适于低温的双级压缩热泵热水器动态仿真模型

建立了双级压缩空气源热泵的动态仿真模型。对压缩机、膨胀阀以及换热器分别建立部件模型。由于压缩机和膨胀阀的热惯性较小,所以采用稳态模型来描述。蒸发器和冷凝器部件建立动态模型时,针对制冷剂侧、管壁、以及载冷剂侧三个控制容积,分别建立控制方程。最后,通过参数耦合,建立系统仿真模型。     

太阳能-土壤源热泵优化运行研究

根据太阳能-土壤源热泵系统各部件之间的耦合关系,建立了各部件的仿真模型,并在此基础上建立了太阳能-土壤源热泵系统仿真模型,将其应用于实际工程进行模拟计算,分别对系统的两种运行模式进行了研究分析。     

微型燃气轮机动态模拟与分析

在建立压气机、燃烧室、透平、回热器、转轴转动惯性等单元部件动态模型的基础上,建立了恒转速简单和回热型微型燃气轮机的系统动态模型及其控制系统模型,对其冷启动、升降负荷和甩负荷动态过程进行了动态模拟,并对两者的动态性能进行了对比。结果表明,系统动态模型能够有效地对系统的各个典型动态过程进行模拟与分析,计算稳定可靠,可为微燃机控制系统设计与分析提供模型基础;控制系统设计合理,能够满足调节负荷和转速的要求,保证循环系统安全运行;回热器的热惯性和扰动幅度是影响微燃机系统响应的重要因素。     

基于虚拟仪器的换热器智能控制系统设计

换热器广泛应用于建筑工程领域及工业过程中,其出口介质温度的有效控制是保证质量、节能和安全生产的重要条件,因此换热器出口水温的控制是过程控制中的重要课题。本文以西门子SMPT1000换热器温度控制系统为研究对象,建立基于虚拟仪器的智能温度控制平台。该平台在实现传统PID控制的基础上,又增加了智能控制算法,斯密斯控制和模糊控制。实验证明该智能控制平台具有修改参数简易方便、曲线准确的优点,具有良好的动静态特性,且市场应用价值高。     

基于板式换热器的天然气冷却模拟与实验研究

结合实际工程项目,针对某新型天然气冷箱液化流程中的三台钎焊板式换热器,采用双通道耦合换热模型,以分段线性插值法计算天然气物性,基于FLUENT软件进行了天然气冷却换热过程的CFD数值模拟仿真,并开展了该新型冷箱的实验测试研究。将数值模拟计算结果与HSYSY工艺流程设计值以及实验测试结果进行对比。结果表明,数值模拟计算结果与HSYSY设计值平均误差为4.94%,证明了采用CFD数值模拟方法对HYSYS工艺流程设计与设备选型进行校核具有一定的参考价值。数值模拟计算结果与实验测试结果平均误差为7.78%,证明了数值模拟仿真所采用的简化假设、换热模型以及求解方法对于板式换热器天然气冷却换热过程是合理的。     

弹性管束换热器动态特性分析及仿真系统设计

在对弹性管束换热器进行合理简化和分析的基础上得到了描述其工作物理过程的数学模型,对其动态特性进行 了理论分析和数值求解,确定了当进水流量和蒸汽压力发生扰动时,弹性管束换热器出水温度的动态响应规律。为该类型 换热器控制系统的设计提供了依据。本文开发的仿真环境也可用于其它换热设备的动态特性模拟。     

Predicting particle deposition for flow over a circular cylinder in combustion environments

Particle deposition on heat exchanger tubes is a serious concern in solid fuel combustion and gasification systems, such as power plants and syngas coolers. To predict deposition rates, several detailed computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models have been developed. However, these models are computationally expensive and cannot be used for quick determination of deposition rates and/or slagging tendencies. Particle impaction efficiency correlations, while not as accurate as detailed CFD models, are easier to use and are able to estimate the impaction rate of particles on the heat exchanger tubes. Nonetheless, since deposition and slagging are not just functions of particle impaction rates, but also sticking propensity, which is related to the particle temperature at impact, the impaction efficiency correlations fail to provide sufficient information. To address this shortcoming, similar correlations for particle temperature at impact have been developed in this work, based on a non-dimensional parameter that captures the flow and boundary conditions, as well as particle properties. When used alongside the impaction efficiency correlations, the new correlations developed can provide a reasonable estimate of the deposition and slagging tendencies, at negligible computational expense.     

