Effect of Localization of Pulsed Energy Addition on the Wave Drag of an Airfoil in a Transonic Flow

The possibility of controlling the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils with the help of local pulsed-periodic energy addition into the flow near the airfoil contour at transonic flight regimes is considered. By means of the numerical solution of two-dimensional unsteady equations of gas dynamics, changes in the flow structure and wave drag of a symmetric airfoil due to changes in localization and shape of energy-addition zones are examined. It is shown that the considered method of controlling airfoil characteristics in transonic flow regimes is rather promising. For a zero angle of attack, the greatest decrease in wave drag is obtained with energy addition at the trailing edge of the airfoil.__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 60–67, September–October, 2005.     

Analytical formulation of 2-D aeroelastic model in weak ground effect

This paper deals with the aeroelastic modeling and analysis of a 2-D oscillating airfoil in ground effect, elastically constrained by linear and torsional springs and immersed in an incompressible potential flow (typical section) at a finite distance from the ground. This work aims to extend Theodorsen theory, valid in an unbounded flow domain, to the case of weak ground effect, i.e., for clearances above half the airfoil chord. The key point is the determination of the aerodynamic loads, first in the frequency domain and then in the time domain, accounting for their dependence on the ground distance. The method of images is exploited in order to comply with the impermeability condition on the ground. The new integral equation in the unknown vortex distribution along the chord and the wake is solved using asymptotic expansions in the perturbation parameter defined as the inverse of the non-dimensional ground clearance of the airfoil. The mathematical model describing the aeroelastic system is transformed from the frequency domain into the time domain and then in a pure differential form using a finite-state aerodynamic approximation (augmented states). The typical section, which the developed theory is applied to, is obtained as a reduced model of a wing box finite element representation, thus allowing comparison with the corresponding aeroelastic analysis carried out by a commercial solver based on a 3-D lifting surface aerodynamic model. Stability (flutter margins) and response of the airfoil both in frequency and time domains are then investigated. In particular, within the developed theory, the solution of the Wagner problem can be directly achieved confirming an asymptotic trend of the aerodynamic coefficients toward the steady-state conditions different from that relative to the unbounded domain case. The dependence of flutter speed and the frequency response functions on ground clearance is highlighted, showing the usefulness of this approach in efficiently and robustly accounting for the presence of the ground when unsteady analysis of elastic lifting surfaces in weak ground effect is required.     

Effect of asymmetric pulsed periodic energy supply on aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils

The possibility of controlling the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils in transonic flight regimes by means of local pulsed periodic energy supply is considered. The numerical solution of two-dimensional unsteady equations of gas dynamics allowed determining the changes in the flow structure near a symmetric airfoil and its aerodynamic characteristics depending on the magnitude of energy in the case of its asymmetric (with respect to the airfoil) supply. The results obtained are compared with the calculated data for the flow around the airfoil at different angles of attack without energy supply. With the use of energy supply, a prescribed lift force can be obtained with a substantially lower wave drag of the airfoil, as compared with the flow around the airfoil at an angle of attack. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 70–76, November–December, 2007.     

Calculation of the unsteady aerodynamic parameters of a rotating cascade of oscillating blades in incompressible flow

The unsteady aerodynamic parameters of 3D blade cascades oscillating in incompressible flow are determined with account for blade geometry and the influence of the steady hydrodynamic loads acting on the blades. On the assumption of separationless flow and harmonic blade oscillations, the corresponding boundary-value problem for the amplitude function of the unsteady velocity potential component is solved in the linear formulation, using a finite-element method. Test calculation results are presented and an example of calculating the unsteady aerodynamic parameters of a hydro-turbine model is given.__________Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Academii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, 2005, pp. 40–52. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kurzin and Tolstukha.     

Influence of pitching angle of incidence on the dynamic stall behavior of a symmetric airfoil

This study presents the influence of pitch angle of an airfoil on its near-field vortex structure as well as the aerodynamic loads during a dynamic stall process. Dynamic stall behavior in a sinusoidally pitching airfoil is usually analyzed at low to medium reduced frequencies and with the maximum angle of attack of the airfoil not exceeding 25°. In this work, we study dynamic stall of a symmetric airfoil at medium to high reduced frequencies even as the maximum angle of attack goes from 25° to 45°. The evolution and growth of the laminar separation bubble, also known as a dynamic stall vortex, at the leading edge and the trailing edge are studied as the pitch cycle goes from the minimum to the maximum angle of attack. The effect of reduced frequencies on the vortex structure as well as the aerodynamic load coefficients is investigated. The reduced frequency is shown to be a bifurcation parameter triggering period doubling behavior. However, the bifurcation pattern is dependent on the variation of the pitch angle of incidence of the airfoil.     

