多功能磁性纳米粒的合成、修饰及生物医学应用

多功能磁性纳米粒由于其独特的性质而受到广泛的关注。磁性纳米粒可以与荧光探针、生物靶向分子或抗肿瘤药物等相结合实现磁性纳米粒的多功能化,因此在多模式成像、癌症的靶向诊断与治疗中有较好的应用前景。本文介绍了磁性纳米粒的合成以及多功能磁性纳米粒的构建方法,重点介绍了核壳型、哑铃型和组合杂化型三种不同类型多功能磁性纳米粒的合成方法。多功能磁性纳米粒通常具有粒径小、超顺磁性以及荧光等独特性质,在此基础上对纳米粒表面进行稳定化和靶向性修饰后即可在多模式成像、特异性靶向药物输送、基因转染等生物医学领域得到应用。最后指出了当前研究中需要解决的问题。     

基于磁性氧化铁纳米粒的诊断治疗药物

诊断治疗药物作为一种新兴的治疗策略,展现出良好的应用前景。基于磁性氧化铁纳米粒的诊断治疗药物利用纳米技术将纳米粒与治疗性药物同时装载于纳米粒上,该纳米系统一般由三部分组成:磁性纳米粒核心、包覆层及功能区域。该系统可以用于影像诊断、实时监测药物输送、进行药效评价,并有望用于个体化医疗。本文介绍了磁性氧化铁纳米粒的合成、表面修饰、功能化及其生物医学应用等,重点介绍了磁性氧化铁纳米粒的表面修饰及功能化,经过表面修饰及功能化后,可制得多模式化、多功能化的诊断治疗药物,并对纳米诊断治疗药物在应用于个体化医疗所面临的挑战进行了初步的分析讨论。     

功能化有序介孔二氧化硅材料在分析样品前处理中的应用

功能化有序介孔二氧化硅材料具有均一可调的介孔孔径、规则的孔道、稳定的骨架结构、易于修饰的内表面和较高的比表面积、高的吸附容量等特性,可用于生物、医药、环境样品等复杂基体中痕量分析物的高选择性分离与富集,因此在样品前处理中的应用特别引人瞩目。文中简要介绍了功能化有序介孔二氧化硅材料的制备方法,综述了功能化有序介孔二氧化硅材料在分离富集金属离子、有机污染物以及生物大分子样品前处理中的应用进展。     

有序介孔硅片粒子表面的修饰及其表征

采用溶胶-凝胶的方法制备了粒径在50~300nm,具有正六边形的介孔二氧化硅片,用1,6-己二异氰酸酯(hexamethylene diisocyanate,HDI)对有序介孔硅片粒子表面进行有机化修饰,使其表面接枝能够参与反应的N=C=O活性基团。用FTIR、热重分析、TEM等分析方法对修饰后的有序介孔硅片粒子进行了表征,以确定HDI接在了有序介孔硅片粒子的表面。     

聚乳酸纳米粒的改性研究进展

聚乳酸纳米粒具有控制药物释放速度以达到长效缓释、增加药物靶向性、降低毒副作用以及提高疗效等优点,在药物传输中有着广阔的研究和应用前景。但由于聚乳酸的疏水性和分子链基团的单一性,它在靶向制剂和长效制剂的应用方面受到很大制约。本文对可生物降解材料聚乳酸作为载药纳米粒的改性研究状况进行了综述,针对目前制约聚乳酸纳米粒临床应用存在的问题,介绍了亲水性修饰、靶向修饰的最新研究进展。     

Research Progress on Modification of Poly（L-iactide） Nanoparticles

聚乳酸纳米粒具有控制药物释放速度以达到长效缓释、增加药物靶向性、降低毒副作用以及提高疗效等优点,在药物传输中有着广阔的研究和应用前景。但由于聚乳酸的疏水性和分子链基团的单一性,它在靶向制剂和长效制剂的应用方面受到很大制约。本文对可生物降解材料聚乳酸作为载药纳米粒的改性研究状况进行了综述,针对目前制约聚乳酸纳米粒临床应用存在的问题,介绍了亲水性修饰、靶向修饰的最新研究进展。     

