在层状系统中半承压井非定常流

当层状油田或地下水库被弱渗透薄层所分割而层次之间具有水力联系之时,虽只在下层设置井过滤器并进行常流量的开采,由于下层压力的下降,除它本身的弹性补给以外,还有由上层通过薄夹层向下层的补给。本文针对这种串流现象进行了分析,近似地获得了影响半径及上下两层的压降值随时间变化的各表达式并用实测资料做了验证,文中提出的方法能作为合理井羣布置及地层参数确定之用. 近十多年来,为了确定地层参数和合理布置井羣,虽然对层次之间压力下降随时间和空间的变化规律进行了大量的研究,但是往往由于数学分析的困难,不是假设被影响的邻层的水头或压力不变,就是把影响半径看成为定值或无限大而忽略了它们与时间的关系,致使计算结果与真实现象有出入,不能满足生产的要求. 本文针对上述缺点,尽量减少假设条件,寻求层次之间的压力随时间和空间变化的表达式,并利用野外实测资料验证所得结果的适用性和有效性.     

变形双重介质广义流动分析

对于碳酸盐油藏和低渗油藏的渗流问题，传统的研究方法都是假设地层渗透率是常数，这假设，对于地层渗透率是压力敏感的情况，对压力的空间变化和瞬时变化将导致较大的误差。本文研究了应力敏感地层中双重介质渗流问题的压力不稳定响应，不仅考虑了储层的双重介质特征，而且考虑了应力敏感地层中介质的变形，建立了应力敏感地层双重介质的数学模型，渗透率依赖于孔隙压力变化的流动方程是强非线性的，采用Douglas-Jones预估－校正法获得了只有裂缝发生形变定产量生产时无限大地层的数值解及定产量生产岩块与裂隙同时发生形变时无限大地层的数值解，并探讨了变形参数和双重介质参数变化时压力的变化规律，给出几种情况下典型压力曲线图版，这些结果可用于实际试井分析。     

油田注水开发中水嘴节流与地层渗流耦合研究

配水器的选取会对油田注水效果产生明显影响。为精确地描述注水井注入过程中井底压力和流量的动态响应,本文在传统的内边界井处理模型的基础上建立了考虑水嘴压力损失影响的井处理模型。耦合求解井底压力、流量及地层流动,得到了注入过程中考虑水嘴压力损失影响的井底压力和流量响应情况。以此来分析不同水嘴、渗透率对井底压力、注入量随时间变...     

含铝炸药水中爆炸近场冲击波特性研究测试与分析技术探讨

采用锰铜压力计和PVDF压力计的多计测试技术以及高速扫描实验技术,对含铝炸药水中爆炸近场冲击波进行了测量。压力计的测试结果表明,采用一个锰铜压力计和多个PVDF计同时测量炸药水中爆炸近场冲击波压力是可行的,但不能同时采用多个锰铜压力计进行测量。高速扫描相机记录了冲击波自出炸药端面到约60mm距离内冲击波传播轨迹,经过数字化分析计算得到了冲击波峰值压力随距离变化曲线。分析表明,压力计和高速扫描相机的测试结果符合较好,说明测试技术和分析方法是可行的。将压力计和高速扫描相机结合起来,有助于更好地研究含铝炸药水中爆炸近场冲击波特性。     

成层非饱和地基上矩形基础稳态响应解析研究

采用积分变换法求解非饱和土的控制方程,得到变换域内土体的位移和应力表达式;建立了单层非饱和土体的刚度矩阵,并组装每一层的刚度矩阵,构成了层状地基的总体刚度矩阵;结合地基上下表面的边界条件,推导了层状非饱和地基表面位移的积分形式解答。另外,选取带有补充项的双重余弦级数解作为矩形基础的振型函数,并令其与地表位移按余弦级数展开的表达式相等,建立了矩形基础与地基的协调条件。最后,联立矩形基础的控制方程、边界条件和基础与地基之间的协调条件,求解得到矩形基础的挠度幅值、弯矩幅值以及基底压力幅值。选取已有文献中的非饱和土参数计算,其结果与文献吻合良好,验证了本文方法的正确性。本文进一步研究了单层地基和双层地基上矩形板的动力响应,分析了土体参数对矩形基础动力响应幅值的影响规律。结果表明:地基层厚与基础尺寸之比为5时,地基就可以看作半空间地基;矩形基础的稳态响应随非饱和土的饱和度的增大而减小;渗透率对矩形基础动力响应的影响不明显。     

