Fe-Cr合金辐照空洞微结构演化的相场法模拟

Fe-Cr合金作为包壳材料在高温高辐照强度等极端环境下服役,产生空位和间隙原子等辐照缺陷,辐照缺陷簇聚诱发空洞、位错环等缺陷团簇,引起辐照肿胀、晶格畸变,导致辐照硬化或软化致使材料失效.理解辐照缺陷簇聚和长大过程的组织演化,能更有效调控组织获得稳定服役性能.本文采用相场法研究Fe-Cr合金中空洞的演化,模型考虑了温度效应对点缺陷的影响以及空位和间隙的产生和复合.选择400—800 K温度区间、0—16 dpa辐照剂量范围的Fe-Cr体系为对象,研究在不同服役温度和辐照剂量下的空位扩散、复合和簇聚形成空洞的过程.在400—800 K温度区间,随着温度的升高,Fe-Cr合金空洞团簇形核率呈现出先升高后下降的趋势.考虑空位与间隙的重新组合受温度的影响可以很好地解释空洞率随温度变化时出现先升高后降低的现象.由于温度的变化将影响Fe-Cr合金中原子离位阀能,从而影响产生空位和间隙原子.同一温度下,空洞半径和空洞的体积分数随辐照剂量的增大而增大.辐照剂量的增大,级联碰撞反应加强,空位与间隙原子大量产生,高温下空位迅速的扩散聚集在Fe-Cr合金中将形成更多数量以及更大尺寸的空洞.     

Characteristics of the formation of radiation defects in silicon structures

The method of deep-level transient spectroscopy is used to investigate aspects of the formation of radiation defects in silicon p ⁺-n diffusion structures when bombarded by accelerated electrons. It is shown that for base thicknesses of the p ⁺-n structures in the range 0.2–0.6mm a substantial change in the concentration of the radiation defects formed in this way is observed, having a maximum at 0.25 mm. Below 0.2 mm and above 0.6 mm the concentration of radiation defects exhibits a weak dependence on base thickness. The observed effect is explained by variation of the relative concentrations of vacancies and interstitial silicon atoms in the base during formation of p ⁺-n pairs. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 121–123 (January 1999)     

Radiation-dose dependence of E′1 centers in samples of quartz containing uncharged oxygen vacancies

EPR is used to study the generation of E′₁ centers (oxygen vacancies that have trapped one electron) in quartz samples containing uncharged oxygen vacancies as a function of irradiation dose. It is found experimentally that an irradiation dose of order 400 Gy is sufficient to allow every oxygen vacancy to trap two electrons apiece in essentially all such quartz samples. The linear segment of the dose dependences of E′₁ centers in samples annealed at 300 °C for 15 minutes can be used to reconstruct prior radiation doses up to 60–70 Gy. If the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the original sample is larger than 10¹⁸ cm⁻³, the signal intensity from E′₁ centers in the sample can be used to detect radiation doses as low as 1–3 Gy, which is significantly lower than the minimum radiation dose detectable by other paramagnetic centers in quartz. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 651–652 (April 1998)     

Smoothing of the macrorelief on the surface of a solid of arbitrary stoichiometric composition under irradiation

A general system of equations is formulated describing the evolution of the macrorelief on the surface of a solid of arbitrary stoichiometric composition under irradiation. Irradiation is treated only as an additional source of point defects (vacancies and interstitial atoms). A general formula for the smoothing of the macrorelief with time is obtained with consideration of the real conditions of the problem. A two-component substance is considered as a special case: new forms of the dependence of the surface smoothing rate on the roughness parameters appear, which are not observed for a one-component material. The surface and bulk diffusion coefficients of the material, as well as the constants characterizing the interaction of radiation with the substance, can be found by experimentally investigating the surface smoothing rate as a function of the roughness. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 39, 746–751 (April 1997)     

