单轴恒速燃气轮机及其功热并供装置的典型变工况特性

利用作者在本期给出的单轴恒速燃气轮机及其功热并供装置的变工况显式解析解，本文给出它们的变工况典型性能．当变工况性能均以其设计值的比值表示时，不同设计值机组的各种无因次变工况性能曲线均分别在一条狭带之中，尤其是燃气轮机的效率基本就在一条线上，而且此线与实际数据相当符合．对以饱和蒸汽供热的功热并供装置，本文特别指出当设计蒸汽压力较高时，其余热锅炉逼近温差在低工况下很容易变为负值，要注意其安全运转问题．     

The effect of the operating parameters of heat recovery steam generators on combined cycle/sea-water desalination plant performance

Combined gas/steam turbine cycle plants have been proposed for cogeneration of electricity and process steam. Examples are combined-cycle power plants coupled with sea-water desalination, district heating plants, chemical industries, etc. In combined heat and power plants, the gas turbine exhaust heat is utilized through the use of heat recovery steam generators (HRSG's). As a result, these waste heat generators (boilers), whether fired or unfired, control the performance of the combined plant lower side (bottoming cycle). Moreover, any changes made in the HRSG operating parameters (i.e. the pinch point, approach temperature, first and second stage pressures, and mass ratios) can greatly affect the HRSG performance and will eventually affect the overall combined plant performance. This paper presents a method to predict the performance of the heat recovery steam generators (HRSG)/steam bottoming cycle combined with sea-water desalination plant at various steam and exhaust gas conditions.     

Energy conservation in the refinery by utilizing reformed fuel gas and furnace flue gases

Decrease of fuel supplies and cost increases make it vital for industries, especially energy intensive ones, to consider conserving available sources and convert losses into sources of energy.In this paper, a gas turbine-based cogeneration system is suggested to utilize a refinery's reformer gas in the gas turbine, and furnaces flue gases together with the engine exhaust gases in a heat recovery steam generator, HRSG. This is proposed as an alternative to the currently used system where the gas turbine and the steam generator are used separately. Operating variables comprising compressor pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature are varied widely to evaluate performance; namely power, SFC, overall efficiency and annual fuel savings at design and off-design loading conditions using a dedicated computer program.Results show that the proposed system offers 100% higher overall efficiency and $5.25 million annual fuel saving for a 12 MW_e gas turbine.     

Cogeneration by combining gas turbine engine with organic rankine cycle

The gas turbine engine is known by its relatively low efficiency especially at part load. Therefore, to conserve energy and reduce the operating cost, waste heat is recovered by combining a heat-exchange gas turbine cycle with closed organic Rankine cycle. A computer programme was made to calculate parametrically the individual and combined cycle performances, namely the work and efficiency of each. The parameters considered were: gas turbine pressure ratio; maximum cycle temperature; fluid-air mass ratio; and type of working fluid.This analytical study shows that R113 is the optimum choice because it gives the smallest, hence the most economical, size of turbo-expander. Maximum cycle temperature and pressure ratio are relatively the most important parameters. Economic analysis indicates very good rate of return on investment, related with heat recovery by cogeneration.     

Waste heat recovery of dura (Iraq) oil refinery and alternative cogeneration energy plant

The first part of this paper presents a waste heat recovery scheme for the Dura (Baghdad, Iraq) oil refinery energy plant. Both the wasted heat of the process return condensate and the flue gases are utilized for low temperature feedwater and fuel heating. The steam saved, both from the main steam line and turbine extraction system, was found to increase the steam and plant overall efficiency by 18%.An alternative cogeneration energy plant is presented in the second part of this study. The proposed plant utilizes the gas turbine exhaust, in conjunction with a heat recovery boiler, to produce the process steam requirement. With this alternative plant, the overall efficiency increases by 31.6%, while the steam efficiency increases by 19%. The outstanding features and advantages of the proposed plants are highlighted.     

High-speed mathematical models of cogeneration steam turbines: Optimization of operation at heat and power plants

The approach was developed for creation of high-speed mathematical models of cogeneration turbines; these models are the tools for fast optimization of operation modes of large-scale cogeneration heating plants. The approach was developed for identification of mathematical models of steam turbines via measuring its parameters. The example of parameters identification is presented for steam turbine T-100/120–130. The optimization computations of operation modes for a cogeneration heating plant were the basic ones for plotting equivalent energy characteristics at a given consumer heat load.     