介孔二氧化硅基智能递送体系的构建及其在各类疾病治疗中的应用

利用先进纳米技术开发的药物递送体系能够改善药物的理化性质和治疗效果,同时削弱其毒副作用,因而纳米药物递送体系成为现代药剂学研究的热点和主流方向。其中,介孔二氧化硅作为纳米载体的基质材料具有比表面积大、形貌结构可调、表面易于修饰及生物相容性良好等优点,引发生物医学研究人员的广泛关注,为构筑新型智能药物递送体系提供了新的设计思路。本文就介孔二氧化硅基智能递送体系在设计构筑和疾病治疗应用等方面的最新研究进展进行了综述。首先,本文对介孔硅的发展历程、制备方法及结构特性进行了简要概述;其次,从药物装载和门控释放两大角度系统阐述了近些年介孔硅基智能递送体系的构建策略,重点介绍了各种刺激响应性介孔硅基递送体系的门控开关(如聚合物、无机纳米颗粒、超分子组装体及生物大分子等)及其可控释放机制;随后,详细描述了介孔硅基控释体系在各种类型疾病(包括癌症、细菌感染、糖尿病和阿尔茨海默病等)治疗中的应用进展;最后,总结和分析了介孔硅基智能纳米载体研究中存在的问题并对其未来发展作了展望。     

MCM-41型介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒的制备及其在DNA生物传感器中的应用

MCM-41型介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒具有独特的结构特征和理化性质,能够与DNA、信号探针以及多种活性纳米颗粒结合,在DNA生物传感器中得到了广泛应用。其中,球形和薄膜形的MCM-41型介孔二氧化硅具有高负载量、孔口控释和高比表面积等优点,能有效装载各种信号探针、控制粒子的扩散以及固定大量活性纳米颗粒,可大大提高DNA生物传感器的灵敏度。本文就MCM-41型介孔二氧化硅在合成方式、模板剂去除、表面修饰及应用等三个方面的最新研究作了综述。首先依次介绍了球形和薄膜形MCM-41型介孔二氧化硅的常用合成方法和模板剂去除方法,并简要描述了各方法的优缺点。其次,大致介绍了其表面性质和功能化修饰的研究现状。再次介绍了现阶段将MCM-41型介孔二氧化硅作为信号探针的传递系统、分子筛和活性纳米材料的载体来提高检测灵敏度的DNA生物传感器。最后总结了目前研究中的不足之处并展望了其未来的进展方向。     

基于中空介孔二氧化硅小球的pH响应性控制释放系统

空心结构的介孔二氧化硅纳米材料具有较大的比表面积和孔容积,相对于传统介孔氧化硅材料可以负载更多的药物分子,在药物缓释领域具有广阔的应用前景.本文利用改进的模板法制备了粒径与壳厚度可控的中空介孔二氧化硅纳米小球.采用透射电镜(TEM)、小角X射线散射分析(SAXS)和氮气吸附-脱附等方法对合成的中空纳米二氧化硅小球进行了表征分析,得出最佳制备工艺条件.选择优化的制备条件得到的中空介孔二氧化硅与普通介孔二氧化硅对比,将两者分别负载一定量的染料分子罗丹明B(RhB),接着在两者表面修饰溶菌酶分子作为开关分子,构筑了两个pH响应的药物控制释放系统,并对两者的装载量进行了评估,通过观察在575 nm(RhB)处荧光发射峰强度的变化来评估两者的控制释放效果在相同的时间内,空心结构的介孔二氧化硅小球释放染料分子的量要明显多于普通介孔二氧化硅小球释放染料分子的量.     

