Lithium antimonite: A new class of anode material for lithium-ion battery

LiSbO₃ has been synthesized by chemical mixing followed by thermal treatment at 800 °C. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed bar shaped multifaceted grains, 0.5–4 μm long and 0.5–1 μm wide, that cluster together as soft agglomeration. 2032 type coin cell vs Li/Li⁺ shows a flat charge–discharge plateau together with low Li intercalation/de-intercalation potential (0.2/0.5 V). A high discharge capacity of 580 mA h g^?1 has been obtained in the 1st cycle with 100% Coulombic efficiency. About 96% of the Coulombic efficiency is retained up to the 12th cycle, but at the 15th cycle, the Coulombic efficiency drops down to 88%. AC impedance spectroscopy shows an increase in electrolyte resistance (R_s) from 4.43 Ohm after the initial cycle to 12.4 Ohm after the 15th cycle indicating a probable dissolution of Sb into the electrolyte causing the capacity fading observed.     

Si anode for next-generation lithium-ion battery

Si-based materials with high theoretical storage capacity and low working potential are one of the ideal anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries, but their large volume change and low conductivity obstruct the commercial application. This article presents a brief overview of insights into charge–discharge mechanism and the main challenges of Si-based anodes in the past few years and outlines typical solving strategies, new mechanism, advanced characterization technology, and future directions.     

Li2ZnTi3O8 nanorods: A new anode material for lithium-ion battery

Spinel Li₂ZnTi₃O₈ nanorods were first synthesized using titanate nanowires as a precursor. The synthesized nanorods are highly crystalline and used as an anode material in a rechargeable Li-ion battery. A large capacity of 220 mA h g^? 1 was kept after 30 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g^? 1, which is close to the theoretic capacity. The electrochemical measurements indicate that the anode material made of spinel Li₂ZnTi₃O₈ nanorods displayed a highly reversible capacity and excellent cycling stability.     

NiO/CNTs derived from metal-organic frameworks as superior anode material for lithium-ion batteries

In this work, porous NiO microspheres interconnected by carbon nanotubes (NiO/CNTs) were successfully fabricated by the pyrolysis of nickel metal-organic framework precursors with CNTs and evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The structures, morphologies, and electrochemical performances of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption-desorption, field emission scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge tests, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The results show that the introduction of CNTs can improve the lithium-ion storage performance of NiO/CNT composites. Especially, NiO/CNTs-10 exhibits the highest reversible capacity of 812 mAh g^?1 at 100 mA g^?1 after 100 cycles. Even cycled at 2 A g^?1, it still maintains a stable capacity of 502 mAh g^?1 after 300 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance of NiO/CNT composites should be attributed to the formation of 3D conductive network structure with porous NiO microspheres linked by CNTs, which benefits the electron transfer ability and the buffering of the volume expansion during the cycling process.     

Nanocrystalline tin compounds/graphene nanocomposite electrodes as anode for lithium-ion battery

Nanocrystalline tin (Sn) compounds such as SnO₂, SnS₂, SnS, and graphene nanocomposites were prepared using hydrothermal method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the prepared nanocomposite reveals the presence of tetragonal SnO₂, hexagonal SnS₂, and orthorhombic SnS crystalline structure in the SnO₂/graphene nanosheets (GNS), SnS₂/GNS, and SnS/GNS nanocomposites, respectively. Raman spectroscopic studies of the nanocomposites confirm the existence of graphene in the nanocomposites. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the nanocomposites revealed the formation of homogeneous nanocrystalline SnO₂, SnS_2, and SnS particle. The weight ratio of graphene and Sn compound in the nanocomposite was estimated using thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The cyclic voltammetry experiment shows the irreversible formation of Li₂O and Li₂S, and reversible lithium-ion (Li-ion) storage in Sn and GNS. The charge–discharge profile of the nanocomposite electrodes indicates the high capacity for the Li-ion storage, and the cycling study indicates the fast capacity fading due to the poor electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite electrodes. Hence, the ratio of Sn compounds (SnO₂) and GNS have been altered. Among the examined SnO₂:GNS nanocomposites ratios (35:65, 50:50, and 80:20), the nanocomposite 50:50wt% shows high Li-ion storage capacity (400 mAh/g after 25 cycles) and good cyclability. Thus, it is necessary to modify GNS and Sn compound composition in the nanocomposite to achieve good cyclability.     

Porous Si/C composite as anode materials for high-performance rechargeable lithium-ion battery

A novel porous silicon was synthesized through a magnesiothermic reduction method of molecular sieve for the first time, the porous silicon was used as anode material, which shows a high initial specific capacity of 2018.5 mAh/g with current density of 0.1 A/g.     

Enhanced electrochemical performance of SnS nanoparticles/CNTs composite as anode material for sodium-ion battery

SnS/CNTs composite as anode for SIBs exhibits high reversible capacity, good cyclability as well as rate performance, which is superior to that of pure SnS. The enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the adding of CNTs as a flexible and conductive structure supporter and the formation of SnS nanoparticles with small diameter.     

GeO2/ZnWO4@CNT nanocomposite as a novel anode material for lithium-ion battery

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) wrapped GeO2/ZnWO4 nanocomposite was prepared by single-step solvothermal method. In this work, GeO2/ZnWO4...     

