Measurement of non-monotonous phase changes in temporal speckle pattern interferometry using a correlation method without a temporal carrier

Recently, a phase evaluation method was proposed to measure nanometric displacements by means of digital speckle pattern interferometry when the phase change introduced by the deformation is in the range [0,π) rad. This method is based on the evaluation of a correlation coefficient between two speckle interferograms generated by both deformation states of the object. In this paper, we present a novel technique to measure non-monotonous displacements in temporal speckle pattern interferometry using a correlation method without a temporal carrier. In this approach, the sign ambiguity is resolved automatically due to the introduction of a function that determines the correct sign of the displacement between two consecutive speckle interferograms. The rms phase errors introduced by the proposed method are determined using computer-simulated speckle interferograms. An application of the phase retrieval method to process experimental data is also presented.     

Quantitative phase retrieval in dynamic laser speckle interferometry

The rapid progress of modern manufacturing and inspection technologies has posed stringent requirements on optical techniques for vibration characterization and dynamic testing. Due to its simplicity, accuracy and whole-field characters, laser speckle interferometry has served as one of the major techniques for dynamic measurement. In this paper, a two-step phase shifting method is developed for quantitative speckle phase measurement, which helps to eliminate the specklegrams needed for phase evaluation and facilitate dynamic measurement. Unlike previously reported two-step methods using fringe patterns with known phase shift of π/2, a small unknown phase shift is employed instead in the proposed method, which eliminates the need for phase shifting devices. Further investigation shows that small phase shifts are preferable over large phase shifts in this method. Shearographic experiments conducted have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed technique.     

Phase recovery in temporal speckle pattern interferometry using the generalized S-transform

We propose a novel approach based on the generalized S-transform to retrieve optical phase distributions in temporal speckle pattern interferometry. The performance of the proposed approach is compared with those given by well-known techniques based on the continuous wavelet, the Hilbert transforms, and a smoothed time-frequency distribution by analyzing interferometric data degraded by noise, nonmodulating pixels, and modulation loss. The advantages and limitations of the proposed phase retrieval approach are discussed.     

Comparison between instantaneous and integral intensities in dynamic speckle pattern interferometry

A new speckle measurement technique called temporal speckle pattern interferometry or time sequential speckle pattern interferometry has been developed recently. Its principle is that by capturing the temporal speckle patterns related to the object deformation or displacement, the whole-field displacement, the amplitude of the vibrating object and the shape of the tested object can be calculated through speckle intensity fluctuation scanning technique or Fourier-transforming method. In this paper, we combine the analytical and numerical methods to simulate the properties of the time demodulation in temporal speckle patterns interferometry techniques. The performance of three kinds of temporal phase sequences, power, exponential and harmonic phase sequences, are studied with the parameters of temporal speckle intensity fluctuation, the value of the spatial phase term, optical integral time of the recording camera and the initial phase of the temporal speckle intensities. The results indicate that the normalized value and period change of the instantaneous intensity are nearly coincident with that of the integral intensity for the harmonic temporal phase sequences and are different for the power and exponential temporal phase sequences.     

Phase retrieval in two-wavelength DSSI using a combined filtering method

Phase retrieval in two-wavelength DSSI (digital speckle shearing interferometry) using a combined filtering method is proposed for small deformation derivative measurement. A simultaneous two-wavelength illumination and 3-CCD camera are employed in the experimental setup. The proposed method, which uses a two-wavelength technique does not require the conventional spatial phase unwrapping and has the advantage of good noise suppression for phase retrieval. Experimental results obtained show that using the proposed combined filtering method sensitivity similar to the single wavelength technique can be achieved.     

A derivative based simplified phase tracker for a single fringe pattern demodulation

In this paper, a novel fringe demodulation method for the estimation of phase and its first-order derivative from a closed-fringe interferogram is proposed. The proposed method determines the phase derivatives in both x&y directions from fringe orientation and density. The phase derivatives are subsequently used to determine phase values using a novel simplified phase tracker. In the phase tracking model, the complexity of the cost function is reduced using predetermined derivatives so computation time required for phase tracking is reduced considerably. The proposed model is more robust while dealing with saddle points in fringes than the conventional phase tracker model. Hence it does not require any specialized scanning strategy. The proposed method is validated with simulated and experimental fringe patterns (obtained using electronic speckle pattern interferometry and optical holographic interferometry) and a comparison study is carried out with conventional regularized phase tracker. The simulation results show that the proposed method has good accuracy and requires less computation time than existing phase-tracking algorithms. The experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method against speckle noise and its practical applicability for static and dynamic applications.     