具有井筒储集的变形介质双渗模型的压力分析

为更好地研究碳酸盐油藏和低渗油的渗流问题,引入渗透率模数,考虑应力敏感地层中介质的变形,介质的双孔隙度、双渗秀率特征,同时考虑井筒储集的影响,建立新的数学模型。渗透率依赖于孔隙压力变化的流动方程是强非线性的,模型采用Douglas-Jones预估-校正法获得了无限大地层及有界封闭地层的数值解,形成了新的理论图版,并利用这些图版对模型中的有关参数进行了敏感性分析。     

准饱和黄土中暗穴水动力扩展响应的研究

为分析强降水过程中暗穴扩展机理,在野外调查资料的基础上,建立了准饱和黄土暗穴的扩展计算模型,概化为弹性准饱和土层中无限长圆柱形孔洞表面受水压力的动力响应问题。通过引入势函数,得到了Lap lace变换域中的应力、位移及孔隙水压力的解析表达式,并利用数值逆变换方法求得时域解,分析了降雨历时及饱和度等因子对暗穴动力响应的影响。结果表明,水动力是引起黄土暗穴扩展的主要因素,水压力作用历时对位移及应力有较大的影响,同时饱和度的细微变化对径向位移有显著影响。     

分形油藏不稳定渗流问题的精确解

研究了分形油藏无限大地层和有界地层渗流模型，引入了一类有限广义Ｈａｎｋｅｌ变换，利用这种变换和Ｗｅｂｅｒ变换，在井底定流量和定压生产时，对无限大地层及有界地层（包括封闭和定压地层）六种情况，求得了实空间解析解用双参数（ｄｆ，ｄｓ）来刻画分形油藏的分形特性，分析了分形油藏压力动态特征以及分形参数和边界对压力动态的影响     

考虑水泥环完整性的油气井最大允许井口压力计算方法

在最大允许井口压力计算方法中考虑水泥环的完整性,以厚壁圆筒的弹塑性分析理论为基础,建立了套管-水泥环-地层组合体力学模型,将(内层)水泥环内壁发生破坏作为环空允许带压的限制条件。基于Drucker-Prager与拉伸破坏准则计算了某实例井各环空的最大允许井口压力,并将其结果与采用API RP 90标准推荐做法的计算结果进行了对比。计算结果表明:如果环空带压值增大,对于套管-水泥环-地层组合体而言,垂深最深与最浅处的水泥环内壁将最有可能率先发生破坏;采用本文方法的计算结果有可能会小于依据API RP 90标准的计算结果,依据API RP 90标准计算得到A、B环空的最大允许井口压力分别为17.04MPa和6.39MPa,而采用本文方法计算得到A、B环空的最大允许井口压力分别为15.1MPa和17.5MPa。     

具有井简储集的变形介质双渗模型的压力分析

为更好地研究碳酸盐油藏和低渗油的渗流问题，引入渗透率模数，考虑应力敏感地层中介质的变形，介质的双孔隙度、双渗秀率特征，同时考虑井筒储集的影响，建立新的数学模型。渗透率依赖于孔隙压力变化的流动方程是强非线性的，模型采用Douglas—Jones预估-校正法获得了无限大地层及有界封闭地层的数值解，形成了新的理论图版，并利用这些图版对模型中的有关参数进行了敏感性分析。     

冲击载荷下岩石压胀对其性质的影响

采用落锤动态加载岩石实验系统,通过调节落锤质量、下落距离及活塞杆垫板材料,记录岩石瞬间形成冲击压力脉冲,研究压胀对不同岩石性质影响的规律.实验结果表明,压胀产生后岩石的性质发生了改变,岩石的渗透率有不同程度的增加,且岩石越致密,渗透率增加倍数越大;岩石的弹性模量和弹性极限随岩石体积的增加而降低;压胀产生后纵波和横波在岩...     