单轴恒速燃气轮机及其功热并供装置的变工况显式解析解

主要符号表Ci，i=1～4压气机特性式中常数G流量m压气机设计转速线延长线与Gc轴交点N功率n转速P压力P压气机设计转速线延长线与Gc轴两支点距功热比T温度ti，i=1～4透平特性式中常数Z总能利用率α下标β0设计参数△Tα逼近温差△Tp节点温差n效率θ经济效率[3]μ流量比π压比T温比总压恢复系数上标折合参数比折合参数下标0设计参数1，2压气机进、出口3，4透平进、出口5余热锅炉燃气出口b燃烧室C压气机F油耗gt燃气轮机当量效率[3]饱和蒸汽t透平w余热锅炉给水1绪言如何检验各种变工况数值解程序的准确度与有效性以及各种算法的适用性，通常…     

给水加热型联合循环的变工况性能

在联合循环改造的各种方案中,给水加热型具有投资少、改动少、耗用优质燃料较少、尤其是简单易行及技术难度小等特点,因此在我国现有的技术经济水平、特别是以煤为主的国情下,有一定应用市场。本文分析比较了多种变工况运行方式的性能及可能出现的问题,并在此基础上提出综合性能较好的运行模式。     

Enhancing gas turbine performance by intake air cooling using an absorption chiller

The performance of gas turbines, operated either as a simple cycle or a combined cycle, is critically constrained by the prevailing ambient temperature, particularly in arid and tropical climates. This paper investigates the option of cooling the intake air to the compressor of the gas-turbine system using an absorption chiller in order to increase the gas turbine capacity. High-temperature waste heat from the exhaust gas may be utilized to produce steam in a recovery boiler. Part of the steam produced could then be used to drive a lithium-bromide double-effect absorption chiller which in turn could cool the incoming air. An analysis carried out by taking the weather data of Bangkok (Thailand) indicates that reducing the temperature from ambient condition to 15°C could help to increase the instantaneous power output between 8 and 13%. As an outcome, as much as 11% additional electricity could be generated from the same gas turbine power plant.A simple economic assessment indicates that the proposed scheme will require a minimal investment as compared to the commissioning cost of a new gas turbine unit to meet the corresponding capacity increment. The latter will need nearly four times higher initial cost than the amount estimated for the proposed scheme. Thus, implementation of such a system would significantly abate the negative impact of the ambient temperature, while providing an economically and environmentally attractive option for energy producers in most developing nations of the world which are located in arid and tropical zones.     

环境温度对燃气轮机功热并供装置及联合循环变工况性能的影响

采用动力机械变工况性能解析分析方法,研究了大气温度变化对燃气轮机功热并供和联合循环装置性能影响．指出燃气轮机在带有余热利用的条件下,大气温度的影响明显减弱,并对不同燃气轮机设计参数和蒸汽设计参数影响做了分析比较。     

乳品行业低温余热回收系统性能分析

针对乳品行业排风风量大但品位低的特点,本文提出利用排风余热代替蒸汽来预热干燥空气的余热回收系统.在构建预热器、回热器和主加热器等部件热量流模型的基础上,建立了不包含中间节点参数的系统整体热量流模型.结合某奶粉厂运行数据对模型进行求解,结果表明,该系统将排风温度由90℃降低到42.58℃.在给定热负荷下,通过匹配中间回路...     

400MW级IGCC机组变工况性能计算

1引言一个多世纪以来,煤一直是世界上主要的发电燃料,这一趋势将在较长的时间内一直保持下去。对于中国这样一个以煤作为一次能源的国家,这一现象尤为突出。特别是随着全球性能源危机的出现以及环境保护要求的提高,使得洁净煤技术（CCT）受到普遍关注。在众多的洁净煤发电技术中,IGCC技术以其特有的高效率、低污染等特点,被认为是下世纪最有发展前途的洁净煤发电技术之一。鉴于IGCC系统结构与组态非常复杂,涉及煤的气化、净化、燃气轮机、余热锅炉、蒸汽轮机、空气分离等关键技术,因此建立IGCC系统的性能模型,对IGCC机组的…     

燃气轮机合成气燃烧室燃料气加湿实验研究

本文针对一种燃用合成气的40MW级燃气轮机燃烧室,进行了该型燃烧室的全压燃料气蒸汽加湿试验研究,得到了燃烧室在基本负荷下随加湿量变化污染物排放、燃烧室内动态压力、火焰筒壁面温度等重要参数的变化规律,分析了燃料气加湿对燃气轮机总体性能、污染物排放、火焰筒壁温及燃烧稳定性方面的影响,探讨了燃料气加湿对合成气燃烧中Nox生成的机理性作用. 研究表明燃料气加湿是降低燃用合成气的燃气轮机氮氧化物排放的有效方式.     

Optimizing parameters of GTU cycle and design values of air-gas channel in a gas turbine with cooled nozzle and rotor blades

The authors have formulated the problem of joint optimization of pressure and temperature of combustion products before gas turbine, profiles of nozzle and rotor blades of gas turbine, and cooling air flow rates through nozzle and rotor blades. The article offers an original approach to optimization of profiles of gas turbine blades where the optimized profiles are presented as linear combinations of preliminarily formed basic profiles. The given examples relate to optimization of the gas turbine unit on the criterion of power efficiency at preliminary heat removal from air flows supplied for the air-gas channel cooling and without such removal.     