Point-defect concentrations in B2 NiAl alloys under pressure

The pressure dependence of point-defect concentrations is calculated on the basis of two recently published models. It is demonstrated that the effective formation volume of vacancies shows asymmetrical character about stoichiometry. For Ni-rich and stoichiometric compositions, the concentration of Ni vacancies versus pressure can be described by a simple exponential function. The concentration of Ni antisite defects is independent of pressure. For Al-rich compositions, the concentration of Ni vacancies shows a more complex behaviour. At low pressures the vacancy concentration is independent of pressure, the effective formation volume is zero, while above a critical pressure the vacancy concentration becomes pressure dependent. This can be explained by the annihilation reaction of Ni vacancies. The pressure of complete replacement depends on the stoichiometry and has proved to be very sensitive to the input parameters used in the different models. The changes expected in diffusion activation energy and activation volume with composition are discussed on the basis of calculated temperature and pressure dependence of Ni vacancy concentration, assuming vacancy-mediated diffusion. The pressure effect on the boundary that separates regions in which triple defects or interbranch defects dominate was also investigated. It was observed that pressure expands the region in which Al interbranch defects dominate.     

The effect of gamma radiation on the stator insulation of rotating electrical machines

ABSTRACT

The paper examines the influence of γ radiation on the stability of the insulation characteristics of the stator winding of rotating electrical machines. The tested insulation characteristics are loss tangent angle, resistance, polarization factor, threshold voltage of partial discharge, breakdown voltage, coefficient of proportionality and lifetime exponent. The radiation dose was used as the γ radiation parameter. Different winding areas have been specifically tested in which a different impact is expected on technological winding production process. Tests were performed on a representative statistical sample under well-controlled laboratory conditions. The combined measurement uncertainty of the experimental procedure was about 5%.     

Criterion for microwave breakdown of gases

An analytical criterion is obtained for microwave breakdown of gases that takes into account the different diffusion coefficients of electrons along and perpendicular to the direction of the electric field. Discharge ignition without electron attachment to the gas molecules and in electronegative gases is examined, along with microwave discharge ignition when a weak dc electric field is applied. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 25–29 (November 1999)     

横向表面放电光泵浦源特性研究

 介绍了一种用以泵浦XeF(C-A)激光的横向表面放电辐射源,比较详细地研究了这种泵浦源的放电击穿特性、放电电流与充电电压及不同气体介质的关系、表面放电均匀性以及不同气体成分对表面放电辐射特性的影响。得到了放电击穿时间、放电峰值电流随充电电压、不同气体介质变化的曲线;分析了提高放电均匀性的途径,在电极长50cm、间距6cm、充电电压25kV条件下获得了均匀放电。获得了各种实验条件下放电辐射的光谱曲线;通过对辐射光谱的分析,研究了有利于光解离XeF₂的最佳实验条件,当p_Ar:p_N2=1:1时,放电在远紫外波段产生的辐射最强。     

Non-steady-state tunnelling recombination in insulating solids,controlled by defect diffusion and rotation

Abstract

The experimental data for KCl—Ag, KBr, NaCl—Ag and KCl—SO₄ crystals as well as Na₂O.3SiO₂—Tb³⁺ glass are summarized which demonstrate the delayed increase (decrease) of the intensity of the thermally stimulated tunnelling recombination of radiation defects after step-wise defrosting (frosting) of their mobility. Both theory and experiment presented here allow to distinguish the cases when the recombination kinetics is controlled by the rotation of an anisotropic defects or their diffusion respectively. It can be achieved studying the non-steady-state stages of kinetics. The effect of relative spatial defect distribution upon the kinetics under study is considered; it is argued that the {F, V _k } recombination in KBr occurs within spatially correlated pairs.     

Ca interaction with point defects in Fe1-δO

Abstract

Electron diffraction on Ca doped FeO shows that an uncommensurate phase exists in conditions under which the appearing phase is commensurate in pure FeO; that is related to the interactions between Ca impurities and complex defects. Experiments of Ca diffusion in FeO show significant differences with self-diffusion due to the interactions between Ca and the free vacancies in equilibrium with the clusters.     