Reduced-order modelling of thermoacoustic instabilities in a two-heater Rijke tube

The topic of thermoacoustic instabilities in combustors is well-investigated, as it is important in the field of combustion, primarily in gas-turbine engines. In recent years, much attention has been focused on monitoring, diagnosis, prognosis, and control of high-amplitude pressure oscillations in confined combustion chambers. The Rijke tube is one of the most simple, yet very commonly used, laboratory apparatuses for emulation of thermoacoustic instabilities, which is also capable of capturing the physics of the thermally driven acoustics. A Rijke tube apparatus can be constructed with an electrical heater acting as the heat source, thus making it more flexible to operate and safer to handle than a fuel-burning Rijke tube or a fuel-fired combustor. Augmentation of the heat source of the Rijke tube with a secondary heater at a downstream location facilitates better control of thermoacoustic instabilities. Along this line, much work has been reported on the investigation of thermoacoustics by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling as well as reduced-order modelling for both single-heater and two-heater Rijke tube systems. However, since reduced-order models are often designed and built upon certain empirical relations, they may not account for the dynamic behaviour of the heater itself, which is a critical factor in the analysis and synthesis of real-time robust control systems. This issue is addressed in the current paper, where modifications have been made to existing models by incorporating heater dynamics. The model results are systematically validated with experimental data, generated from an in-house (electrically heated) Rijke tube apparatus.     

Experimental Heat Transfer Coefficients of Waste Heat Recovery Unit in Detergent Manufacturing Process

The waste heat recovery unit is one of the most important units in the chemical process. It recovers waste heat from the exhaust gas of the process resulting in the reduction of heat loss. In the detergent manufacturing process, the particulate air leaving the spray dryer is the exhaust gas containing the large amount of heat. Therefore, a waste heat recovery unit can significantly reduce heat loss. In this work, heat transfer coefficients of a waste heat recovery unit in the detergent manufacturing process were studied. Waste heat from the particulate air is recovered in the shell and coiled tube heat exchanger. The particulate air flows in the shell side, and water flows in the tube side. Four coiled tubes with different coil pitches were investigated. The results show that the tube-side heat transfer coefficient increases as the coil pitch decreases. Loading ratio also has an important effect on heat transfer coefficients. The increase of loading ratio leads to a lower value of the overall heat transfer coefficient. From 100 experiments, empirical correlations for the prediction of tube-side and shell-side heat transfer coefficients were proposed. The results indicate that the predicted heat transfer coefficients agree well with the experimental values.     

结霜工况风量对风冷热泵性能影响的研究

针对一台名义制冷量为50kW的风冷热泵冷热水机组,实验研究了迎面空气流量变化对机组结霜工况性能的影响。实验结果表明,结霜条件下,迎面空气流量降低促使机组工作性能大幅降低;迎面空气流量的变化对V型换热器表面霜层分布没有影响。空气流量的降低只是造成换热器表面结霜量的增多,适当提高风机转速具有抑制结霜、有效提高机组运行性能的作用;来流风速的不均匀分布对结霜以及霜层的分布有重要影响。     

Identification du coefficient de transfert thermique sur la surface externe d'un échangeur de chaleur à tubes et ailettes planes en fonction de l'humidité de l'air,en l'absence de condensation

The following study, which is rather oriented towards experimentation, shows the influence of the humidity content of air on heat transfer. This first article concerns heat transfer between the external fluid (moist air) and the internal fluid (water containing glycol, whose thermal behavior inside circular tubes is well-known) in a heat exchanger of the same type as those used in automotive air conditioning (horizontal copper tubes and plane aluminium fins), in the absence of condensation. The most difficult part of this experimental work is the measurement and control of the air humidity, since one has to make sure that the measurement incertainties are not significant compared to the precision of the calculation of the heat transfer coefficient. The conclusion is that, for this type of exchanger, the heat transfer coefficient decreases with air humidity in the absence of condensation (dry wall). Some correlations have been developed with respect to the relative air humidity. An analog experimental investigation, but this time carried out in the presence of condensation (partially or completely wetted wall), is about to be completed; the obtained results will be communicated later on.     

紧凑式换热器的精确模型控制

本文提出了换热器的精确模型控制方法,将获得的换热器数学模型以适当方式引入前馈控制器:当换热器入口有扰动出现时,前馈控制可以由模型获得准确的辅助流体调节量,从而将扰动作用消除在其对目标流体产生影响之前,达到换热器整体高精度、无滞后的控制。在换热器控制实验台上进行了反馈控制和精确模型控制实验,经过比较发现,模型控制无论是在动态过程的最大偏差上还是在调节时间上都优于传统的反馈控制。     

Experimental study on the heat transfer characteristics of a new type flat micro heat pipe heat exchanger with latent heat thermal energy storage

An experimental energy storage system has been designed using a new type flat micro heat pipe heat exchanger that incorporates a moderate-temperature phase change material paraffin with a melting point of 58°C. The basic structure, working principles, and design concept are discussed. The heat transfer process during the charging and discharging of the heat exchanger under various operating conditions has been experimentally investigated. Results show that the performance of the new type flat micro heat pipe was steady and efficient during charging and discharging. The average thermal storage power and absorption efficiency have been determined to be approximately 537 W and 92.5%, respectively.     