Preparation and characterization of carbon xerogel (CX) and CX–SiO composite as anode material for lithium-ion battery

Carbon xerogel (CX), a kind of novel carbon material with low-density and continuous nano-porous structure that can be controlled and tailored on nanometer scale, has been prepared through the sol–gel polycondensation of resorcinol (R) with formaldehyde (F) followed by drying at ambient pressure and carbonization in inert atmosphere, and CX–SiO composite has been synthesized by high energy mechanical ball-milling of the obtained CX and commercial SiO at room temperature and atmosphere. The characteristics of CX and CX–SiO as anode material for lithium-ion battery have been systematically investigated on basis of field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical and charge–discharge tests. The results showed that, CX–SiO is composed of active carbon, graphite, SiO and dispersed Si crystal while CX consists of active carbon and graphite, CX–SiO has smaller and much more uniform particles than CX. SiO can greatly improve discharge capacity of CX with an acceptable sacrifice of cycling stability, and the charge–discharge capacity of CX–SiO comes mainly from lithium insertion–extraction in Si–SiO in the sample.     

Vapor phosphorus-coated cobalt vanadate as a high-performance anode for a lithium-ion battery

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Vanadate-based synthesis of battery electrodes has become a topic of research interest due to the high lithium storage performance. However, the rapid...     

Dealloying technique in the synthesis of lithium-ion battery anode materials

In the last decade, dealloying has become a popular and effective strategy to fabricate nanoporous metals used in electrochemical applications such as electrocatalysis and energy storage. This review article summarizes the recent literature on dealloyed non-noble metals and oxides evaluated as lithium-ion battery anode materials. The importance of dealloying parameters to achieve desired pore and ligament sizes is emphasized. A future research roadmap is also provided.     

Boron-doped carbon prepared from PFO as a lithium-ion battery anode

A petroleum-based Li-ion battery anode was prepared by thermal condensation of pyrolysis fuel oil (PFO) and a subsequent carbonization process. H₃BO₃ was used as a catalyst for efficient thermal condensation, carbonization and battery performance. The influence of the carbonization temperature on the carbon structure and battery performance was also investigated. Notably, H₃BO₃ promoted thermal condensation and formation of a graphitic carbon structure and acted as a boron doping agent. Boron-doping attenuated the highly active sites in carbon and effectively controlled formation of the SEI layer, which resulted in an increase in the initial efficiency of the anode. For the sample carbonized at 900 °C, a reversible capacity of 301 mAh/g and an initial efficiency of 78.6% were obtained. In addition, the samples obtained at different carbonization temperatures were all highly stable over 50 cycles, with capacity retentions greater than 90%.     

SnO2/Fe2O3 nano-heterojunction structure composites as an anode for lithium-ion battery

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - SnO2/Fe2O3 composites with a novel heterojunction nanostructure are successfully prepared via a facile two-step hydrothermal method. Fe2O3 nanoparticles...     

Graphene-supported cobalt nanoparticles used to activate SiO2-based anode for lithium-ion batteries

Although SiO₂-based anode is a strong competitor to supersede graphite anode for lithium-ion batteries, it still has problems such as low electrochemical activity, enormous loss of active lithium, and serious volume expansion. In order to solve these problems, we used a graphene network loaded with cobalt metal nanoparticles (rGO–Co) to coat SiO₂ porous hollow spheres (SiO₂@rGO–Co). The construction of porous hollow structure and graphene network can shorten the lithium-ion (Li⁺) diffusion distance and enhance the conductivity of the composite, which improves the electrochemical activity of SiO₂ effectively. They also alleviate the volume expansion of the anode in the cycling process. Moreover, nano-scale cobalt metal particles dispersed on graphene catalyze the conversion reaction of SiO₂ and activate the locked Li⁺ in Li₂O through a reversible reaction, which improves the charge and discharge capacity of the anode. The capacity of SiO₂@rGO–Co reaches 370.4 mAh/g after 100 cycles at 0.1 A/g, which is 6.19 times the capacity of pure SiO₂ (59.8 mAh/g) under the same circumstance. What is more, its structure also exhibits excellent cycle stability, with a volume expansion rate of only 13.0% after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A/g.     

Hydrothermal microwave-assisted synthesis of Li3VO4 as an anode for lithium-ion battery

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Li3VO4 with various morphologies has been synthesized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. It is shown that the crystal size and morphology of...     

Preparation and electrochemical performance of nanocarbon-isolated nano-sheet silicon lithium-ion battery anode material

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - In this paper, nanocarbon-isolated nano-sheet silicon(Si) electrode Si@CNT/C has been developed by pyrolysis of the compound of Si and polyaniline...     

Silicon nanotube anode for lithium-ion batteries

This work describes a promising strategy for large-scale fabrication of silicon (Si) nanotubes. The process began with preparation of silica nanotubes using rod-like NiN₂H₄ as a template and the resulting silica nanotubes were then converted to Si nanotubes by a thermal reduction process assisted with magnesium powder. The electrochemical properties of Si nanotubes were investigated as anode of lithium-ion batteries. It was demonstrated that the as-developed Si nanotubes showed significantly improved rate capability and long-term cycling performance compared with commercial silicon meshes.     

Stress evolution with concentration-dependent compositional expansion in a silicon lithium-ion battery anode particle

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Silicon with the highest known theoretical capacity for lithium uptake may expand in volume by as much as 400%, leading to pulverization and capacity...     

Scalable construction of SiO/wrinkled MXene composite by a simple electrostatic self-assembly strategy as anode for high-energy lithium-ion batteries

Available onlineSilicon monoxide(SiO) is a promising anode material fo r lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity(～2400 mAh/g),low working potential(<0.5 V vs.Li⁺/Li),low cost,easy synthesis,nontoxicity,abundant natural source and smaller volume expansion than Si.However,low intrinsic electrical conductivity,low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE) and inevitable volume expansion(～200%) impede its practical application.Here we fabricate SiO/wrinkled MX...