五氧化二氮(N2O5)非均相摄取系数的定量和参数化

颗粒物污染是我国超大城市地区面临的主要污染问题,大气化学受到非均相反应的强烈影响。N₂O₅非均相反应过程的定量描述对厘清我国超大城市地区夜间大气氧化性、区域NO_x收支、臭氧生成等问题具有重要意义。本文从反应机理、摄取系数测量技术和不同气溶胶基体测量结果等方面系统总结了N₂O₅非均相反应动力学研究进展。N₂O₅非均相摄取是典型的反应性摄取过程,是气溶胶流动管测量系统的理想应用对象。实验室动力学研究从硫酸盐等模型颗粒物出发,结合外场观测获取的颗粒物信息,模拟使用的颗粒物越来越接近实际大气条件。N₂O₅在不同颗粒物表面摄取系数在0.001~0.2之间,其变化范围超过两个数量级,主要受到环境温度、湿度、颗粒物组分中NO₃^-、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、含水量、有机物、颗粒物混合状态和相态等因素影响;颗粒物中H₂O、Cl^-、SO₄^2-的浓度升高会提高非均相摄取速率,而NO₃^-、有机物则会对摄取过程产生抑制作用。欧美地区外场观测研究表明这些影响因素并不是线性叠加的,而是存在非常复杂的相互作用,基于实验室测量结果开发的参数化公式不能很好地拟合观测结果。由于N₂O₅和颗粒物的高值区共存于污染城市地区,下一步研究需要在包括我国超大城市地区在内的典型城市大气条件下开展更多的外场实测研究和建立更准确的参数化公式。     

球状介孔锆铝复合氧化物甲醇催化剂载体的制备及性能

以Zr(NO₃)₄·5H₂O和Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O为原料,采用葡萄糖水热法制备了一系列球状介孔复合氧化物(ZrO₂)_xAl₂O₃(x=0、 0.18、 0.42、 0.76和1.26),其结构和性能经扫描电子显微镜、低温N₂吸脱附、NH₃吸脱附表征。以(ZrO₂)_xAl₂O₃为载体,制备了铜锌基甲醇催化剂,其结构经X 射线衍射和N₂O化学滴定表征,并考察了催化剂在合成气合成甲醇反应中的催化性能。结果表明：当n(ZrO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)=0.42时,复合氧化物ZA2具有较大的孔径和较弱的表面酸强度,以其作为载体合成的铜锌基甲醇催化剂CZn/ZA2的活性铜比表面积较高。在5 MPa、 250 ℃反应条件下,甲醇的时空收率达到1.44 g·mL^-1·h^-1,活性比传统C307甲醇合成催化剂提高约2.1%。     

苯的硝基和叠氮基衍生物的理论研究

在密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-31G*水平下优化了91个苯的硝基(NO₂)和叠氮基(N₃)衍生物的分子几何构型, 预测了它们的密度和生成热, 采用Kamlet-Jacobs方法计算了爆速和爆压, 筛选得到11种爆轰性能较好的高能量密度化合物(HEDC), 计算了它们的多个可能的热解引发键的键离解能(BDE)以及按“氧化呋咱机理”分解时的活化能(E_a). 结果表明, 当分子中有NO₂与N₃相邻时, 分解按“氧化呋咱机理”进行, 分解反应的E_a均大于100 kJ/mol|分子中没有NO₂和N₃相邻时, 热解始于C-NO₂或C-N₃均裂, 裂解的BDE都大于200 kJ/mol. 只含NO₂或N₃的7个物质的稳定性好于同时含NO₂和N₃的物质, 而只含N₃的物质的稳定性又好于只含NO₂的物质, 五叠氮苯和六叠氮苯具有很出色的爆轰性能和稳定性. 无论是能量还是稳定性方面, 筛选得到的11种物质基本符合HEDC的要求.     

NH3与Cl2在y-Al2O3颗粒物表面的非均相反应

使用离子色谱分析了常温、常压、湿润和氧气存在条件下,NH₃和Cl₂在γ-Al₂O₃颗粒物表面非均相反应的产物及其受NH₃浓度、反应时间等的影响;并定量分析了NH₃、Cl₂、SO₂和NO₂单独及共存条件下,γ-Al₂O₃表面Cl^-、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-等二次无机颗粒物的生成总量.结果表明：NH₃和Cl₂在γ-Al₂O₃表面具有协同作用,2 h后Cl^-的生成总量可达589.65 μg,其生成量随时间延长而不断增加.表面氯化物的生成量在NH₃浓度为400 ppm时达到峰值,且随NH₃浓度的增加呈先增加而后减少的趋势.活性氯存在下,NH₃对颗粒物表面Cl^-、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-的生成有促进作用,且四种气体共存时复合正反馈效应最明显.同时,本研究对NH₃和Cl₂在颗粒物表面的非均相反应机理及活性氯和氨的排放对大气中二次无机颗粒物的贡献进行了探讨.     