Ionic transport in potassium chloride and a possible trwacancy contribution to it (oral presentation)

Abstract

The ionic transport properties of potassium chloride are discussed in light of the recent measurements of the electrical conductivity and chlorine ion diffusion in KCl and KCl: SrCl₂ single crystals. These measurements were analyzed using as a model a perfect crystal perturbed by five defects: isolated anion vacancies. isolated cation vacancies, divalent cation impurities, divalent-cation-impurity-cation-vacancy-complexes, and vacancy pairs. This analysis revealed nonrandom deviations between the theoretical and experimental values of the transport properties. Possible explanations of these deviations are discussed. The possibility of a trivacancy mechanism making a contribution to the conductivity is considered. The concentration and migration of trivacancies is examined.     

Determination of Very Slow Diffusion of Paramagnetic Ions by NMR Spectroscopy

In this paper, we propose a new method of measuring the very slow paramagnetic ion diffusion coefficient using a commercial high-resolution spectrometer. If there are distinct paramagnetic ions influencing the hydrogen nuclear magnetic relaxation time differently, their diffusion coefficients can be measured separately. A cylindrical phantom filled with Fricke xylenol gel solution and irradiated with gamma rays was used to validate the method. The Fricke xylenol gel solution was prepared with 270 Bloom porcine gelatin, the phantom was irradiated with gamma rays originated from a ⁶⁰Co source and a high-resolution 200 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer was used to obtain the phantom ¹H profile in the presence of a linear magnetic field gradient. By observing the temporal evolution of the phantom NMR profile, an apparent ferric ion diffusion coefficient of 0.50 μm²/ms due to ferric ions diffusion was obtained. In any medical process where the ionizing radiation is used, the dose planning and the dose delivery are the key elements for the patient safety and success of treatment. These points become even more important in modern conformal radio therapy techniques, such as stereotactic radiosurgery, where the delivered dose in a single session of treatment can be an order of magnitude higher than the regular doses of radiotherapy. Several methods have been proposed to obtain the three-dimensional (3-D) dose distribution. Recently, we proposed an alternative method for the 3-D radiation dose mapping, where the ionizing radiation modifies the local relative concentration of Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ in a phantom containing Fricke gel and this variation is associated to the MR image intensity. The smearing of the intensity gradient is proportional to the diffusion coefficient of the Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ in the phantom. There are several methods for measurement of the ionic diffusion using NMR, however, they are applicable when the diffusion is not very slow.     

Analysis of interdiffusion via vacancy-pairs in strongly ionic solids

In this paper, we analyse chemical interdiffusion via Schottky vacancy-pairs in strongly ionic crystals for diffusion couples (AY–BY), where A and B take the same valence. We derive a sum-rule relating the phenomenological coefficients that is based on an earlier sum-rule derived by Moleko and Allnatt (Phil. Mag. A, 58 () 677) for diffusion in the multicomponent random alloy via the agency of isolated vacancies. With this sum-rule and other relationships derived by us, we show that the ratio of the intrinsic diffusivities can be expressed in exactly the same simple form as the case for diffusion via isolated vacancies. The functional form for the interdiffusion coefficient when expressed in terms of atom-vacancy exchange frequencies for diffusion is found to be essentially the same as that for isolated vacancies. The difference centres only on the relative differences of the local jump coordination of the vacancies in each case.     