基于当地流活塞理论的气动弹性计算方法研究

发展了一种高效、高精度的超音速、高超音速非定常气动力计算 方法------基于定常CFD技术的当地流活塞理论. 运用当地流活塞理论计算非定常 气动力，耦合结构运动方程，实现超音速、高超音速气动弹性的时域模拟. 运用这 种方法计算了一系列非定常气动力算例和颤振算例，并和原始活塞理论、非定 常Euler方程结果作了比较. 由于局部地使用活塞理论假设，这种方法大大地克服 了原始活塞理论对飞行马赫数、翼型厚度和飞行迎角的 限制. 与非定常Euler方程方法相比，当地流活塞理论的效率很高.     

Effect of one-sided unsteady energy supply on aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils in a transonic flow

The possibility of controlling the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils in transonic flight regimes by means of one-sided pulsed-periodic energy supply is studied. Based on the numerical solution of two-dimensional unsteady gas-dynamic equations, the change in the flow structure in the vicinity of a symmetric airfoil at different angles of attack and the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil as functions of the amount of energy supplied asymmetrically (with respect to the airfoil) are determined. The results obtained are compared with the data calculated for the flow past the airfoil at different angles of attack without energy supply. It is found that a given lift force can be obtained with the use of energy supply at a much better lift-to-drag ratio of the airfoil, as compared to the case of the flow past the airfoil at an angle of attack. The moment characteristics of the airfoil are found. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 82–87, November–December, 2008.     

Extension of the problem of designing a wing airfoil with active flow controls to the case of systems involving a screen

The solution of the inverse boundary-value problem for a wing airfoil with slot air suction from the outer flow on its upper surface and control jet injection from its rear is generalized to include the case of the flow around such an airfoil in the presence of a screen. The complications due to the double connectivity of the flow region are overcome by means of introducing a fictitious flow beneath the screen. The solution is constructed using a numerical-analytical iteration procedure. Formulas for recalculating the aerodynamic characteristics and the velocity distribution over the airfoil surface to different flight regimes and suction-injection device operation regimes are derived. The effect of the injected jet energy, the airfoil-screen spacing, and the slope of the rectilinear airfoil undersurface on the aerodynamic and geometric characteristics of the airfoil, namely, the shape and the lift coefficient, is studied. The reliability of the results is confirmed by the results of calculations using the Fluent program.     

大长细比导弹的气动弹性降阶模型

对于大长细比导弹,需要在设计阶段准确计算气动弹性/气动伺服弹性,但其复杂的气动力给计算带来困难,因此气动力降阶模型是突破大长细比导弹跨音速气动弹性分析与控制瓶颈的关键技术.虽然气动力模型降阶方法已在预测二维机翼结构的气动弹性方面取得重要进展,但几乎未见关于全机模型的气动力降阶模型研究报道.本文基于递归Wiener模型的气动力降阶方法,利用CFD计算的气动力作为模型辨识数据,用鲁棒子空间和Levenberg-Marquardt算法辨识降阶模型参数,建立了大长细比导弹气动力降阶模型.在此基础上与大长细比导弹有限元模型相结合,构造出气动弹性降阶模型,并在数值仿真中测试气动弹性降阶模型在不同马赫数下的适用性.数值仿真结果表明,该气动弹性降阶模型能够精确预测导弹模型在不同飞行条件下的非定常气动力和导弹模型的气动弹性频率响应特性.     

融入压力分布信息的气动力建模方法

气动外形优化设计与飞行器性能分析中, 直接运用数值模拟或风洞实验获取气动力的成本高, 构建代理模型是提高外形优化和性能分析效率的重要途径. 然而, 构建模型的过程中, 研究者只关注积分后的气动力和力矩信息. 本文通过充分利用采样过程中所产生的压力分布信息, 来提高建模的精度和泛化性, 进而降低样本获取的成本. 提出了一种小样本框架下融入压力分布信息的气动力建模方法, 首先通过数值模拟或风洞试验获得不同流动参数状态下翼型表面的压力分布信息和气动系数, 其次通过本征正交分解技术对压力分布信息进行特征提取, 获取不同输入参数状态下压力分布信息对应的POD系数, 之后结合输入参数通过Kriging算法对压力分布信息进行建模, 将压力分布信息积分得到低精度气动系数的预测模型, 最后低精度气动系数结合输入参数通过Kriging算法构造高精度的气动系数预测模型. 通过同状态变翼型算例以及CAS350翼型变状态算例进行验证, 该方法相比于传统的克里金模型直接预测气动力, 有效提高了气动力的预测精度和模型的鲁棒性, 同时缩小了学习样本的数据量.      