Ag-ZSM-5催化剂上CH4选择催化还原NOx的研究

摘要研究Ag-ZSM-5催化剂上CH₄选择性催化还原NO_x的反应性能,采用TPD和TPSR技术研究NO和O₂共吸附于Ag-ZSM-5催化剂表面形成的吸附物种及其和CH₄之间的反应。结果表明,Ag-ZSM-5催化剂上CH₄选择性还原NO_x活性和选择性较高。NO和O₂共吸附在Ag-ZSM-5催化剂上形成的NO₃(s)吸附物种能被CH₄还原生成N₂.在NO₃(s)和O₂共存的体系中,CH₄能优先并选择性还原NO₃(s)生成N₂.     

五嗪含氮取代基衍生物结构和性质的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法在B3LYP/aug-cc-pvDZ理论水平上研究了CN, NO₂, NH₂, N₃, N₂H, NHNH₂, N₄H和N₄H₃等含氮取代基取代五嗪环上的氢原子生成的衍生物, 预测了它们的分子构型、分解能及含能性质. 对衍生物分解能的研究结果表明, CN和NH₂取代的衍生物的分解能比未取代时更高, 而其余基团的取代使分解能降低; 取代基化合物的生成热越大, 取代五嗪中的氢原子后生成衍生物的生成热也越大. N₄H₃, NO₂, H, N₂H, N₄H, N₃和CN取代的五嗪衍生物的单位原子生成热为72.6～108.9 kJ, 比文献报道的三叠氮基-均三嗪的(70.2 kJ)更高. 对于CN, N₂H, N₄H₃, N₃和N₄H取代的衍生物, 其生成热为871.4～1159.3 kJ•mol^－1, 但N₄H和N₄H₃的分解能较小, 稳定性较差. 因此, N₃, N₂H和CN取代的衍生物可能成为高能量、低感度的含能材料.     

硝酸铵对SO2在大气颗粒物表面气-粒转化影响的模拟研究

利用流动态的原位傅里叶变换红外漫反射光谱(DRIFTS)对含硝酸铵气溶胶(以α-Fe₂O₃为主模拟气溶胶)与SO₂的非均相反应进行了研究, 比较了硝酸铵与其它金属氧化物(CaO, MgO, α-Al₂O₃和SiO₂)与SO₂反应的情况.实验结果表明, 硝酸铵和α-Fe₂O₃混合颗粒物比硝酸铵和其它金属氧化物混合颗粒与SO₂反应的吸附系数高, 表明α-Fe₂O₃比其它金属氧化物催化能力变强.利用BET面积作为反应活性表面积, 发现含有6％(质量分数)NH₄NO₃的α-Fe₂O₃混合颗粒物与SO₂反应具有最高的比表面积吸附系数(γ_BET=2.42×10^-9), 比纯氧化铁的反应高了近1.8倍.而纯NH₄NO₃颗粒与SO₂不发生反应, 表明少量硝酸铵的存在在一定程度上提高了SO₂在气溶胶颗粒物表面转化成硫酸盐的能力. 本文还讨论了含硝酸铵气溶胶与SO₂的反应机制及其对大气环境的影响.     

GaOOH/α-Ga2O3微纳米结构的可控制备及其光催化性能研究

以Ga(NO₃)₃为镓源,尿素为均相沉淀剂,在PEG4000(DL(天冬氨酸形成的复合软模板体系中,通过简单常压加热回流低温水热法成功合成出形貌和尺寸较为均一的GaOOH微球体,探讨了DL-天冬氨酸、PEG4000等添加剂对前驱体形貌和尺寸的影响。前驱体经450℃煅烧3 h后转变为形貌保持性良好的α-Ga₂O₃微球体。样品通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、傅里叶转换红外光谱(FT(IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外(可见吸收光谱(UV(Vis)及荧光等手段进行表征和分析。以制备的α-Ga₂O₃微球体为光催化剂,考察了α-Ga₂O₃对甲基紫的光催化降解作用,结果表明：经紫外光照射100 min,所制备的α-Ga₂O₃微球体催化剂对甲基紫的脱色率高达99.85%。     