Quantitative vibration amplitude measurement with time-averaged digital speckle pattern interferometry

A new method of using time-averaged digital speckle pattern interferometry for the quantitative measurement of vibration amplitude was developed. Signal processing techniques especially the Hilbert transformation for quantitative evaluation of the Bessel fringes obtained in time-averaged digital speckle pattern interferometry were explored. The quadrature signal after Hilbert transformation is equivalent to a 90° phase-shifted interferogram for a monotonically increasing or decreasing phase function. An algorithm was developed for Bessel fringe contrast enhancement and phase extraction. The techniques were tested numerically and experimentally. Sub-fringe quantification of the time-averaged vibration fringes is realised with the proposed method. Compared with the commonly used phase shift method which requires a minimum of two images for image processing, this method requires only one fringe pattern for data extraction.     

Phase retrieval in DSSI for relatively large deformation

Methods for phase retrieval in digital speckle shearing interferometry (DSSI) with relatively large deformation are proposed using a single wavelength illumination with windowed Fourier filtering (WFF) and two-wavelength simultaneous illumination with iterative sine-cosine average filtering (ISCAF). For relatively large deformation measurement, WFF technique has a higher noise suppression capability than ISCAF technique but requires careful selection of the processing parameters, while ISCAF is a simple filtering with less parameter setting. Both methods for phase retrieval are discussed. Experimental results show that both methods are capable of noise suppression in the phase retrieval for relatively large deformation.     

利用电子散斑相移技术测量物体三维面形的方法

为了获得准确的面形测量,提出了一种相移电子散斑干涉技术测量物体面形的测量方法.利用电子散斑干涉产生载波条纹,该载波条纹受到物体表面高度的调制变得弯曲,引起载波条纹相位的变化,可运用相移技术提取物体的相位信息,最后根据高度和相位之间的关系得到物体的面形.介绍了该方法的原理,利用该方法对球冠物体进行了面形测量,证明该方法测量物体面形是可行性的.由于是采用散斑干涉的方法产生干涉条纹,因此该方法测量物体面形具有灵敏度高的优点.     

Continual deformation analysis with scanning phase method and time sequence phase method in temporal speckle pattern interferometry

If a laser beam illuminates a continual deformation object surface, it will lead to a temporal speckle pattern on the observation plane. Recording this time-dependent speckle pattern the deformation of the surface of an object can be obtained. Two methods, scanning phase method (SPM) and time sequence phase method (TSPM), have been introduced for measuring the displacement caused by the deformation in temporal speckle pattern interferometry (TSPI). Their principle is that by capturing a series of speckle interference patterns related to the object deformations, the fluctuations in the intensity of the interference patterns can be obtained. Through scanning these fluctuations and estimating both the average intensity and modulation of the temporal speckle interference patterns, the phase maps for whole-field displacements are calculated. In this way one is capable of quantitatively measuring continual displacements simply using a conventional electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) system without phase shifting or a carrier. The elaboration on the new methods is given in this paper and experiments are performed to demonstrate their performance with a conventional ESPI system.     

基于剪切散斑干涉技术的物体变形动态检测

为使仅适用于静态测量的空间相移剪切散斑干涉系统可用于物体变形的动态测量,在对传统剪切散斑干涉系统加以改进的基础上,提出一种物体变形动态检测方法。将检测系统中的压电陶瓷控制器用参考镜代替,减少了物理装置控制与执行的时间。对于物体发生变形的同一状态,仅需采集一幅干涉图像即可满足后期计算,加以二维连续小波滤波和最小二乘相位解包算法,能满足物体变形动态在线检测的需求。理论和实测实验表明,该方法能快速可靠地检测出物体动态形变,整个系统的最大误差范围在-1.5 rad~1.5 rad之间,整个检测过程最大误差百分比为6.4%,有较高的精度和实用性,为新型剪切散斑干涉测量系统的改进和设计提供参考。     

Low-frequency harmonic vibration analysis with temporal speckle pattern interferometry

In this paper, the time sequence phase method (TSPM) has been applied to measure the displacement caused by low-frequency vibration in temporal speckle pattern interferometry (TSPI). The principle is that by capturing the temporal speckle patterns related to the object vibration, the whole-field displacement responses (amplitude and phase) of the vibrating object can be calculated through scanning these fluctuations. Thus, quantitative measurement can be carried out using a conventional ESPI system without a camera synchronized to the object vibration or a phase shifting system. The elaboration on the method is given and experimental results are presented.     