A case study of cogeneration for Jeddah and Yanbu petromin refineries in Saudi Arabia

The Petromin refineries in Jeddah and Yanbu, Saudi Arabia produce power and process steam separately. The Jeddah refinery gas turbines that have an installed capacity of 88 MW, run at less than 50% utilization factor. The refinery demand of steam is 70–120 tons h⁻¹.The electric power demand of Yanbu refinery is supplied by The Royal Commission of Yanbu at a rate of 16–25 MW. The steam consumption is 68 tons h⁻¹. Data were collected for the performance and requirement for both plants. An integrated system for cogeneration is proposed which consists of a gas turbine, heat recovery steam generator equipped with a supplementary duct burner and economizer. The thermal and economical analyses have proved the feasibility of the proposed system with payback periods of 23 and 36 months for Jeddah and Yanbu refineries, respectively. However, the payback period for Jeddah refinery can be reduced to 15 months if the utilization factor is improved, and the excess power generated by the gas turbines is connected to the public utility grid. In fact, it is worth mentioning that the present study is considered the first to be carried out in Saudi Arabia; more studies and investigations could lead to tremendous saving in the fuel consumption in this country.     

压水堆冷凝回流特性的研究

利用高压汽水两相流试验系统模拟压水堆小破口失水事故中冷凝回流传热模式,进行了传热、流动及不凝结气影响的试验。实验表明：冷凝回流传热是一种十分有效的传热模式,它在很小的一、二次侧温差时就能排放大量堆芯余热。冷凝回流系统在正常情况下流动阻力很小且稳定,但在达到回流流动极限后出现不稳定。不凝结气的存在将大大降低蒸汽发生器的传热能力,但一般情况下,系统能自动增加一次侧压力而达到排除余热的目的。     

Computer program for determining optimal running conditions of a steam turbine cogeneration system

Cogeneration is an efficient way of using energy and at a national level permits an important saving in primary energy. Different systems include those with a back-pressure steam turbine and those with a pass-out condensing steam turbine.This paper deals with the basis and structure of a software pack that enables the user to determine the optimal running conditions in either case. The program is interactive, written in FORTRAN 77 and composed of six program blocks. Each block is responsible for one basic aspect of the analysis process.Because the objective function is non-linear and only point values are available, instead of algebraic expressions, the complex optimization algorithm is used. The object of the function is to minimize the hourly fuel and electricity costs during operation.Finally, the program has been applied to a cogeneration installation with a 970 kW back-pressure turbine. The results indicate that the system sometimes produces more steam per hour than required, the excess being due to the fact that the profit from the sale of electricity is greater than the cost of steam production.     

Gas turbine exhaust gas heat recovery at South Baghdad (Iraq) power plant

Gas turbine exhaust is usually relatively clean, especially the exhaust from natural gas turbines. The use of such gases to improve the overall thermal efficiency of a steam power plant has the advantage of reducing the cost of cleaning the equipment and reducing the maintenance costs of the heat recovery equipment used in the application.In this paper, two proposals for recovering the waste energy of the exhaust gases from a gas turbine unit, fuelled by natural gas at south Baghdad Power Plant (Iraq) are discussed. The proposals cover improvements to the thermal efficiency of a steam power plant installed near the gas turbine unit. The first proposal is to use the exhaust gases to preheat the feed water at four feed water heaters, in order to increase the power output. This arises because of the savings in the amount of steam extracted at a different level used for preheating the feed water line. The second proposal is to use the thermal energy in the exhaust gases to reheat the extracted stream, at five points at a high thermal potential, to increase the thermal gain at the preheating feed water line. This avoids the complexity associated with rejection of the extracted steam. The first roposal shows that a 1.22–14.9% saving in fuel consumption is achievable and the overall thermal efficiency of the steam power plant becomes 29–34% (at different gas turbine plant loads). The second proposal shows that a 2.3–7.35% saving in fuel consumption can be attained and the corresponding thermal efficiency will be 30.3–32%.     

Gas turbine waste heat recovery distillation system

This article presents a method for improving the gas turbine's performance through an efficient utilization of the waste heat in a distillation system with a special arrangement. This consists of two trains of VTE/MEB connected to increase the fresh water produced. Exhaust gases from the gas turbine are used in a multi-temperature level heat recovery system with five feed heaters, and gases are released to ambient at 130°C. Distillation top train has nine effects and evaporation range from 130 to 82°C while the bottom train has six effects with evaporation range from 76 to 46°C and is supplied with the steam leaves the last effect in the top train.Thermal analysis using a 32.67 MW gas turbine showed that the present arrangement can produce 3.2 million gallons per day (mgd) of fresh water with more than 4 g/kWh at a performance ratio (PR) of 8.8. This is 34% more than that produced in an existing gas-turbine distillation combination and 14% more than that expected from a reverse osmosis plant driven by a bottoming Rankine power cycle.     

Improvement of CANDU-1000 MW(e) power cycle by moderator heat recovery

Four different moderator heat recovery circuits are proposed for CANDU-1000 MW (e) reactors. The proposed circuits utilize all, or part, of the 155 MW(th) moderator heat load (at 70°C moderator outlet temperature from calandria) to the first stage of the water heating system. An economics study was carried out and indicated that the direct circulation of feed water through the moderator heat exchanger (with full heat recovery) is the most economical scheme. For this scheme the saved steam from the turbine extraction was found to produce additional electric power of 8 MW(e). This additional power represents a 0.7% increase in the plants nominal electric output. The outstanding features and advantages of the selected scheme are also presented.