丙烷在Ce-Fe/Al2O3/cordierite上选择性催化还原NO

利用凝胶溶胶法和浸渍法制备了Ce-Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite催化剂,实验研究了其催化丙烷选择性还原NO的特性。结果表明,当铈的负载量从1%增加至5%时,Ce-Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite的C₃H₈-SCR性能先增强后减弱,3.5Ce-Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite具有最佳的脱硝性能,在有氧条件下,600℃时可实现96.5%的脱硝效率。Ce的加入能够提升Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite催化剂的抗硫性能。烟气中通入0.02%的SO₂后,3.5Ce-Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite催化丙烷还原NO的转化率始终维持在93%,而没有经过Ce修饰的Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite的NO转化率从88%下降为80%左右。利用XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、SEM、H₂-TPR、吡啶吸附红外光谱等手段研究了催化剂的物理化学性质。结果表明,加入助剂铈能与Fe形成了固溶体,增加催化剂表面Lewis酸浓度和氧化还原能力,从而提高了催化丙烷还原NO的性能。过多的铈引入会减少Fe₂O₃结晶体的形成,不利于在C₃H₈-SCR反应中形成NO₂/NO₃^-物种,从而导致NO还原效率下降。     

对流层夜间化学研究

NO3自由基与N2O5是对流层夜间化学的关键物种。一方面NO3与O3等组分是夜间大气中的重要氧化剂,与它们的反应是生物排放挥发性有机物(VOCs)的主要汇;另一方面NO3与N2O5和雨滴或气溶胶颗粒物发生的异相反应则是大气中氮氧化合物NOx(NO,NO2)的主要清除过程,从而可以减轻对流层臭氧污染。研究它们的化学反应性质及对其进行实地测量,对深入理解大气氧化过程和全面了解区域乃至全球大气自净能力有重要意义。本文总结了近年来有关夜间化学的研究成果,介绍了以NO3和N2O5为中心的基本夜间化学过程、对流层中NO3与N2O5的源与汇以及外场测量技术的最新研究进展,并提出了尚待解决的一些问题。     

Comparison of 3D Surface Reconstruction Data from Certified Depth Standards Obtained by SEM and an Infinite Focus Measurement Machine (IFM)

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is an excellent tool for the characterization of surfaces. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the reconstruction of a 3D dataset, a known depth standard for tactile depth measurement devices with a step height of 92 μm was investigated by SEM. The reconstruction of surfaces using two tilted images (StereoCreator) or three different tilted images (TriCreator) is affected by the tilt angle itself, the image resolution and the working distance. We compare the results of the obtained data from different combinations of tilt angles and working distances in relation with the type of reconstruction…. To compare the accuracy and reliability of the 3D datasets from the new Infinite Focus Measurement Machine (IFM) with the datasets reconstructed from the well known SEM technique, we utilized a groove standard with six trapezoidal grooves with known width and depth certified by the PTB – Braunschweig – Germany (Physikalisch – Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig – calibration mark 035PTB04 – measured with a traceable stylus instrument according to DIN EN ISO 3274). The great advantage of the SEM/ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope) and IFM technique compared to tactile-profile-measurement instruments is that it is a non-tactile and a non-destructive method. The potential and accuracy of these methods in comparison to tactile measurement systems is shown and discussed in this paper.     

Proficiency testing scheme for the harmonization and comparability of analytical measurements

According to the experience of the successful implementation of proficiency tests (PT) by using the certified reference value as the assigned value, a new scheme of evaluation is presented by suggesting the use of the uncertainty associated with the certified value. The technical performance of laboratories is evaluated by the parameter quadratic mean error (QME), which is the square root of the sum of the square of the bias and that of the standard deviation of the laboratory. This parameter is considered as the estimate of the measurement uncertainty of the laboratory and is compared to the uncertainty (U) associated with the certified value provided by an NMI. Considering that the calibration and measurement capability, known as the CMC, is recognized among NMIs, the ratio QME/U enables us to compare the PT relative to the CMC of an NMI, and, consequently, to any other comparison results based on the CMC of signatories of the mutual recognition arrangement (MRA) of the International Committee of Weights and Measure (CIPM). Presented at BERM-11, October 2007, Tsukuba, Japan.     

Fuel concentration measurement of premixed mixture using spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy

This study determined the local equivalence ratio of a CH₄/air mixture in a laminar premixed flame using spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy (SIBS) with a fiber-coupled intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) spectrometer. Spectrally resolved emission spectra of plasma generated by a spark plug were investigated for their potential to measure local fuel concentrations in a premixed mixture. The influence of key parameters, such as the camera gate timing and spark energy, on the intensity of radical emission was illustrated. The intensity ratio of CN/NH had a greater sensitivity to the equivalence ratio than did that of CN/OH, and the local equivalence ratio could be obtained with high resolution by measuring the local intensity ratios of CN/NH. Moreover, a spark-plug sensor with an optical fiber was developed for application in spark-ignition engines. The atomic emission intensity during the breakdown and arc phases of spark discharge could be obtained using the fiber-optic spark-plug sensor. The H_α/O intensity showed better linearity than the CN/NH intensity ratio in lean mixtures. The results presented here confirm the use of SIBS as a diagnostic tool for spark-ignition engines.     

