀,静止的水体系玻璃化温度可以大大提高,同时冷速对其玻璃化温度影响不大;压力对玻璃化温度影响不大;证实影响玻璃化温度的主要因素是传热;不同冷速对体系的RDF有影响,但缩小温差并采取中间温度充分驰豫的方式可减小这种差异。     

Use of ultrasound as a pre-treatment for vacuum cooling process of cooked broiler breasts

In this study, ultrasound application at two different frequencies (37 or 80 kHz) and durations (15 or 30 min) was used as a pre-treatment for raw broiler breasts, and its effect on cooling, color, textural and sensory characteristics of cooked broiler breasts during vacuum cooling process was determined. The anterior and posterior parts of broiler breast halves were carefully removed, and these parts with a 20 mm width were named as the regions A and B, respectively. Both regions were vacuum-packed and pre-treated by ultrasound, followed by oven-cooking in aluminum foils, and cooling time, weight loss and temperature distribution characteristics were determined. Besides sensory and textural properties, the effect of the ultrasound pre-treatment on the pH, dry matter and ash contents and color (CIELAB) values of cooked breasts was determined. During vacuum cooling, ultrasound pre-treatment significantly reduced cooling time required to cool cooked broiler breasts from 85 °C to 12.5 °C, and the lowest values for the regions A and B were obtained for the 30 min ultrasound pre-treatment at 37 kHz as 12.72 and 14.61 min, respectively (p < 0.05). The cooling losses of breasts from the regions A and B were 12.64 and 11.61%, respectively. In comparison to immersion pre-treatment, increasing the frequency and duration of ultrasound pre-treatment generally decreased cooking loss values for both A and B regions while cooling loss increased. Instrumental hardness values of breast samples for the 15 min ultrasound pre-treatment decreased while they increased with the 30 min pre-treatment (p < 0.05) at both frequencies. The redness values (a*) increased by ultrasound pre-treatment while the highest value was found for a 30 min pre-treatment at 80 kHz for both regions. Sensory hardness (on a 14.5 cm scale) results indicated that the highest value (9.33) was determined for a 30 min ultrasound pre-treatment at 37 kHz while the ultrasound pre-treatment at 37 kHz for 15 min had no negative effect on hardness compared to control samples (p > 0.05). In conclusion, ultrasound pre-treatment can be successfully used for the vacuum cooling process of broiler breasts for the reduction of cooling time, and a 30 min ultrasound pre-treatment at 37 kHz can provide relatively superior cooling characteristics.     

Dynamics of antiproton cooling in a positron plasma during antihydrogen formation

We demonstrate cooling of 10⁴ antiprotons in a dense, cold plasma of 10⁸ positrons, confined in a nested cylindrical Penning trap at about 15 K. The time evolution of the cooling process has been studied in detail, and several distinct types of behavior identified. We propose explanations for these observations and discuss the consequences for antihydrogen production. We contrast these results with observations of interactions between antiprotons and “hot” positrons at about 3000 K, where antihydrogen production is strongly suppressed.     

冷速对Cu10Ag90合金凝固结构的影响

通过分子动力学对液态Cu10Ag90合金在四种冷速条件下进行快速凝固模拟。结果显示,1 × 1010和1 × 1011 K/s下系统的平均原子能量分别在750 K和650 K发生突变,冷速越低最终平均原子能量越低;1 × 1012和1 × 1013 K/s的双体分布函数第二峰出现分裂,表明结构处于非晶态。从1 × 1011K/s开始出现尖锐小峰,表明此冷速开始出现晶化现象,1 × 1010 K/s下分裂的峰更加尖锐明显,说明体系形成结晶度较高的晶体结构;1 × 1010 和1 × 1011 K/s下系统凝固后晶体结构含量由高到低分别为fcc, hcp, bcc。冷速越低晶体结构数目越多,系统的有序度更高,结构熵越低。     

真空条件下LiCl溶液蒸发量随浓度变化规律研究

除湿溶液再生是除湿空调系统的核心过程,为了提高除湿溶液再生效率,以蒸发量作为评价标准,在不同的真空度下对不同浓度LiCl溶液进行再生。对不同再生条件下,溶液的再生情况进行数学模拟及实验研究,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行对比分析,结果表明,实验结果同模拟结果具有相同的变化趋势。在6 kPa和8 kPa的压强下,LiCl溶液的蒸发量随浓度的增大先上升后下降,而在1 kPa的压强下,LiCl溶液的蒸发量随浓度的增大呈现出先下降再升高接着又下降的趋势。     

Effects of pressure rise rate on laminar flame speed under normal and engine-relevant conditions

Laminar flame speed (LFS) is one of the most important physicochemical properties of a combustible mixture. At normal and elevated temperatures and pressures, LFS can be measured using propagating spherical flames in a closed chamber. LFS is also used in certain turbulent premixed flame modelling for combustion in spark ignition engines. Inside the closed chamber or engine, transient pressure rise occurs during the premixed flame propagation. The effects of pressure rise rate (PRR) on LFS are examined numerically in this study. One-dimensional simulations are conducted for spherical flame propagation in a closed chamber. Detailed chemistry and transport are considered. Different values of PRR at the same temperature and pressure are achieved through changing the spherical chamber size. It is found that the effect of PRR on LFS is negligible under the normal and engine-relevant conditions considered in this study. This observation is then explained through the comparison between the unsteady and convection terms in the energy equation for a premixed flame.