Computer modeling of a direct contact condensing heat exchanger for gas furnaces

Experiments have been performed with a direct contact condensing heat exchanger for gas furnaces, in which a direct contact bubble distributor was used to heat and criculate water through a finned-tube heat exchanger which heats the return room air blown through. This paper presents the development of a computer model simulating the system, and the results of parametric studies. The heat transfer analysis of the system indicated possible further improvement of the system. A modified system was proposed and a model was also developed for the system. Comparisons of the heat transfer performance between the two models are given. The research activity concerning this work was supported by the Gas Research Institute (U.S.A.).     

电动汽车空调热泵微通道换热器扁管布置方式对制热性能的影响

本文针对电动汽车空调热泵系统的室内微通道换热器制热性能进行了研究.首先对换热器的流程排布进行了优化分析,得到四流程12-13-13-12模型性能最优.在优化分析的基础上,实验研究了室内换热器扁管横竖布置方式对单体及系统制热性能的影响.结果发现在单体实验中,扁管竖置布置时的内部制冷剂分布均匀度远好于扁管横置布置,其换热量与出风温度比扁管横置布置分别提高了11.2%~16.5%与6.3%~8.4%.系统制热实验结果表明,扁管横置布置的制冷剂分布均匀度仍小于扁管竖置布置,且其受压缩机转速影响较大.而当扁管竖置布置时,制冷剂分布均匀度随着压缩机转速增大而减小.而随着室外环境温度的降低,扁管竖置布置的优势减弱。     

Computer simulation model on ultrasonic myocardial backscatter

Myocardial ultrasonic tissue characterization with integrated backscatter (IB) has been studied in recent years. To evaluate the dynamic characters of the myocardium, dynamic tracing of each unit volume of myocardium is a key point. Thus, a 2D CVIB imaging algorithm based on an auto-tracing method was developed in our previous work. Where, an auto-tracking method was used in CVIB-weighted images so that the POI in each frame throughout the cardiac cycle is automatically traced to reflect the real myocardial tissue movement. It is necessary to validate the auto-tracing method. However, at present there are no appropriate models to support the process. In order to validate the auto-tracing method, two myocardium models have been established to simulate the short and long axis view of echocardiography. The motions of partially ischemic myocardium have been simulated. The models have been used to validate the 2D CVIB imaging methods in the detection of myocardial ischemia. The simulation results show that the auto-tracing algorithm is effective. The model developed in this work provides a tool for studying and developing technologies in myocardial behavior.     

壳管相变蓄热器强化传热实验研究

为了强化相变蓄热器传热性能,本文设计了三种新型壳管相变蓄热器结构,并对其换热性能进行实验研究。结果表明:在蓄热器内部添加分层结构和斜翅片换热性能最高,内部温度达到均匀化的时间随换热单元数增加而增大;换热管道间翅片的添加可有效地强化换热效果,改善蓄热器内部出现的温度严重分层现象,温度分布更加均匀;在研究范围内,换热流体温度的增加可有效提高蓄热器的换热效率,缩短相变时间。     

啤酒巴氏灭菌过程的传热分析

本文将啤酒的巴氏灭菌过程作为由十一个换热区段组成的换热器网络进行传热分析,针对网络连接特征将过程分解为相互联系的四个加热冷却循环和三个加热循环。对于不同循环分别建立了传热分析数学模型,并将区段间联系作为约束条件对循环进行了编程求解。计算结果反映了灭菌过程啤酒的温度变化状况,将其与实测生产过程数据相比较,两者吻合。说明本文建立的数学模型及计算方法正确,可作为调节和控制生产过程的科学依据。     

Thermal modeling and performance analysis of a thermoacoustic refrigerator

A heat-driven thermoacoustic refrigerator has been designed and tested. A detailed thermal model of the device is presented. Energy balances within the system are discussed using external, heat exchanger, and stack control volumes in order to clarify the relationships of work and heat fluxes below and above onset. Thermal modeling is discussed as a tool for performance analysis as well as for determining system heat losses and finding input heat flows required by a thermoacoustic code. A method of using the control volume balance equations to find stack work and device efficiencies is presented. Experimental measurements are compared to DELTAE thermoacoustic modeling predictions. Modeling results show that viscous losses within the system have a significant impact on the device performance as well as on the ability of DELTAE to accurately predict performance. Modeling has led to an understanding of system performance and highlighted loss sources that are areas for improvement in a redesign.     

Pressure-assisted thermal sterilization of soup

The overall efficiency of an existing scale-up pressure-assisted thermal sterilization (PATS) unit was investigated with regards to inactivation of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores suspended in pumpkin soup. The PATS unit is a double pipe heat exchanger in which the soup is pumped into its inner high pressure tube and constrained by two high pressure valves, while steam is continuously passed through the annular region to heat the content. The technology is based on pressure generation by thermal expansion of the liquid in an enclosure. In this work, the addition of an air line to push the treated liquid food out of the existing PATS unit has improved the overall quality of the treated samples, as evidenced by achieving higher log reduction of the spores. Compared with thermal processing, the application of PATS shows the potential for lowering the thermal treatment temperature, offering improved food quality.