应用于药物传输系统的聚合物纳米粒

载药聚合物纳米粒具有良好的组织靶向性和缓控释性，本文简要介绍了聚合物纳米粒在药物传输系统中的特点，综合分析并讨论了纳米粒的制备技术及应用，展望了今后的研究方向。     

Ab initio studies of the conformations of ethynyl formate, cyano formate and related ethynyl and cyano compounds

The optimized geometries, relative free energies and related thermodynamic properties, harmonic frequencies, and dipole moments have been calculated at the HF and MP2 levels for ethynyl formate (1a), ethynyl acetate (1b), cyano formate, HCO₂CN (1c), cyano acetate (1d), S-ethynyl thioformate (2a), S-ethynyl thioacetate (2b), S-cyano thioformate (2c), S-cyano thioacetate (2d), N-ethynylformamide (3a), N-ethynylacetamide (3b), N-cyanoformamide (3c), and N-cyanoacetamide (3d) with the gaussian 98 program. For ethynyl formate, the calculation for 25 °C at the MP2/6-311++G(df,pd) level predicts that the Z isomer is more stable by 1.23 kcal/mol. For S-ethynyl thioformate, calculations at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) level predict that the E isomer is favored by 0.71 kcal/mol at 25 °C. The E isomers of N-ethynylformamide and N-ethynylacetamide were found at all levels to be more stable than the Z isomers at 25 °C. For cyano formate and cyano acetate, calculations at the MP2/6-311++G(df,pd) level predict that the Z isomers are more stable at 25 °C by 1.50 and 2.72 kcal/mol, respectively. At this level and temperature, the Z isomers of 2c, 2d, 3c, and 3d are predicted to have free energies of 0.46, −0.07, 1.22, and 2.28 kcal/mol, respectively, relative to the E conformations. Z to E free-energy barriers at 25 °C of 8.63, 10.64, 17.63, 7.39, and 14.03 kcal/mol were calculated for 1a, 2a, 3a, 1c, and 3c at the HF/6-311G(d,p) level, and at the HF/6-311+G(d,p) level, the free-energy barrier for 2c was 7.08 kcal/mol.     

元素医学防治心脑血管病研究和应用

从心脑血管疾病的流行率、心脑血管疾病的元素病因、心脑血管疾病的元素诊断和心脑血管疾病的元素治疗等4个方面讨论了元素医学防治心脑血管疾病的临床意义。     

Elucidation of activity of copper and copper oxide nanomaterials for electrocatalytic and photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide

Copper- and copper oxide–based materials are, in principle, promising components (supports, reactive sites, and visible light–absorbing semiconductors) of electrocatalysts and photocathodes for reduction of carbon dioxide. Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical approaches are generally suitable for the low-temperature CO₂-conversion to carbon-based simple organic fuels or utility chemicals.Different concepts of utilization, including nanostructuring, doping, admixing, preconditioning, modification, or functionalization of various copper- and copper oxide–based systems for catalytic electroreduction and photoelectrochemical reduction of CO₂ are elucidated, as well as important strategies to enhance the systems' overall activity and stability are discussed.     

Synthesis and Structure of 1- and 2-Isomers of (Trimethoxysilylmethyl) and (Silatranylmethyl)benzotriazole

We have synthesized 1- and 2-(trimethylsilylmethyl)- and 1- and 2-(trimethoxysilylmethyl)benzotriazoles by reaction of 1,2,3-benzotriazolylsodium with trimethyl- or trimethoxy(chloromethyl)silane. We obtained 1- and 2-(silatranylmethyl)benzotriazoles by transesterification of the latter with triethanolamine.     

Studies of some monocyclic and bicyclic arylacetonitriles

The high-resolution (1)H, (13)C, (1)H-(1)H COSY and (1)H-(13)C COSY NMR spectra have been recorded in CDCl(3) for arylacetonitriles 1-12 and analyzed. The arylacetonitriles 3-7 exist in two isomeric forms E (methyl group is anti to cyano group) and Z (the methyl group is syn to cyano group) in solution. Normal chair conformation with equatorial orientations of phenyl rings at C-2 and C-6 for monocyclic nitriles 1 and 2, epimeric chair structure EC (axial configuration of methyl group at C-3) for both the E and Z isomers of arylacetonitrile derivatives (3-7) and a distorted boat form, B(3), for the N-acylacetonitrile derivatives (8-10) have been proposed based on NMR data. The bicyclic nitriles 11 and 12 exist in twin chair conformations in solution. DFT calculations and chemical shifts also support these conformations. Geometry optimizations for 1-12 were carried out according to density functional theory using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) basis set and for 1 and 8 the theoretical geometrical parameters have been compared with those of single crystal measurements.     