Measurement of sub-surface delaminations in carbon fibre composites using high-speed phase-shifted speckle interferometry and temporal phase unwrapping

A high-speed phase-shifted speckle interferometer has been developed recently for studying dynamic events. Speckle interferograms are continuously recorded by a CCD camera operating at 1 kHz with temporal phase shifting carried out by a Pockels cell running at the same frequency. Temporal phase unwrapping through sequences of more than 1000 frames allows the determination of time-varying absolute displacement maps. This paper presents the application of this speckle interferometry system to the detection and measurement of sub-surface delamination defects in carbon fibre specimens. The influence of re-referencing the temporal phase unwrapping algorithm after different time intervals is analysed to reduce the random phase errors produced by speckle decorrelation and vibration. The performance of several phase-shifting algorithms to minimize the influence of the vibration noise caused by the vacuum pump used to load the specimen is also investigated.     

时间序列散斑干涉场中相位函数的计算

散斑干涉或电子散斑干涉计量应用于连续运动或变形物体时,就会产生一个时变的散斑干涉场,通过摄像系统连续地采集这一时变散斑场,可获得一系列时间序列散斑干涉图,通过对序列散斑图上各点在时间轴上光强值的变化进行分析,提出了一种基于时间序列的分析方法,用以提取干涉场的相位值,进而获得物体全场变形信息。     

Temporal phase retrieval from a complex field in digital holographic interferometry

We describe a novel method of processing complex phasors in digital holographic interferometry (DHI). Unlike the commonly used digital phase subtraction method that operates on the phase itself, the proposed method operates on the complex phasor instead. Two temporal phase retrieval algorithms are developed in which the complex phasor of each pixel is measured and analyzed as a function of time. The developed algorithms are demonstrated in profile measurement of step heights. Experimental results show that the proposed phase retrieval algorithms for DHI perform well compared with conventional methods.     

散斑条纹图的自适应窗口滤波方法

针对散斑噪声很难用常用的滤波方法进行滤除,在已有等值线滤波方法的基础上,提出一种更优的自适应窗口滤波方法。由于等值线窗口是在条纹方向图的基础上得到的,深入研究条纹方向的求取方法,提出了一种更为可靠的条纹方向求取算法,在得到高精度条纹方向的同时,还能估计出条纹的密度。使用等值线窗口技术,保持了窗口形状的自适应能力,然后利用对条纹密度的估计,根据条纹的宽度来确定滤波窗口的大小,实现了滤波窗口大小的自适应。最后,根据条纹方向和滤波后的图像可以直接得到条纹密度变化较大的单幅散斑图的相位结果。     

时间序列散斑干涉技术研究及应用

当用相干激光照射在一个连续位移或变形的漫射物体表面时,在与参考光形成干涉的接收面上即产生一随时间变化的散斑干涉场通过对这一干涉场的时间域进行分析,可实现时变位移场的定量检测本文介绍了基本时间序列散斑干涉场的扫描相位方法和时间序列相位法的相位函数解调原理,探讨了它们的计量特性,并将其用于火箭固体燃料性能的检测.     

Young's modulus measurement of the radius bone using a shearing interferometer with carrier fringes

A technique for measuring Young's modulus of the radius bone by using electronic speckle-shearing pattern interferometry is proposed. The technique is based on the introduction of carrier fringes and the use of a phase unwrapping algorithm to obtain a phase map corresponding to the out-of-plane displacements of a radius bone without sign ambiguities. The carrier fringes are obtained by the correlation algorithm of two consecutive speckle fields with a translation of the illuminating beam between each recording, then the spatial synchronous detection (SSD), an unwrapping phase algorithm and integration process along shear direction are successfully applied for obtaining a displacement phase map. Next, analysis of the radius bone as a cantilever allows us to obtain Young's modulus. The study was performed with speckle interferometry and with the finite element method for comparing the results. Advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method are discussed.     

Phase measurement improvement in temporal speckle pattern interferometry using empirical mode decomposition

When the Hilbert transform method is used to recover the phase distribution in temporal speckle pattern interferometry, the influence of the fluctuations of the bias and the modulation intensities on the calculated phase must be driven heuristically. In this paper we show that the Empirical Mode Decomposition method can overcome these drawbacks and consequently introduces an improvement in the evaluation of the phase distribution. An example is used to illustrate the phase measurement improvement that can be obtained by the application of the proposed approach.