Numerical Estimation of the Degree of Reservoir Permeability Heterogeneity Using Pressure Drawdown Tests

This study aims to correlate the response of pressure transient test to permeability distribution type. For this purpose, correlated permeability distributions in x–y direction are generated using fractional Brownian motion (fBm) as it has been shown in literature that permeability in carbonate reservoirs exhibits an fBm type distribution horizontally. 2-D fBm permeability distributions created using mid point displacement method are employed as data to a black oil simulator. The intermittence exponent, H or fractal dimension of the distribution, D, as defined by D=2 – H, characterizes the distribution type. All permeability distributions are normalized to represent the same arithmetic mean (20, 100, and 500 mD) and uniform variance so that only their fractal dimension that underlies the smoothness of the distribution distinguishes them. Many different realizations of permeability distributions are generated based on the random number seeds used and pressure transient (drawdown) tests are simulated using a black oil simulator package (ECLIPSE 100). Pressure transient analysis is performed using PanSystem package. As a base case and for the comparison purpose, the same procedure is repeated for the totally homogeneous case (the same permeability for all grids) and a random (normally distributed) permeability distribution with the same mean and uniform variance. The effects of permeability distribution type on the pressure response are clarified. A strong impact of heterogeneity is observed as an increase in skin effect with increasing fractal dimension of permeability distribution. This additional (or pseudo) skin effect due to heterogeneity is correlated to the fractal dimension of the permeability distribution. As a further step, the procedure is repeated for different flow rates applied during the drawdown test. The correlation between the fractal dimension of permeability distribution and additional skin is improved by incorporating the rate into it. The methodology followed can be used in the assessment of reservoir heterogeneity quantitatively using pressure transient response.     

A New Analytical Approximation for the Flow into a Well in a Finite Reservoir

A new approach is presented for the pressure calculation around a horizontal well or a partially penetrating vertical well in a finite height reservoir. The new method matches the asymptotic solutions close to- and far from the well. To this end, the reservoir is divided into two distinct volumes with ellipsoidal and elliptically cylindrical symmetry, respectively. Comparison with other techniques shows that the new expressions yield excellent results. The method is also applicable to reservoirs containing one elliptical, vertical or horizontal fracture, and can be used with account of a zone of altered permeability around the well or fracture due to formation damage or stimulation.     

High-viscosity oil flow in a formation with a hydraulic fracture under the action of a high-frequency electromagnetic field

The results of numerical investigations of high-viscosity oil flow in a low-permeability reservoir under high-frequency electromagnetic action in combination with hydraulic fracturing are presented. The fluid flow toward a solitary vertical sand-filled fracture with high permeability, much higher than the permeability of the formation, is considered. The electrophysical and thermal characteristics of the formation and fracture both saturated with formation fluid are assumed to be identical. The unsteady fluid pressure, temperature and viscosity fields near the hydraulic fracture are calculated and the efficiencies of high-viscosity oil extraction are compared for different electromagnetic radiation powers and “cold” fluid withdrawal.     