Nonuniform distribution of absorbed energy in high-resistance materials excited by an electron beam

Experimental results are presented on the changes in the optical characteristics of lithium fluoride induced by an electron beam with time-varying density and pulse energies close to the threshold for destruction of the material. The spatial distribution of color centers is investigated, especially near breakdown channels. Mechanisms for nonuniform accumulation of defects are discussed, along with the fundamental causes of the inhomogeneous energy distributions induced by the high-current electron beam. Concrete results of calculations of the field intensity distribution in LiF crystals during irradiation are presented, based on models of “uniform” and nonuniform charging of the sample. An abrupt increase in the electric field intensity is predicted near the breakdown channel. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 53–59 (April 1998)     

Quantum-chemical approach to defect formation processes in non-metallic crystals

Abstract

Results of the quantum-chemical simulation of the formation of structural and radiation defects are reviewed, using ice, silicon, and silicon dioxide as examples. The relationship between the structural elements of these crystals and the structural defects is analysed. Models of the main defects, their optical characteristics, and the activation energy of their migration are discussed. The relationship between the characteristics obtained by quantum-chemical calculations and the parameters of the macroscopic kinetics of the processes induced by defects in dielectric crystals is considered.     

The influence of heating on the spectral characteristics of pure alkali halide NaCl crystals

The influence of high-temperature heating on the spectral characteristics of pure natural NaCl crystals is studied. It is shown that defects changing spectral characteristics of crystals are formed in them when heated. Temperature dependences of the luminescence intensity growth for these defects are described by the hyperbolic function. The action of X-rays on heated crystals results in the formation of new defects luminescent in regions of 435 and 570–585 nm. The efficiency of formation of these defects is obtained as a function of the temperature of heat pretreatment. Regularities in variations of the location and the intensity of luminescence of the defects obtained under the action of ultraviolet radiation and on long storage are determined.     

Interaction of deep impurities with radiation defects in n-Si at γ-irradiation

This work presents the results of research on peculiarities of radiation defect formation in single crystal n-Si, doped by deep level impurities (Cu, Ni, Ir, Rh, Pt and Au), at irradiation by γ-quanta of ⁶⁰Co. A property of γ-irradiation to create only vacancies and self-interstitial atoms is used to understand the nature of deep levels with participation of these impurities and primary elemental radiation defects. The role of covalence radii and diffusion coefficients in efficiency of radiation defect formation is discussed.     

Radiation-stimulated diffusion in solids

Irradiation of solids produces a microscopic nonequilibrium state in which the vibrational energy distribution function of the atoms deviates from the thermodynamically equilibrium function. Expressions are obtained for the nonequilibrium distribution function and for the frequencies of activational transitions of atoms out of a potential well. It is shown that the radiation stimulation of diffusion processes involves a deviation of the temperature dependences of the frequencies of transitions of the atoms out of positions of equilibrium from the Arrhenius law. Under subthreshold irradiation conditions the rate of diffusion processes is higher for atoms whose vibrations thermalize over long times and depends linearly on the irradiation intensity. Under above-threshold irradiation conditions the characteristics of cascade regions in solids — their sizes and the vibrational excitation energy of the atoms — can be determined by comparing the computed and experimental temperature dependences of the diffusion coefficient. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 67–72 (August 1998)     

In-situ study of deformation-enhanced atomic diffusion in NaCl by nuclear magnetic resonance

Abstract

Enhancements in atomic diffusion during deformation are investigated by ²³Na rotating frame nuclear spin relaxation measurements on pure NaCl single crystals. The enhanced diffusion is shown to arise from deformation-induced excess concentration of vacancies. Evaluation of the data yields the concentration of these vacancies as a function of temperature and strain rate.     

Modeling of breakdown of a gas by electrons of the boundary layer during irradiation of metal targets by picosecond laser pulses

Results are presented from a numerical simulation of the breakdown of a dense inert gas by boundary-layer electrons upon irradiation of a metal target by high-power picosecond laser pulses. It is shown that taking the electric field of the boundary layer into account leads to a substantial increase in the concentration of the seed electrons near the target surface, which accelerates the ionization process. The dependence of the breakdown time on the electric field intensity of the incident wave and the concentration of the gas atoms is derived. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 48–53 (August 1998)