基于冠醚衍生物的索烃化学

索烃,作为一种基本的机械互锁结构,由于其在拓扑学上的重要性、分子性质的独特性、以及在功能性纳米材料和人工分子机器等方面的潜在应用性,从而受到了科学界的广泛关注.随着模板导向合成法的建立,具有不同拓扑结构和功能的索烃分子被成功的合成与研究.作为第一代大环主体的冠醚化合物更是被广泛的应用于索烃的制备.因此,系统地介绍了基于冠醚衍生物的索烃化学的进展.     

金属配位与主客体识别协同组装构筑机械互锁结构

机械互锁结构是一类具有独特性质的超分子实体,不但在拓扑学上具有重要的意义,而且是制备分子机器的结构基础,它们在纳米技术、生物、材料等领域有着巨大的应用前景。本文概述了通过配位作用组装制备轮烷、索烃及其他机械互锁结构研究的新进展,着重关注以金属配位作用作为一种构建方式与主客体识别协同组装制备机械互锁结构。由于金属配位键具有易成键、动态可逆、可调控等优点,采用金属配位作用构建机械互锁结构不仅可以大大地提高制备效率,而且有利于实现对机械互锁分子的可逆调控。     

柱芳烃机械互锁结构的制备及功能化

柱芳烃是一类具有柱状空腔结构的大环主体,近年来逐渐成为主客体作用构筑超分子体系的重要模块之一。柱芳烃家族包含柱[5]芳烃到柱[15]芳烃等成员,其中柱[5]芳烃为热力学稳定产物,合成产率最高;其次为柱[6]芳烃。柱[5]芳烃或柱[6]芳烃可做为主体,参与构筑[1](准)轮烷、[1](准)索烃等机械自锁结构,以及[n]轮烷(n≥2)、[2]索烃、雏菊链等机械互锁结构;体系中独立分子之间存在相对运动,如轮烷中柱芳烃在轴线上可以进行穿梭运动;丰富的衍生基团赋予柱芳烃互锁结构相应的功能,如手性翻转、荧光共振能量转移、超分子凝胶、Langmuir膜、催化反应等,甚至基于柱芳烃轮烷还可构筑更复杂的树枝状分子。本文综述了柱芳烃超分子互锁体系的研究进展,详细阐述了基于柱芳烃的互锁结构的合成方法及其功能化并讨论了其在构筑分子器件及其他超分子复杂体系方面的应用前景。     

机械互锁结构分子的模板合成

超分子化学为现代有机合成提供了新思路,把超分子化学的研究成果引入其中,可以合成得到用传统有机合成方法不可能得到的新型拓扑结构分子.本文概述了轮烷、索烃和其它新型机械互锁结构分子的模板合成的新进展.     

聚合物拓扑学的拓扑等价概念

聚合物拓扑学研究聚合物单体单元在大分子链的空间排布,尤其是研究常规线性以外的环形、支化、树枝、超分子组装以及含机械互锁结构的聚轮烷、聚索烃等拓扑聚合物的情况。引入拓扑等价概念可以简化具有多样性和复杂性聚合物链结构的分类。若把单体、金属离子或颗粒视为点,线性链视为线,环链视为环,则拓扑聚合物的链结构就涉及点、线、环之间的变换关系。本文介绍Tezuka提出的拓扑分类体系并阐述其在拓扑聚合物的应用。     

轮烷类化合物的合成方法研究进展

轮烷类互锁分子因其多样的结构和性质,多年来一直是超分子化学领域的一个热点.综述了近年来轮烷类化合物的合成及制备方法,包括用传统的模板法(引入氢键、疏水作用、静电效应、配位和离子诱导等超分子作用)制备轮烷类化合物.除此之外,还介绍了利用“Click”化学、“穿线-收缩”、“穿线-膨胀”、自排序组织和自由基识别等新的合成手段来制备这类化合物.     

基于新型帆船型络合物的超分子组装

由于二芳基冠醚独特的大环型空腔结构及其对于客体分子的良好络合能力,利用分子内氢键成功设计了一类新型的、可通过酸碱控制其构型的帆船型自身络合物,对其进行了超分子组装,进而合成了一种新型索烃.通过利用分子间的电荷转移相互作用,以主体∶客体=1∶1的模板法,合成了一类新颖的索烃,利用了1H NMR、13C NMR、HRMS和1H-1H NOESY表征了其结构,希望通过改变酸碱环境控制其驱动.     

化学驱动的[2]轮烷型分子梭

机械互锁的轮烷型分子梭在分子机器化学领域具有重要的位置,可通过"积小为大"的方法在分子水平进行新材料的自组装.在外界的刺激下,大环分子可以在轴分子的不同识别位点间或态间往复穿梭,从而引起体系物理或化学性质的交替变化,这种变化又构成了一类基本的机械开关,可以用来执行特定的功能,在分子开关、信息储存和处理等领域具有潜在的应用前景,是超分子化学领域的研究热点.本文以[2]轮烷型分子梭的驱动力(外部刺激)为主线,分别从酸碱驱动、离子配位作用驱动和溶剂极性改变引起的疏水驱动等角度,综述了近年来化学驱动的[2]轮烷型分子梭在合成和应用方面的最新研究进展,同时介绍了其他力(如热力学参数熵、互锁体系中修饰基团尺寸大小、外加化学氧化剂或还原剂、得失电子引起的电化学氧化还原以及紫外-可见光照射诱发的偶氮苯顺反光异构化等方式)驱动的轮烷型分子梭的进展,最后对化学驱动的[2]轮烷型分子梭的未来发展趋势进行了展望.     

分子机器的回顾与展望——2016年诺贝尔化学奖简介

1983年,让-皮埃尔·索瓦日将2个环形分子连接在一起形成链,并将其命名为索烃。2个互锁的环可以彼此相对移动,这是第一个分子机器的雏形。1991年,詹姆斯·弗雷泽·斯托达特制备了一种轮烷,并展示了分子轴上的分子环能够沿着轴移动。基于轮烷,他设计研发了分子电梯和分子肌肉等分子机器。1999年,伯纳德·费林加成为第一个开发分子马达的人,并且根据它设计制造出分子汽车。基于上述3位科学家在分子机器研究领域的杰出贡献,他们分享了2016年诺贝尔化学奖。     

网状框架中的机械互锁结构

网状框架具有结晶而延伸的多孔结构，不仅能将多种构筑模块按预期的方式有序组织形成介观材料，也因其可调控的精确结构成为研究基础科学问题的良好平台.机械互锁结构是利用分子间的机械作用将多种分子结合起来以协同实现复杂功能的分子集合体.将网状框架与机械互锁结构结合不仅能实现机械互锁结构的高维度有序组装以协同实现更复杂的分子机器的功能，也有望对更有应用前景的固相中机械互锁结构间的相互作用和微观机理有更深入的认识.本综述介绍了网状框架与机械互锁结构结合的研究领域的重要进展，第一部分在分别简要介绍网状框架和机械互锁结构的基础上阐述了两个领域结合的意义和策略；第二部分主要介绍了机械互锁结构作为构筑模块参与网状框架构建的系统性和代表性工作，包括含轮烷和索烃的构筑模块；第三部分则是介绍由机械互锁作用为主要相互作用构筑的网状框架，包括弹性编织框架和机械互锁框架，最后对全文进行总结并对该领域的后续发展方向予以探讨.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.