Transient pressure of percolation through one dimension porous media with threshold pressure gradient

IntroductionManyexperimentsshow[1,2,3]thatthepercolationinlowPermeabilityisnotfittoDarcy'sLaw.Theparticularcharacteristheexistenceofthresholdpressuregradient[1],inotherwords:thefluidcanflow,onlywhentherealpressuregradientislargerthanthresholdpressuregradient.Thedevelopmentinthisresearchingfieldhasn'tmuchprogressbecauseofquestionsineconomicsandteelmologysincethisconceptwasformedin1951.ThisfieldisbecominganewwarmresearchingPOintasChinadevelopedthelowPermeabilityreservoirsinlastfewyears.Thego…     

Characteristics of Salt-Precipitation and the Associated Pressure Build-Up during CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Storage in Saline Aquifers

Mitigation and control of borehole pressure at the bottom of an injection well is directly related to the effective management of well injectivity during geologic carbon sequestration activity. Researchers have generally accepted the idea that high rates of CO₂ injection into low permeability strata results in increased bottom-hole pressure in a well. However, the results of this study suggested that this is not always the case, due to the occurrence of localized salt precipitation adjacent to the injection well. A series of numerical simulations indicated that in some cases, a low rate of CO₂ injection into high permeability formation induced greater pressure build-up. This occurred because of the different types of salt precipitation pattern controlled by buoyancy-driven CO₂ plume migration. The first type is non-localized salt precipitation, which is characterized by uniform salt precipitation within the dry-out zone. The second type, localized salt precipitation, is characterized by an abnormally high level of salt precipitation at the dry-out front. This localized salt precipitation acts as a barrier that hampers the propagation of both CO₂ and pressure to the far field as well as counter-flowing brine migration toward the injection well. These dynamic processes caused a drastic pressure build-up in the well, which decreased injectivity. By modeling a series of test cases, it was found that low-rate CO₂ injection into high permeability formation was likely to cause localized salt precipitation. Sensitivity studies revealed that brine salinity linearly affected the level of salt precipitation, and that vertical permeability enhanced the buoyancy effect which increased the growth of the salt barrier. The porosity also affected both the level of localized salt precipitation and dry-out zone extension depending on injection rates. High temperature injected CO₂ promoted the vertical movement of the CO₂ plume, which accelerated localized salt precipitation, but at the same time caused a decrease in the density of the injected CO₂. The combination of these two effects eventually decreased bottomhole pressure. Considering the injectivity degradation, a method is proposed for decreasing the pressure build-up and increasing injectivity by assigning a ‘skin zone’ that represents a local region with a transmissivity different from that of the surrounding aquifer.     

PVDF压电薄膜在应力波测量中的应用

综合介绍了PVDF压力传感器的测试原理、动态标定实验，并采用定制的PVDF压力传感器测量了不同类型分层介质在冲击载荷作用下的压力衰减，说明了PVDF压力传感器在压力测量中有着很好的前景．     

复合射孔压力加载下铜柱测压计测试实验和数值分析

进行基于铜柱测压和实测压力时间曲线的石油井射孔压裂实验,建立铜柱测压计的数学模型,并 采用交互式计算方法得出其作用过程的解析解。分析结果表明,井下射孔压裂过程中,压力上升沿很陡,活塞 在外部压力达到峰值时,速度很大,会继续压缩铜柱直到速度为零。活塞的运动可以分为加速和减速撞击2 个过程。活塞的最大速度决定了铜柱测压计最终测试值,且与速度成正比。射孔脉冲压力加载过程中铜柱测 压计的误差取决于压力上升时间、脉冲宽度、峰值压力等影响因素。火炮膛压加载下铜柱测压计误差较小。     

高围压条件下孔隙介质渗透特性试验研究

为研究不同围压条件下孔隙介质的渗透性能,利用新研制的高压渗流仪,对大尺寸低渗透性软弱岩进行了系统的试验测试。试验渗透压差波动幅度仅为0.02MPa,渗出端溶液体积变化量测试精度可达0.03mL。通过溶液体积变化与时间的线性关系,稳定渗流量大小可以精确测定。以稳定压差、流量法(即稳压法),试验验证了岩石的渗透系数随着围压的增加而下降,当围压降低时,岩石渗透系数回升,但回升路径低于原始路径。根据轴向应变的变化情况,提出了室内试验应力-渗流耦合过程中渗透性的变化主要是侧向压力使孔隙、喉道产生压缩变形所致。