Reference materials for measuring the size of nanoparticles

This article discusses the requirements for reference materials (RMs) for measuring the size of nanoparticles (NPs). Such RMs can be used for instrument calibration, statistical quality control or interlaboratory comparisons. They can come in the form of suspensions, powders or matrix-embedded materials [i.e. NPs integrated in a natural matrix (e.g., food, soil, or sludge)].At present, uncertainty about the most suitable form of material, the most relevant measurands and the most useful metrological-traceability statement inhibits the production of NP RMs. In addition, the lack of validated methods and qualified laboratories to produce NP RMs present formidable challenges.Metal, inorganic and organic NPs are available, but most of them are intended to be laboratory chemicals. With the exception of latex materials, certified RMs are not available, although some metrology institutes have started to develop such materials for colloidal gold and silica particles.     

Qualitative and quantitative investigation of chromium-polluted soils by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with neural networks analysis

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied to the analysis of three chromium-doped soils. Two chemometric techniques, principal components analysis (PCA) and neural networks analysis (NNA), were used to discriminate the soils on the basis of their LIBS spectra. An excellent rate of correct classification was achieved and a better ability of neural networks to cope with real-world, noisy spectra was demonstrated. Neural networks were then used for measuring chromium concentration in one of the soils. We performed a detailed optimization of the inputs of the network so as to improve its predictive performances and we studied the effect of the presence of matrix-specific information in the inputs examined. Finally the inputs of the network—the spectral intensities—were replaced by the line areas. This provided the best results with a prediction accuracy and precision of about 5% in the determination of chromium concentration and a significant reduction of the data, too. Awarded a poster prize on the occasion of the Euro-Mediterranean Symposium on Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (EMSLIBS 2005), Aachen, Germany, 6–9 September 2005.     

流变-导电同步测试法研究炭黑填充高密度聚乙烯的等温结晶行为

采用流变-导电同步测试法,研究炭黑(CB)填充高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)在124.3～125.3℃范围的等温结晶行为,发现应变、频率与预降温速率均显著影响等温结晶过程中动态流变与导电行为.动态储能模量(G')与电阻均在结晶过程中发生显著变化.其中,CB粒子在熔体中发生扩散,造成原有逾渗网络结构破坏,导致复合体系电阻在结晶诱导期内增大.随结晶度增加,G'在结晶诱导期附近开始显著增大,其临界时间对应1%～2%相对结晶度;同时,CB粒子在无定形区相互聚集而形成渗流网络结构,使得复合体系电阻显著降低.电阻的变化被认为与CB粒子在熔体中的迁移以及在HDPE晶体生长过程中的聚集行为有关,且比依时性动态流变行为更敏感.     

A Highly Copper‐Selective Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor Based on BODIPY

A new ratiometric fluorescent sensor ( 1 ) for Cu²⁺ based on 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) with di(2‐picolyl)amine (DPA) as ion recognition subunit has been synthesized and investigated in this work. The binding abilities of 1 towards different metal ions such as alkali and alkaline earth metal ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺) and other metal ions ( Ba²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Pb²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Hg²⁺, Ag⁺) have been examined by UV‐vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. 1 displays high selectivity for Cu²⁺ among all test metal ions and a ～10‐fold fluorescence enhancement in I₅₈₂/I₅₅₈ upon excitation at visible excitation wavelength. The binding mode of 1 and Cu²⁺ is a 1:1 stoichiometry determined via studies of Job plot, the nonlinear fitting of the fluorometric titration and ESI mass.     

无自身标准样品GC-FID法测定标准物质中有机杂质含量

建立了一种标准物质中有机杂质的无自身标准样品准确定值的GC–FID方法。以与待测有机杂质结构相似的物质作为参考物质校准GC–FID响应信号,采用有效碳数法计算待测杂质的质量响应值Si,检测出样品中该有机杂质的准确含量。以癸二酸二正丁酯纯度标准物质为例,用该法对其中有机杂质总量进行定值,定值结果为0.29%,U=0.07%(k=2)。定值不确定度主要来源于Si和检测重复性。     

聚氧化乙烯水溶液粘度的测定

测定了不同分子量聚氧化乙烯(PEO)在水溶液中的粘度，发现在低浓度区高分子溶液比浓粘度出现负偏离。用高分子溶液流过时间对浓度作图的外推值t0^*重新计算相对粘度，则高分子溶液比浓粘度与浓度之间满足线性关系。不同分子量PEO水溶液流过时间对浓度作图的外推值t0^*是完全一致的。利用纯溶剂在粘度计中流过时间的改变确定了高分子在毛细管管壁上吸附层的厚度，发现PEO在毛细管管壁上吸附层厚度与分子量无关。