Unsteady airfoil with a harmonically deflected trailing-edge flap

The effects of a harmonically deflected trailing-edge flap, actuated at different start times and amplitudes but with frequency different from the airfoil motion, on the aerodynamic loads of an oscillating NACA 0015 airfoil were investigated experimentally at Re=2.51×10⁵. Both in-phase and 180° out-of-phase flap deflections, relative to the airfoil motion, were tested. The results show that there was a large change in the hysteretic behavior of the dynamic load loops, and that the formation and detachment of the leading-edge vortex (LEV) were not affected by the flap motion, while the low pressure signature of the vortex was affected by the flap actuation start time. The later the flap actuation the larger the change in the strength of the LEV. The present flap control scheme was also found to be as effective as that achieved by a pulsed ramp flap motion, but with a reduced number of control parameters.     

Simulation of the aerodynamics of buildings and structures by means of the closed vortex loop method

Problems of the numerical simulation of the air flow past buildings and structures are considered using the closed vortex loop method. A mathematical model, based on the vortex approach, of the time-dependent ideal incompressible fluid flow past a system of bodies is proposed. A numerical scheme for solving the problem and an algorithm for calculating the distributed wind loads over the body surface are outlined. An example of calculating the aerodynamic loads is given for a real building and the results are compared with the known results of testing a model of the building in a wind tunnel. An example of the calculation and analysis of the wind distribution over a system of several buildings is also presented.     

Effect of uncertainty on the bifurcation behavior of pitching airfoil stall flutter

In this paper the effect of system parametric uncertainty on the stall flutter bifurcation behavior of a pitching airfoil is studied. The aerodynamic moment on the two-dimensional rigid airfoil with nonlinear torsional stiffness is computed using the ONERA dynamic stall model. The pitch natural frequency, a cubic structural nonlinearity parameter, and the structural equilibrium angle are assumed to be uncertain. The effect on the amplitude of the response, the bifurcation of the probability distribution, and the flutter boundary is considered. It is demonstrated that the system parametric uncertainty results already in 5% probability of pitching stall flutter at a 12.5% earlier position than the point where a deterministic analysis would predict unstable behavior. Probabilistic collocation is found to be more efficient than the Galerkin polynomial chaos method and Monte Carlo simulation for modeling uncertainty in the post-bifurcation domain.     

开缝对风力机翼型空气动力学特性的影响

以S809翼型为研究对象,用CFD数值模拟计算的方法研究了在失速条件下,风力机翼型上下表面同时开缝的被动控制策略对翼型空气动力学特性的影响。采用基于速度耦合的SIMPLEC算法进行数值模拟,将四种常用的湍流模型(Spalart-Allmaras、k-e、k-w、k-w-SST)在12°和24°攻角下的计算结果和实验数据对比,得出了最优于翼型计算的湍流模型为k-w-SST。分析了缝隙位置、宽度和斜率对翼型气动性能的影响。结果表明:当开缝位置位于分离点附近时,翼型气动性能最优;当缝隙宽度为弦长的2%时,翼型气动性能最优;当缝隙和弦线的夹角为75°时,翼型气动性能最优,且在攻角超过24°时开缝对翼型的气动性能有不利影响。     

Efficiency of an auto-propelled flapping airfoil

The present study deals with an investigation of the flow aerodynamic characteristics and the propulsive velocity of a system equipped with a nature inspired propulsion system. In particular, the study is aimed at studying the effect of the flapping frequency on the flow behavior. We consider a NACA0014 airfoil undergoing a vertical sinusoidal flapping motion. In contrast to nearly all previous studies in the literature, the present work does not impose any velocity on the inlet flow. During each iteration the outer flow velocity is computed after having determined the forces exerted on the airfoil. Forward motion may only be produced by flapping motion of the airfoil. This is more consistent with the physical phenomenon. The non-stationary viscous flow around the flapping airfoil is simulated using Ansys-Fluent 12.0.7. The airfoil movement is achieved using the deformable mesh technique and an in-house developed User Define Function (UDF). Our results show the influence of flapping frequency and amplitude on both the airfoil velocity and the propulsive efficiency. The resulting motion is contrasts to the applied forces. In the present study, the frequency ranges from 0.1 to 20 Hz while the airfoil amplitude values considered are: 10%, 17.5%, 25% and 40%.     