Coupled calculation of vibrational frequencies and intensities

The combination of normal coordinate analysis with intensity calculations gives quantitative information about molecular force fields and the assignments of vibrational frequencies. Calculations of vibrational intensities by means of a standard CNDO/2 version give rise to satisfactory results for the IR intensities. However, the calculated Raman intensities often differ strongly from the experimental data. Inclusion of 2p-polarization functions on hydrogen in the usually used valence basis set is quite successful to obtain improved molecular polarizabilities as well as Raman intensities.     

Dynamic mechanical and gas transport properties of blends and random copolymers of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and tetramethyl bisphenol-A polycarbonate

Dynamic mechanical and gas transport properties for homogeneous homopolymer blends and random copolymers of bisphenol-A and tetramethyl bisphenol-A polycarbonates (PC-TMPC) were determined. The gas transport measurements were performed at 35°C for the gases He, H₂, O₂, Ar, N₂, CH₄, and CO₂. The results show that the copolymers have lower permeability, apparent diffusion, and solubility coefficients than the blends. Permeability coefficients for blends follow a semilogarithmic ideal mixing rule while copolymers exhibit negative deviations from this. Specific volume measurements show that the free volume available for gas transport is slightly larger in copolymers than in blends of the same composition. These apparently contradictory results may relate to the differences in local mode chain motions observed for the copolymer and blend series. The γ relaxation processes in PC and TMPC seem to operate independently in the blends (no intermolecular coupling) while there is clear evidence for intramolecular coupling in the copolymers. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Sizes of atoms and ions and covalency of bonding in molecules and crystals

A new system of atomic radii for the elements up to barium inclusive is constructed. Values of the radii are chosen so as the dependence between the dissociation energy of diatomic homonuclear molecules and a depth of atom overlapping is monotonous, and the scatter of data is minimal. The depth of overlapping is calculated as a difference between the sum of atomic radii and an experimental interatomic distance. Conclusions are made that: the radii of free atoms and ions are determined by the value of the electron density equal to 0.01 au; they considerably change in molecules and crystals only as a result of the charge transfer from cation to anion; covalent bonding is well described by the overlapping of free atoms (ions), confined by the surface of the given radius, and its energy depends upon the depth of overlapping of valence electron densities of atoms. A method of overlapping atoms is proposed for the approximate estimation of ionic sizes and charges in bound systems.     

Alpha and gamma spectrometry for determination of natural and artificial radionuclides in tea, herbal tea and camomile marketed in Italy

Several kinds of tea, camomile and herbal tea were analysed to determine natural and artificial radioactivity. The radionuclides were determined by alpha (²¹⁰Po) and gamma (²²⁸Ac, ²¹⁴Pb, ²¹⁴Bi, ²¹⁰Pb, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs) spectrometry. ²²⁸Ac ranged between 0.6 and 9.0 Bq kg⁻¹_dry; ²¹⁰Po between 1.90 and 36.1 Bq kg⁻¹_dry; ²¹⁴Pb and ²¹⁴Bi between 0.7 and 4.9 Bq kg⁻¹_dry; ²¹⁰Pb between < 10.0 and 58.9 Bq kg⁻¹_dry; ⁴⁰K between 463 and 936 Bq kg⁻¹_dry; ¹³⁷Cs between < 0.3 and 2.6 Bq kg⁻¹_dry. The percentage of ²¹⁰Po extraction in infusion was also determined; the arithmetical mean value of percentage of ²¹⁰Po extraction resulted 20.7 ± 7.50.     

元素化学课程思政案例库建设及线上线下混合递进式教学实践

教学团队立足元素化学课程特点,设计、建设了“科学”“人文”“思政”三融合的元素化学课程思政案例库,并将之融入线上线下混合递进式教学的各个阶段和环节,以同步实现知识传授、能力培养、价值塑造三位一体的教学目标。同时,建立课程思政的集体教研制度,确保课程思政的整体性和持续性。