On the role of a balancing load in the problem of aerodynamic drag minimization in the supersonic flight regime

The problem of reducing the aerodynamic losses through balancing in the supersonic flight regime is considered. An analysis and a comparison of the drag components due to the aerodynamic surface deformation and the balancing weigh distribution is made with reference to the examples of a zero-thickness airfoil and a three-dimensional configuration of an aircraft with a wing of complicated planform. It is shown that minimum values of the aerodynamic drag are achieved as a result of complex optimization including the dead load mass as a varied parameter.     

An experimental study of a bio-inspired corrugated airfoil for micro air vehicle applications

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of a bio-inspired corrugated airfoil compared with a smooth-surfaced airfoil and a flat plate at the chord Reynolds number of Re _C  = 58,000–125,000 to explore the potential applications of such bio-inspired corrugated airfoils for micro air vehicle designs. In addition to measuring the aerodynamic lift and drag forces acting on the tested airfoils, a digital particle image velocimetry system was used to conduct detailed flowfield measurements to quantify the transient behavior of vortex and turbulent flow structures around the airfoils. The measurement result revealed clearly that the corrugated airfoil has better performance over the smooth-surfaced airfoil and the flat plate in providing higher lift and preventing large-scale flow separation and airfoil stall at low Reynolds numbers (Re _C  < 100,000). While aerodynamic performance of the smooth-surfaced airfoil and the flat plate would vary considerably with the changing of the chord Reynolds numbers, the aerodynamic performance of the corrugated airfoil was found to be almost insensitive to the Reynolds numbers. The detailed flow field measurements were correlated with the aerodynamic force measurement data to elucidate underlying physics to improve our understanding about how and why the corrugation feature found in dragonfly wings holds aerodynamic advantages for low Reynolds number flight applications.     

Flow past two in-tandem airfoils undergoing sinusoidal oscillations

The interaction of the wake, generated behind an upstream oscillating NACA 0012 airfoil, with the downstream NACA 0012 airfoil, oscillated at the same conditions but with ϕ = 0° and 180° different phases (relative to the upstream airfoil), was investigated by particle image velocimetry and surface pressure measurements. The results show that the axial spacing and phase difference determined the strength of the undesirable interference effects and, subsequently, the behavior of the dynamic-load loops of the downstream airfoil. The boundary-layer events on the downstream airfoil were persistently different from those observed on the baseline oscillating airfoil. The downwash induced by the upstream airfoil disrupted leading-edge vortex (LEV) formation on the downstream airfoil. The absence of LEV-induced transient effects also led to a significantly lowered aerodynamic loading and C _l -hysteresis compared to the baseline airfoil. The aerodynamic performance of the ϕ = 180° case, however, outperformed that of the ϕ = 0° case.     

Minimization of the Wing Airfoil Drag Coefficient Using the Optimal Control Method

The problem of designing a wing airfoil starting from the surface velocity (or pressure) distribution, given in multi-parameter form, is considered. In the diffuser region, the velocity decrease law is determined from the conditions of minimum drag and separationless flow for a given Reynolds number. The case of boundary layer suction for the purpose of improving the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil is studied. A solution is obtained using optimal control theory.     

Response analysis of a pitch–plunge airfoil with structural and aerodynamic nonlinearities subjected to randomly fluctuating flows

This study focuses on numerically investigating the response dynamics of a pitch–plunge airfoil with structural nonlinearity under dynamic stall conditions. The aeroelastic responses are investigated for both deterministic and randomly time varying flow conditions. To that end, a pitch–plunge airfoil under dynamic stall condition is considered and the nonlinear aerodynamic loads are computed using a Leishman–Beddoes formulation. It is shown that the presence of structural nonlinearities can give rise to a variety of dynamical responses in the pre-flutter regime. Next, a response analysis under the presence of a randomly fluctuating wind is carried out. It is demonstrated that the route to flutter occurs via a regime of pre-flutter oscillations called intermittency. Finally, the manifestation of these stochastic responses is characterized by invoking stochastic bifurcation concepts. The route to flutter via intermittency is presented in terms of topological changes occurring in the joint-probability density function of the state variables.